Cross-sectional study of critical incident stress and mental health among firefighters dispatched to areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake
We conducted a survey of 178 firefighters dispatched from other regions to areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11, 2011. From the survey conducted in August 2011, we aimed to evaluate the critical incident stress (CIS) and mental health of the firefighters by using the Impact...
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| Published in | JOURNAL OF THE KYORIN MEDICAL SOCIETY Vol. 44; no. 1; pp. 13 - 23 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | Japanese |
| Published |
The Kyorin Medical Society
2013
杏林医学会 |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0368-5829 1349-886X |
| DOI | 10.11434/kyorinmed.44.13 |
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| Abstract | We conducted a survey of 178 firefighters dispatched from other regions to areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11, 2011. From the survey conducted in August 2011, we aimed to evaluate the critical incident stress (CIS) and mental health of the firefighters by using the Impact of Event Scale-revised (IES-R) and other questionnaires. Completed responses were received from 126 subjects (all men; mean age, 40.9 years [range, 22-58 years]), of whom 85 were engaged in the rescue operation of disaster victims, and 41 were engaged in logistics support. The survey results showed that the firefighters were dispatched at an average of 1.6 times (range, 1-6 times) to disaster affected areas, that their IES-R score was 4.0 ± 4.9 (range, 0-21), and that no team member recorded a score of ≥ 25, which is the score considered to show high risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We considered that the reason for none of the firefighters showing risk of PTSD might have been because after they completed their duties, they returned to their home where they were no longer exposed to CIS of this disaster. Considering the various CIS factors of this disaster, the survey results suggest that risk factors for mental health of firefighters dispatched for disaster were “the number of times that they were dispatched,”“participation on the day when a disaster happened,”“rescue operation of disaster victims,” and“staying for long periods in an area affected by a terrible disaster.” |
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| AbstractList | We conducted a survey of 178 firefighters dispatched from other regions to areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11, 2011. From the survey conducted in August 2011, we aimed to evaluate the critical incident stress (CIS) and mental health of the firefighters by using the Impact of Event Scale-revised (IES-R) and other questionnaires. Completed responses were received from 126 subjects (all men; mean age, 40.9 years [range, 22-58 years]), of whom 85 were engaged in the rescue operation of disaster victims, and 41 were engaged in logistics support. The survey results showed that the firefighters were dispatched at an average of 1.6 times (range, 1-6 times) to disaster affected areas, that their IES-R score was 4.0 ± 4.9 (range, 0-21), and that no team member recorded a score of ≥ 25, which is the score considered to show high risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We considered that the reason for none of the firefighters showing risk of PTSD might have been because after they completed their duties, they returned to their home where they were no longer exposed to CIS of this disaster. Considering the various CIS factors of this disaster, the survey results suggest that risk factors for mental health of firefighters dispatched for disaster were “the number of times that they were dispatched,”“participation on the day when a disaster happened,”“rescue operation of disaster victims,” and“staying for long periods in an area affected by a terrible disaster.”
