Milestones in the History of the Metabolic Management of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy
This chapter reviews significant milestones in the history of the metabolic management of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. During the pre-insulin era, women with diabetes rarely became pregnant, and when they did, the prognosis for both mother and child was most unfavorable. The cornerstone of diabetes m...
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| Format | Book Chapter |
| Language | English |
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Basel, Switzerland
S. Karger AG
01.01.2020
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| Series | Unveiling Diabetes - Historical Milestones in Diabetology |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISBN | 9783318067330 3318067334 |
| ISSN | 0251-5342 1662-2995 |
| DOI | 10.1159/000506548 |
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| Abstract | This chapter reviews significant milestones in the history of the metabolic management of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. During the pre-insulin era, women with diabetes rarely became pregnant, and when they did, the prognosis for both mother and child was most unfavorable. The cornerstone of diabetes management before the introduction of insulin was dietary therapy. The introduction of insulin into clinical use, the increased understanding of the etiopathology of diabetes and pregnancy, the developments in metabolic and obstetric management, and major advances in technology have led to significant improvements in pregnancy outcomes. The pioneers in this field include, among others, Priscilla White, Jørgen Pedersen, Norbert Freinkel, and Lois Jovanovic, and their main contributions are reviewed here. Different technologies for management are also described. The idea of gestational diabetes as a clinical entity was disputed for many years. Even nowadays, the screening and diagnostic criteria are controversial subjects. Gestational diabetes is increasing worldwide, parallel to the epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Recently, evidence has emerged that in utero exposure to hyperglycemia increases the risk to the offspring of developing obesity and disorders of glucose metabolism in the future, thus perpetuating the cycle of metabolic disorders between mother and child. |
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| AbstractList | This chapter reviews significant milestones in the history of the metabolic management of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. During the pre-insulin era, women with diabetes rarely became pregnant, and when they did, the prognosis for both mother and child was most unfavorable. The cornerstone of diabetes management before the introduction of insulin was dietary therapy. The introduction of insulin into clinical use, the increased understanding of the etiopathology of diabetes and pregnancy, the developments in metabolic and obstetric management, and major advances in technology have led to significant improvements in pregnancy outcomes. The pioneers in this field include, among others, Priscilla White, Jørgen Pedersen, Norbert Freinkel, and Lois Jovanovic, and their main contributions are reviewed here. Different technologies for management are also described. The idea of gestational diabetes as a clinical entity was disputed for many years. Even nowadays, the screening and diagnostic criteria are controversial subjects. Gestational diabetes is increasing worldwide, parallel to the epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Recently, evidence has emerged that in utero exposure to hyperglycemia increases the risk to the offspring of developing obesity and disorders of glucose metabolism in the future, thus perpetuating the cycle of metabolic disorders between mother and child. |
| Author | de Leiva-Pérez, Alejandra de Leiva-Hidalgo, Alberto Brugués, Eulàlia |
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| ContentType | Book Chapter |
| Copyright | 2020 S. Karger AG, Basel |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2020 S. Karger AG, Basel |
| DOI | 10.1159/000506548 |
