中國基礎敎育課程和敎育改革

• Published in: 윤리연구, 1(125) Vol. 125; pp. 227 - 241
• Main Authors: 洪容憙, Hong Young-hee
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: Chinese; Korean
• Published: 한국윤리학회 30.06.2019
• Subjects: Basic Educati; Curriculum; Educational Reform; Educational System; Textbook; 課本，敎育開革，敎育課程，敎育制度，基本敎育; 학제간연구
• ISSN: 2982-5121; 2982-5334
• DOI: 10.15801/je.1.125.201906.227

中國實行九年制（6-15歲）義務敎育，學制爲6-3-3（或5-4-3）. 敎育課程由國家制定標准之后，各地方按照此標准再設定地方標准. 根据憲法、敎育基本法中敎育的一般目標、敎育課程標准等設定敎育目標. 敎課標准（科目）爲小學包括思想品德等8個中學包括思想政治等12個等，學年爲每年9月到翌年7月. 學期制爲兩學期制，采用絶對評价，采取百分制或4-5等級評分法. 通常來說，小學是等級評价，中學以上是100分評价. 敎科書制度可以簡單的槪括爲已從國定制轉變成審定（審査）制（已在2001年完成中小學改革），實現了脫離敎學大綱幷轉換到課程標准，此標准從2001年起試行，目前已確定敎學科目的全部結構與體制. 從編纂與發行來看，是一科目多敎科書體制，具有編纂資格的人（個人或集體）可以通過申請發行敎科書. 由于是義務敎育（9年），敎科書供給方式是无償或部分有償（廉价）幷存. 敎科書則以提高素質, 提倡全面發展敎育, 建設社會主義現代化等爲特征. The period of China’s obligatory education is 9 years (from the age of 6 to 15) and students spend 6 (or 5) years at elementary school, 3 (or 4) years at middle school and 3 years at high school. The basics of education courses are made by the Chinese government and on the basis of those, each local government set up its own standards. Educational goals are presented in the Constitution, general educational goals contained in the Education Law, and the standards of education courses. The number of school subjects in elementary schools is 8, including Ethics and Thought. In middle school, 12 school subjects are taught, including Thought and Politics. Schools adopt the semester system and the evaluation of students is done by absolute evaluation. Evaluation is done by the maximum 100 point system or 4-5 level system. Most elementary schools adopt the maximum 100 point system and most middle schools adopt the 4-5 level system. National textbooks had been used previously, but authorized textbooks replaced them and they have been used in all schools, including elementary and middle schools, since 2001. The textbook contents changed from rough instruction of subjects to curriculum standard. After the test operation in 2001, the present structure and system of education subjects were established. More than 1 textbooks can be published for one subject, and qualified organizations or individuals can apply for publication. Since China adopts 9 years’ compulsory education system, textbooks are basically free, but some are sold in lower-price. Textbooks aim at improving qualities, developing all aspects of mind and body, and modernizing socialism. The period of China’s obligatory education is 9 years (from the age of 6 to 15) and students spend 6 (or 5) years at elementary school, 3 (or 4) years at middle school and 3 years at high school. The basics of education courses are made by the Chinese government and on the basis of those, each local government set up its own standards. Educational goals are presented in the Constitution, general educational goals contained in the Education Law, and the standards of education courses. The number of school subjects in elementary schools is 8, including Ethics and Thought. In middle school, 12 school subjects are taught, including Thought and Politics. Schools adopt the semester system and the evaluation of students is done by absolute evaluation. Evaluation is done by the maximum 100 point system or 4-5 level system. Most elementary schools adopt the maximum 100 point system and most middle schools adopt the 4-5 level system. National textbooks had been used previously, but authorized textbooks replaced them and they have been used in all schools, including elementary and middle schools, since 2001. The textbook contents changed from rough instruction of subjects to curriculum standard. After the test operation in 2001, the present structure and system of education subjects were established. More than 1 textbooks can be published for one subject, and qualified organizations or individuals can apply for publication. Since China adopts 9 years’ compulsory education system, textbooks are basically free, but some are sold in lower-price. Textbooks aim at improving qualities, developing all aspects of mind and body, and modernizing socialism. In this paper, I have studied on the curriculum of basic education and education reform in China.