平成23年3月11日に発生した東日本大震災の被災地に派遣された消防官の惨事ストレスとメンタルヘルスを把握する目的で，平成23年8月，他県から派遣された消防官178人に対して出来事インパクト尺度改訂版（IES- R）などを使用して調査した。有効回答者は126人，全員男性で，平均年齢は40.9歳（22～58歳），被災者の救援活動任務が85人，派遣職員の後方支援任務は41人であった。派遣回数は平均1.6回（1～6回）であった。IES-R得点の平均は4.0±4.9点（0～21点）で，心的外傷後ストレス障害（PTSD）の危険性が指摘される25点以上の職員の存在は認めなかった。その理由として，被災地外である居住地に帰還して惨事ストレス曝露の機会が無くなった可能性が考えられた。IES-R 得点に対する惨事ストレス要因ごとでの比較検討した結果，派遣消防官のメンタルヘルスの危険因子として「派遣回数の多さ」，「災害発生当日の派遣」，「救援活動任務」のほか，新たに「被害甚大な被災地での滞在」が示唆された。 We conducted a survey of 178 firefighters dispatched from other regions to areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11, 2011. From the survey conducted in August 2011, we aimed to evaluate the critical incident stress (CIS) and mental health of the firefighters by using the Impact of Event Scale-revised (IES-R) and other questionnaires. Completed responses were received from 126 subjects (all men; mean age, 40.9 years [range, 22-58 years]), of whom 85 were engaged in the rescue operation of disaster victims, and 41 were engaged in logistics support. The survey results showed that the firefighters were dispatched at an average of 1.6 times (range, 1-6 times) to disaster affected areas, that their IES-R score was 4.0 ± 4.9 (range, 0-21), and that no team member recorded a score of ≥ 25, which is the score considered to show high risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We considered that the reason for none of the firefighters showing risk of PTSD might have been because after they completed their duties, they returned to their home where they were no longer exposed to CIS of this disaster. Considering the various CIS factors of this disaster, the survey results suggest that risk factors for mental health of firefighters dispatched for disaster were “the number of times that they were dispatched,”“participation on the day when a disaster happened,”“rescue operation of disaster victims,” and“staying for long periods in an area affected by a terrible disaster.” |
| Author | KAMIYAMA, Mayuko OKAMOTO, Hiroteru WADA, Takako NOJIMA, Mami TSUNODA, Tooru |
| Author_FL | 岡本 博照 和田 貴子 角田 透 神山 麻由子 野島 真美 |
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| DocumentTitleAlternate | 東日本大震災に派遣された消防官の惨事ストレスとメンタルヘルスについての横断研究 |
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| References | 4） Corneil W: Firefighters' PTSD at dangerous levels. APA Monitor 1995; 26: 36-37. 14）小笠原常之：災害派遣活動とストレス．防医大誌 2000：25：149-160 8） 畑中美穂，松井 豊，丸山 晋ほか：日本消防職員における外傷性ストレス．トラウマティック・ストレス 2004；2：67-75 15）澤村岳人，竹岡俊一，角田智哉，ほか：海上自衛隊におけるスマトラ沖大地震及びインド洋津波への国際緊急援助隊のメンタルヘルスとアフターケア活動．防衛衛生 2006：53：79-88 12）兵庫県精神保健協会こころのケアセンター：災害救援者の心理的影響に関する考査研究報告書 2000 13）大澤智子，加藤 寛：惨事ストレスの長期的な影響に関する調査研究 震災と殉職が意味するもの．心的トラウマ研究 2007；3：57-66 23）Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, et al: Post-traumatic stress disorder in the national co-morbidity survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 1048-1060. 3） Bryant RA & Harvey AG: Posttraumatic stress reactions in volunteer firefighters. J Traumatic Stress 1996; 9: 51-52. 24）田之内厚三：職業的災害救助者の惨事ストレス調査―消防職員を対象として―．麻布大学雑誌 2005；11・12：21-32 11）兵庫県精神保健協会こころのケアセンター：非常事態ストレスと災害救援者の健康状態に関する考査研究報告書 1999 16）齋藤和樹，前田 潤：自然災害発生時に日本赤十字社から派遣された赤十字国際救援派遣要因のストレス分析．日本赤十字秋田短期大学紀要 2006：11：7-16 2） Wagner D, Heinricha M, Ehlert U: Prevalence of symptoms of posttraumtic stress disorder in German professional firefighters. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1727-1732. 10）山川百合子，清水京美，佐藤晋爾，ほか：救急隊員の災害ストレス症状と対処行動との関係についての実態調査．日本集団災害医学会誌 2009；14：191-197 22）Helzer JE, Robins LN, McEvoy L: Post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population. N Eng J Med 1987; 317: 1630-1634. 1） MacFarlen AC: The longitudinal course of posttraumatic morbidity; The range of outcomes and their predictors. J Nerv Ment Dis 1988; 176: 30-39. 19）大澤智子，加藤 寛：被災地派遣職員が被る惨事ストレスの影響．心的トラウマ研究 2011；7：25-32 17）大澤智子：国際緊急援助隊の惨事ストレスとその影響について．心的トラウマ研究 2010：6：63-73 18）加藤 寛，飛鳥井望：災害救援者の心理的影響―阪神・淡路大震災で活動した消防隊員の大規模調査から―．トラウマティック・ストレス 2004；2：51-59 6） 兪 善英：韓国における消防職員の惨事ストレスの実態と対策．トラウマティック・ストレス 2010；8：165-169 20）Weiss DS and Marmar CR: The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In: Wilson JP, Keane TM eds. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. pp. 399-411, The Guilford Press, New York, 1997. 