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| References | Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR, et al: Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007;30(suppl 2):S251–S260. Ney D, Hollingsworth DR: Nutritional management of pregnancy complicated by diabetes: historical perspective. Diabetes Care 1981;4(6):647–655. Sacks DA, Hadden DR, Maresh M, Deerochanawong C, Dyer AR, Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Coustan DR, Hod M, Oats JJ, Persson B, Trimble ER; HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. Frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus at collaborating centers based on IADPSG consensus panel-recommended criteria: the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study. Diabetes Care 2012;35(3):26–28. Updike SJ, Hicks GP: The enzyme electrode. Nature 1967;214(5092):986–988. Hadden DR: A historical perspective on gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21(suppl 2):B3–B4. Pedersen J, Pedersen LM: Prognosis of the outcome of pregnancies in diabetics. A new classification. Acta Endocrinol 1965;50(1):70–78. Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR, Trimble ER, Chaovarindr U, Coustan DR, Hadden DR, McCance DR, Hod M, McIntyre HD, Oats JJ, Persson B, Rogers MS, Sacks DA; HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group: Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 2008;358(19):1991–2002. Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee; Feig DS, Berger H, Donovan L, Godbout A, Kader T, Keely E, Sanghera R: Diabetes and pregnancy. Can J Diabetes 2018;42(suppl 1):S255–S282. Lowy C: Home glucose monitoring, who started it? BMJ 1998;316(7142):1467. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group: Pregnancy outcomes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174(4):1343–1353. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period. London, NICE, 2015. Jovanovic L, Peterson CM: Insulin and glucose requirements during the first stage of labor in insulin-dependent diabetic women. Am J Med 1983;75(4):607–612. Tonyushkina K, Nichols JH: Glucose meters: a review of technical challenges to obtaining accurate results. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2009;3(4):971–980. Freinkel N: Banting lecture 1980. Of pregnancy and progeny. Diabetes 1980;29(12):1023–1035. Freinkel N, Dooley SL, Metzger BE: Care of the pregnant woman with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1985;313(2):96–101. Jovanovic L, Druzin M, Peterson CM: Effect of euglycemia on the outcome of pregnancy in insulin-dependent diabetic women as compared with normal control subjects. Am J Med 1981;71(6):921–927. Longo LD: The Rise of Fetal and Neonatal Physiology. Basic Science to Clinical Care. New York, Springer, 2018. Farabi SS, Hernandez TL: Low-carbohydrate diets for gestational diabetes. Nutrients 2019;11:8. Mazur A: Why were “starvation diets” promoted for diabetes in the pre-insulin period? Nutr J 2011;10:23. Silverman BL, Metzger BE, Cho NH, Loeb CA: Impaired glucose tolerance in adolescent offspring of diabetic mothers. Relationship to fetal hyperinsulinism. Diabetes Care 1995;18(5):611–617. Yamamoto JM, Kellett JE, Balsells M, García-Patterson A, Hadar E, Solà I, et al: Controlled trials examining the impact of modified dietary interventions on maternal glucose control and neonatal birth weight. Diabetes Care 2018;41(7):1346–1361. Rodrigo N, Glastras SJ: The emerging role of biomarkers in the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Med 2018;7:6. Wilder RM, Parsons E: Treatment of diabetes during pregnancy. Col Med 1928;25:372–382. Pedersen J: Weight and length at birth of infants of diabetic mothers. Acta Endocrinol 1954;16(4):330–342. Campbell WR: Ketosis, acidosis and coma treated by insulin. J Metab Res 1922;2:605–635. Feig DS, Donovan LE, Corcoy R, Murphy KE, Amiel SA, Hunt KF, et al: Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes (CONCEPTT): a multicentre international randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2017;390:2347–2359. Dunn PM: Dr Priscilla White (1900–1989) of Boston and pregnancy diabetes. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal 2004;89(3):F276–F278. American Diabetes Association: 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2020. Diabetes Care 2020;43(suppl 1):S14–S31. Jovanovic-Peterson L, Peterson CM, Reed GF, Metzger BE, Mills JL, Knopp RH, Aarons JH: Maternal postprandial glucose levels and infant birth weight: The Diabetes in Early Pregnancy Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164(1):103–111. Yamamoto JM, Corcoy R, Donovan LE, Stewart ZA, Tomlinson G, Beardsall K, Feig DS, Murphy HR; CONCEPTT Collaborative Group: Maternal glycaemic control and risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes pregnancy: a secondary analysis of the CONCEPTT trial. Diabet Med 2019;36(8):1046–1053. International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel: International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care 2010;33(3):676–682. Sacks DA, Metzger BE: Classification of diabetes in pregnancy, time to reassess the alphabet. Obstet Gynecol 2013;121:345–348. Silverman BL, Rizzo T, Green OC, Cho NH, Winter RJ, Ogata ES, Richards GE, Metzger BE: Long-term prospective evaluation of offspring of diabetic mothers. Diabetes 1991;40(suppl 2):121–125. Lowe WL Jr, Scholtens DM, Lowe LP, Kuang A, Nodzenski M, Talbot O, et al: Association of gestational diabetes with maternal disorders of glucose metabolism and childhood adiposity. JAMA 2018;320(10):1005–1016. Deshpande S, Pinsker JE, Zavitsanou S, Shi D, Tompot R, Church MM, Andre C, Doyle FJ, Dassau E: Design and clinical evaluation of the interoperable artificial pancreas system (iAPS) smartphone app: interoperable components with modular design for progressive artificial pancreas research and development. Diabetes Technol Ther 2019;21(1):35–43. Joslin EP: The diabetic. Can Med Assoc J 1943;48:488–497. Vandorsten JP, Dodson WC, Espeland MA, Grobman WA, Guise JM, Mercer BM, Minkoff HL, Poindexter B, Prosser LA, Sawaya GF, Scott JR, Silver RM, Smith L, Thomas A, Tita AT: NIH consensus development conference: diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus. NIH Consens State Sci Statements 2013;29(1):1–31. Langer O, Conway DL, Berkus MD, Xenakis EM, Gonzales O: A comparison of glyburide and insulin in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2000;343(16):1134–1138. Joslin EP: Pregnancy and diabetes mellitus. Boston Med Surg J 1915;173(23):841–849. Peel J: A historical review of diabetes and pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1972;79(5):385–395. Freinkel N, Phelps L, Metzger BE: Intermediary metabolism during normal pregnancy. In: Sutherland HW, Stowers JM (eds): Carbohydrate Metabolism in Pregnancy and the Newborn. Berlin, Springer, 1978. White P: Pregnancy complicating diabetes. Am J Med 1949;7(5):609–616. Hare JW, White P: Gestational diabetes and the White classification. Diabetes Care 1980;3:394. Mills JL, Knopp RH, Simpson JL, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Metzger BE, Holmes LB, Aarons JH, Brown Z, Reed GF, Bieber FR: Lack of Relation of Increased Malformation Rates in Infants of Diabetic Mothers to Glycemic Control during Organogenesis. N Engl J Med 1988;318(11):671–676. Gabbe SG: The gestational diabetes mellitus conferences. Three are history: focus on the fourth. Diabetes Care 1998;21(suppl 2):B1–B2. Allen FM, Stillman E, Fitz R: Total dietary regulation in the treatment of diabetes. New York, The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 1919. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, ed 9. Brussels, IDF, 2019. Available from: http://www.diabetesatlas.org. Society of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Publications Committee: SMFM statement: pharmacological treatment of gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018;218(5):B2–B4. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group; Nathan DM, Genuth S, Lachin J, Cleary P, Crofford O, Davis M, Rand L, Siebert C: The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993;329(14):977–986. Mestman JH: Historical notes on diabetes and pregnancy. Endocrinologist 2002;12:224–242. Stewart ZA, Wilinska M, Hartnell S, O’Neil LK, Rayman G, Scott EM, Barnard K, Farrington C, Hovorka R, Murphy HR: Day-and-night closed-loop insulin delivery in a broad population of pregnant women with type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled crossover trial. Diabetes Care 2018;41(7):1391–1399. Joslin EP: The treatment of diabetes mellitus with observations upon the disease based upon thirteen hundred cases, ed 2. Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger, 1917. Pedersen J, Brandstrup E: Foetal mortality in pregnant diabetics; strict control of diabetes with conservative obstetric management. Lancet 1956;270:607–610. Mahajan A, Donovan LE, Vallee R, Yamamoto JM: Evidenced-based nutrition for gestational diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep 2019;19(10):94. Williams JW: The clinical significance of glycosuria in pregnant women. Am J Med Sci 1909;137:1–26. National Diabetes Data Group: Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes 1979;28:1039–1057. Pedersen J: The Pregnant Diabetic and Her Newborn. Problems and Management. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins Company, 1967. Carpenter MW, Coustan DR: Criteria for screening tests for gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;144(7):768–773. American Diabetes Association: 14. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2020. Diabetes Care 2020;43(suppl 1):S183–S192. Feig DS, Corcoy R, Donovan LE, Murphy KE, Barrett JFR, Sanchez JJ, Wysocki T, Ruedy K, Kollman C, Tomlinson G, Murphy HR; CONCEPTT Collaborative Group: Pumps or multiple daily injections in pregnancy involving type 1 diabetes: a prespecified analysis of the conceptt randomized trial. Diabetes Care 2018;41(12):2471–2479. Committee on Practice Bullet |