5） Nurmi LA: The sinking of the Estonia; The effects of Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) on rescuers. Int J Emerg Ment Health 1999; 1: 23-31. 21）Asukai N, Kato H, Kawamura N, et al,: Reliability and validity of the Japanese-language version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R-J): four studies of different traumatic events. J Nerv Ment Dis 2002: 190: 175-82. 7） Berninger A, Webber MP, Niles JK, et al: Longitudinal study of probable post-traumatic stress disorder in firefighters exposed to the World Trade Center Disaster. Am J Ind Med 2010; 53: 1177-1185. 9） Mitani S: Comparative analysis of the Japanese version of the revised impact of event scale: A study of firefighters. Prehosp Disaster Med 2008; 23: s20-s26. |
| References_xml | – reference: 12）兵庫県精神保健協会こころのケアセンター：災害救援者の心理的影響に関する考査研究報告書 2000． – reference: 23）Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, et al: Post-traumatic stress disorder in the national co-morbidity survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 1048-1060. – reference: 20）Weiss DS and Marmar CR: The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In: Wilson JP, Keane TM eds. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. pp. 399-411, The Guilford Press, New York, 1997. – reference: 5） Nurmi LA: The sinking of the Estonia; The effects of Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) on rescuers. Int J Emerg Ment Health 1999; 1: 23-31. – reference: 15）澤村岳人，竹岡俊一，角田智哉，ほか：海上自衛隊におけるスマトラ沖大地震及びインド洋津波への国際緊急援助隊のメンタルヘルスとアフターケア活動．防衛衛生 2006：53：79-88． – reference: 9） Mitani S: Comparative analysis of the Japanese version of the revised impact of event scale: A study of firefighters. Prehosp Disaster Med 2008; 23: s20-s26. – reference: 14）小笠原常之：災害派遣活動とストレス．防医大誌 2000：25：149-160． – reference: 22）Helzer JE, Robins LN, McEvoy L: Post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population. N Eng J Med 1987; 317: 1630-1634. – reference: 13）大澤智子，加藤 寛：惨事ストレスの長期的な影響に関する調査研究 震災と殉職が意味するもの．心的トラウマ研究 2007；3：57-66． – reference: 2） Wagner D, Heinricha M, Ehlert U: Prevalence of symptoms of posttraumtic stress disorder in German professional firefighters. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1727-1732. – reference: 1） MacFarlen AC: The longitudinal course of posttraumatic morbidity; The range of outcomes and their predictors. J Nerv Ment Dis 1988; 176: 30-39. – reference: 7） Berninger A, Webber MP, Niles JK, et al: Longitudinal study of probable post-traumatic stress disorder in firefighters exposed to the World Trade Center Disaster. Am J Ind Med 2010; 53: 1177-1185. – reference: 4） Corneil W: Firefighters' PTSD at dangerous levels. APA Monitor 1995; 26: 36-37. – reference: 18）加藤 寛，飛鳥井望：災害救援者の心理的影響―阪神・淡路大震災で活動した消防隊員の大規模調査から―．トラウマティック・ストレス 2004；2：51-59． – reference: 21）Asukai N, Kato H, Kawamura N, et al,: Reliability and validity of the Japanese-language version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R-J): four studies of different traumatic events. J Nerv Ment Dis 2002: 190: 175-82. – reference: 6） 兪 善英：韓国における消防職員の惨事ストレスの実態と対策．トラウマティック・ストレス 2010；8：165-169． – reference: 16）齋藤和樹，前田 潤：自然災害発生時に日本赤十字社から派遣された赤十字国際救援派遣要因のストレス分析．日本赤十字秋田短期大学紀要 2006：11：7-16． – reference: 3） Bryant RA & Harvey AG: Posttraumatic stress reactions in volunteer firefighters. J Traumatic Stress 1996; 9: 51-52. – reference: 19）大澤智子，加藤 寛：被災地派遣職員が被る惨事ストレスの影響．心的トラウマ研究 2011；7：25-32． – reference: 10）山川百合子，清水京美，佐藤晋爾，ほか：救急隊員の災害ストレス症状と対処行動との関係についての実態調査．日本集団災害医学会誌 2009；14：191-197． – reference: 17）大澤智子：国際緊急援助隊の惨事ストレスとその影響について．心的トラウマ研究 2010：6：63-73． – reference: 8） 畑中美穂，松井 豊，丸山 晋ほか：日本消防職員における外傷性ストレス．トラウマティック・ストレス 2004；2：67-75． – reference: 11）兵庫県精神保健協会こころのケアセンター：非常事態ストレスと災害救援者の健康状態に関する考査研究報告書 1999． – reference: 24）田之内厚三：職業的災害救助者の惨事ストレス調査―消防職員を対象として―．麻布大学雑誌 2005；11・12：21-32． |
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| Title | Cross-sectional study of critical incident stress and mental health among firefighters dispatched to areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake |
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