| References_xml | – reference: Jovanovic-Peterson L, Peterson CM, Reed GF, Metzger BE, Mills JL, Knopp RH, Aarons JH: Maternal postprandial glucose levels and infant birth weight: The Diabetes in Early Pregnancy Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164(1):103–111. – reference: Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group; Nathan DM, Genuth S, Lachin J, Cleary P, Crofford O, Davis M, Rand L, Siebert C: The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993;329(14):977–986. – reference: Hadden DR: A historical perspective on gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21(suppl 2):B3–B4. – reference: Committee on Practice Bulletins – Obstetrics: ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 190: gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol 2018;131(2):e49–e64. – reference: National Diabetes Data Group: Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes 1979;28:1039–1057. – reference: Hare JW, White P: Gestational diabetes and the White classification. Diabetes Care 1980;3:394. – reference: Updike SJ, Hicks GP: The enzyme electrode. Nature 1967;214(5092):986–988. – reference: Jovanovic L, Peterson CM: Insulin and glucose requirements during the first stage of labor in insulin-dependent diabetic women. Am J Med 1983;75(4):607–612. – reference: Feig DS, Donovan LE, Corcoy R, Murphy KE, Amiel SA, Hunt KF, et al: Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes (CONCEPTT): a multicentre international randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2017;390:2347–2359. – reference: Ney D, Hollingsworth DR: Nutritional management of pregnancy complicated by diabetes: historical perspective. Diabetes Care 1981;4(6):647–655. – reference: Gabbe SG: The gestational diabetes mellitus conferences. Three are history: focus on the fourth. Diabetes Care 1998;21(suppl 2):B1–B2. – reference: Allen FM, Stillman E, Fitz R: Total dietary regulation in the treatment of diabetes. New York, The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 1919. – reference: White P: Pregnancy complicating diabetes. Am J Med 1949;7(5):609–616. – reference: Society of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Publications Committee: SMFM statement: pharmacological treatment of gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018;218(5):B2–B4. – reference: Pedersen J, Brandstrup E: Foetal mortality in pregnant diabetics; strict control of diabetes with conservative obstetric management. Lancet 1956;270:607–610. – reference: Dunn PM: Dr Priscilla White (1900–1989) of Boston and pregnancy diabetes. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal 2004;89(3):F276–F278. – reference: American Diabetes Association: 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2020. Diabetes Care 2020;43(suppl 1):S14–S31. – reference: American Diabetes Association: 14. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2020. Diabetes Care 2020;43(suppl 1):S183–S192. – reference: Joslin EP: The treatment of diabetes mellitus with observations upon the disease based upon thirteen hundred cases, ed 2. Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger, 1917. – reference: Joslin EP: Pregnancy and diabetes mellitus. Boston Med Surg J 1915;173(23):841–849. – reference: Mestman JH: Historical notes on diabetes and pregnancy. Endocrinologist 2002;12:224–242. – reference: Silverman BL, Rizzo T, Green OC, Cho NH, Winter RJ, Ogata ES, Richards GE, Metzger BE: Long-term prospective evaluation of offspring of diabetic mothers. Diabetes 1991;40(suppl 2):121–125. – reference: International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, ed 9. Brussels, IDF, 2019. Available from: http://www.diabetesatlas.org. – reference: Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee; Feig DS, Berger H, Donovan L, Godbout A, Kader T, Keely E, Sanghera R: Diabetes and pregnancy. Can J Diabetes 2018;42(suppl 1):S255–S282. – reference: Longo LD: The Rise of Fetal and Neonatal Physiology. Basic Science to Clinical Care. New York, Springer, 2018. – reference: Mazur A: Why were “starvation diets” promoted for diabetes in the pre-insulin period? Nutr J 2011;10:23. – reference: Wilder RM, Parsons E: Treatment of diabetes during pregnancy. Col Med 1928;25:372–382. – reference: Freinkel N: Banting lecture 1980. Of pregnancy and progeny. Diabetes 1980;29(12):1023–1035. – reference: Carpenter MW, Coustan DR: Criteria for screening tests for gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;144(7):768–773. – reference: Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR, et al: Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007;30(suppl 2):S251–S260. – reference: Silverman BL, Metzger BE, Cho NH, Loeb CA: Impaired glucose tolerance in adolescent offspring of diabetic mothers. Relationship to fetal hyperinsulinism. Diabetes Care 1995;18(5):611–617. – reference: Yamamoto JM, Corcoy R, Donovan LE, Stewart ZA, Tomlinson G, Beardsall K, Feig DS, Murphy HR; CONCEPTT Collaborative Group: Maternal glycaemic control and risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes pregnancy: a secondary analysis of the CONCEPTT trial. Diabet Med 2019;36(8):1046–1053. – reference: Stewart ZA, Wilinska M, Hartnell S, O’Neil LK, Rayman G, Scott EM, Barnard K, Farrington C, Hovorka R, Murphy HR: Day-and-night closed-loop insulin delivery in a broad population of pregnant women with type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled crossover trial. Diabetes Care 2018;41(7):1391–1399. – reference: O’Sullivan JB, Mahan CM: Criteria for the oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy. Diabetes 1964;13:278–285. – reference: Freinkel N, Dooley SL, Metzger BE: Care of the pregnant woman with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1985;313(2):96–101. – reference: Langer O, Conway DL, Berkus MD, Xenakis EM, Gonzales O: A comparison of glyburide and insulin in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2000;343(16):1134–1138. – reference: Jovanovic L, Peterson CM, Saxena BB, Dawood MY, Saudek CD: Feasibility of maintaining normal glucose profiles in insulin-dependent pregnant diabetic women. Am J Med 1980;68(1):105–112. – reference: Metzger BE, Silverman BL, Freinkel N, Dooley SL, Ogata ES, Green OC: Amniotic fluid insulin as a predictor of obesity. Arch Dis Child 1990;65:1050–1052. – reference: Scholtens DM, Kuang A, Lowe LP, Hamilton J, Lawrence JM, Lebenthal Y, et al: Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-Up Study (HAPO FUS): maternal glycemia and childhood glucose metabolism. Diabetes Care 2019;42(3):381–392. – reference: Pedersen J: The Pregnant Diabetic and Her Newborn. Problems and Management. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins Company, 1967. – reference: Sacks DA, Metzger BE: Classification of diabetes in pregnancy, time to reassess the alphabet. Obstet Gynecol 2013;121:345–348. – reference: Tonyushkina K, Nichols JH: Glucose meters: a review of technical challenges to obtaining accurate results. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2009;3(4):971–980. – reference: Mills JL, Knopp RH, Simpson JL, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Metzger BE, Holmes LB, Aarons JH, Brown Z, Reed GF, Bieber FR: Lack of Relation of Increased Malformation Rates in Infants of Diabetic Mothers to Glycemic Control during Organogenesis. N Engl J Med 1988;318(11):671–676. – reference: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period. London, NICE, 2015. – reference: Rowan JA, Hague WM, Gao W, Battin MR, Moore MP; MiG Trial Investigators: Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358(19):2003–2015. – reference: Jovanovic L, Knopp RH, Brown Z, Conley MR, Park E, Mills JL, Metzger BE, Aarons JH, Holmes LB, Simpson JL; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Diabetes in Early Pregnancy Study Group: Declining insulin requirement in the late first trimester of diabetic pregnancy. Diabetes Care 2001;24(7):1130–1136. – reference: Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group: Pregnancy outcomes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174(4):1343–1353. – reference: Lowe WL Jr, Scholtens DM, Lowe LP, Kuang A, Nodzenski M, Talbot O, et al: Association of gestational diabetes with maternal disorders of glucose metabolism and childhood adiposity. JAMA 2018;320(10):1005–1016. – reference: Lowy C: Home glucose monitoring, who started it? BMJ 1998;316(7142):1467. – reference: Hod M, Kapur A, Sacks DA, Hadar E, Agarwal M, Di Renzo GC, Cabero Roura L, McIntyre HD, Morris JL, Divakar H: The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on gestational diabetes mellitus: a pragmatic guide for diagnosis, management, and care. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2015;131(suppl 3):S173–S211. – reference: Rodrigo N, Glastras SJ: The emerging role of biomarkers in the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Med 2018;7:6. – reference: Mahajan A, Donovan LE, Vallee R, Yamamoto JM: Evidenced-based nutrition for gestational diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep 2019;19(10):94. – reference: Farabi SS, Hernandez TL: Low-carbohydrate diets for gestational diabetes. Nutrients 2019;11:8. – reference: Campbell WR: Ketosis, acidosis and coma treated by insulin. J Metab Res 1922;2:605–635. – reference: Peel J: A historical review of diabetes and pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1972;79(5):385–395. – reference: Jovanovic L, Druzin M, Peterson CM: Effect of euglycemia on the outcome of pregnancy in insulin-dependent diabetic women as compared with normal control subjects. Am J Med 1981;71(6):921–927. – reference: International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel: International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care 2010;33(3):676–682. – reference: Feig DS, Corcoy R, Donovan LE, Murphy KE, Barrett JFR, Sanchez JJ, Wysocki T, Ruedy K, Kollman C, Tomlinson G, Murphy HR; CONCEPTT Collaborative Group: Pumps or multiple daily injections in pregnancy involving type 1 diabetes: a prespecified analysis of the conceptt randomized trial. Diabetes Care 2018;41(12):2471–2479. – reference: Vandorsten JP, Dodson WC, Espeland MA, Grobman WA, Guise JM, Mercer BM, Minkoff HL, Poindexter B, Prosser LA, Sawaya GF, Scott JR, Silver RM, Smith L, Thomas A, Tita AT: NIH consensus development conference: diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus. NIH Consens State Sci Statements 2013;29(1):1–31. – reference: Sacks DA, Hadden DR, Maresh M, Deerochanawong C, Dyer AR, Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Coustan DR, Hod M, Oats JJ, Persson B, Trimble ER; HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. Frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus at collaborating centers based on IADPSG consensus panel-recommended criteria: the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study. Diabetes Care 2012;35(3):26–28. – reference: Yamamoto JM, Kellett JE, Balsells M, García-Patterson A, Hadar E, Solà I, et al: Controlled trials examining the impact of modified dietary interventions on maternal glucose control and neonatal birth weight. Diabetes Care 2018;41(7):1346–1361. – reference: Williams JW: The clinical significance of glycosuria in pregnant women. Am J Med Sci 1909;137:1–26. – reference: Pedersen J, Pedersen LM: Prognosis of the outcome of pregnancies in diabetics. A new classification. Acta Endocrinol 1965;50(1):70–78. – reference: Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR, Trimble ER, Chaovarindr U, Coustan DR, Hadden DR, McCance DR, Hod M, McIntyre HD, Oats JJ, Persson B, Rogers MS, Sacks DA; HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group: Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 2008;358(19):1991–2002. – reference: Deshpande S, Pinsker JE, Zavitsanou S, Shi D, Tompot R, Church MM, Andre C, Doyle FJ, Dassau E: Design and clinical evaluation of the interoperable artificial pancreas system (iAPS) smartphone app: interoperable components with modular design for progressive artificial pancreas research and development. Diabetes Technol Ther 2019;21(1):35–43. – reference: Pedersen J: Weight and length at birth of infants of diabetic mothers. Acta Endocrinol 1954;16(4):330–342. – reference: Joslin EP: The diabetic. Can Med Assoc J 1943;48:488–497. – reference: Freinkel N, Phelps L, Metzger BE: Intermediary metabolism during normal pregnancy. In: Sutherland HW, Stowers JM (eds): Carbohydrate Metabolism in Pregnancy and the Newborn. Berlin, Springer, 1978. |
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| Snippet | This chapter reviews significant milestones in the history of the metabolic management of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. During the pre-insulin era, women with... |
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| SubjectTerms | Chapter |
| Title | Milestones in the History of the Metabolic Management of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy |
| URI | https://karger.com/doi/10.1159/000506548 |
| Volume | 29 |
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