Content of Fluoride in Bottled Mineral Waters Sold in Japan
The content of fluoride, calcium and magnesium was determined by means of a fluoride ion selective electrode and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy in thirty-three brands of bottled mineral waters sold in the Japanese market. The geometric means of fluoride, calcium and magnesiu...
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| Published in | BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ON TRACE ELEMENTS Vol. 19; no. 3; pp. 254 - 259 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Osaka
Japan Society for Biomedical Research on Trace Elements
01.01.2008
Japan Science and Technology Agency |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0916-717X 1880-1404 |
| DOI | 10.11299/brte.19.254 |
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| Abstract | The content of fluoride, calcium and magnesium was determined by means of a fluoride ion selective electrode and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy in thirty-three brands of bottled mineral waters sold in the Japanese market. The geometric means of fluoride, calcium and magnesium were 79.8 μg/l, 19.1 μg/l and 2.8 μg/l, respectively. The fluoride content of Japanese and European brands was significantly higher than that of other brands. The calcium and magnesium concentrations were higher in the European brands than in all other brands. Simple linear regression and multiple linear regression analysis show that calcium and fluoride reach mineral water simultaneously. Our results show that only two brands imported from France and Italy exceed the World Health Organization's guideline value of 1.5 mg/l. All of the other samples analyzed contain less than 10% of that value. We also found that the fluoride intake of Japanese adults from mineral water is only 0.018-2.14% of the National Research Council upper recommended intake of 1.5-4.0 mg/day. Bottled mineral water can be considered as a source of fluoride but most brands are not a risk for fluorosis. However, sensitivity to fluoride depends on the subject's general health and age. To minimize the potential risk of exposure posed by mineral water the fluoride content should be fully disclosed on the label. |
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| AbstractList | The content of fluoride, calcium and magnesium was determined by means of a fluoride ion selective electrode and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy in thirty-three brands of bottled mineral waters sold in the Japanese market. The geometric means of fluoride, calcium and magnesium were 79.8 μg/l, 19.1 μg/l and 2.8 μg/l, respectively. The fluoride content of Japanese and European brands was significantly higher than that of other brands. The calcium and magnesium concentrations were higher in the European brands than in all other brands. Simple linear regression and multiple linear regression analysis show that calcium and fluoride reach mineral water simultaneously. Our results show that only two brands imported from France and Italy exceed the World Health Organization's guideline value of 1.5 mg/l. All of the other samples analyzed contain less than 10% of that value. We also found that the fluoride intake of Japanese adults from mineral water is only 0.018-2.14% of the National Research Council upper recommended intake of 1.5-4.0 mg/day. Bottled mineral water can be considered as a source of fluoride but most brands are not a risk for fluorosis. However, sensitivity to fluoride depends on the subject's general health and age. To minimize the potential risk of exposure posed by mineral water the fluoride content should be fully disclosed on the label. The content of fluoride, calcium and magnesium was determined by means of a fluoride ion selective electrode and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy in thirty-three brands of bottled mineral waters sold in the Japanese market. The geometric means of fluoride, calcium and magnesium were 79.8 mu g/l, 19.1 mu g/l and 2.8 mu g/l, respectively. The fluoride content of Japanese and European brands was significantly higher than that of other brands. The calcium and magnesium concentrations were higher in the European brands than in all other brands. Simple linear regression and multiple linear regression analysis show that calcium and fluoride reach mineral water simultaneously. Our results show that only two brands imported from France and Italy exceed the World Health Organization's guideline value of 1.5 mg/l. All of the other samples analyzed contain less than 10% of that value. We also found that the fluoride intake of Japanese adults from mineral water is only 0.018-2.14% of the National Research Council upper recommended intake of 1.5-4.0 mg/day. Bottled mineral water can be considered as a source of fluoride but most brands are not a risk for fluorosis. However, sensitivity to fluoride depends on the subject's general health and age. To minimize the potential risk of exposure posed by mineral water the fluoride content should be fully disclosed on the label. The content of fluoride, calcium and magnesium was determined by means of a fluoride ion selective electrode and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy in thirty-three brands of bottled mineral waters sold in the Japanese market. The geometric means of fluoride, calcium and magnesium were 79.8μg/l, 19.1μg/l and 2.8μg/l, respectively. The fluoride content of Japanese and European brands was significantly higher than that of other brands. The calcium and magnesium concentrations were higher in the European brands than in all other brands. Simple linear regression and multiple linear regression analysis show that calcium and fluoride reach mineral water simultaneously. Our results show that only two brands imported from France and Italy exceed the World Health Organization's guideline value of 1.5 mg/l. All of the other samples analyzed contain less than 10% of that value. We also found that the fluoride intake of Japanese adults from mineral water is only 0.018-2.14% of the National Research Council upper recommended intake of 1.5-4.0 mg/day. Bottled mineral water can be considered as a source of fluoride but most brands are not a risk for fluorosis. However, sensitivity to fluoride depends on the subject's general health and age. To minimize the potential risk of exposure posed by mineral water the fluoride content should be fully disclosed on the label. |
| Author | Tanida, Eri Takasaki, Kyosuke Yamamoto, Kimiyo Imanishi, Masafumi Suzuki, Shinichi Tsuji, Hiroshi Usuda, Kan Kono, Koichi Ohnishi, Keiko |
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| References | 11) Shitumbanuma V, Tembo F, Tembo JM, Chilala S, Van Ranst E: Dental fluorosis associated with drinking water from hot springs in Choma district in southern province, Zambia. Environ Geochem Health 29: 51-8, 2007. 14) Usuda K, Kono K, Shimbo Y, Fujihara M, Fujimoto K, Kawano A, Kono R, Tsuji H, Tanida E, Imanishi M, Fukuda C, Suzuki S, Tanaka H: Urinary fluoride reference values determined by a fluoride ion selective electrode. Biol Trace Elem Res 2007 119: 27-34, 2007. 10) Sahu A, Vaishnav MM: Study of fluoride in ground water around the BALCO, Korba area(India). J Environ Sci Eng 48: 65-8, 2006. 5) Weitz A, Mariñanco MI, Villa A: Reduction of caries in rural school-children exposed to fluoride through a milk-fluoridation programme in Araucania, Chile. Community Dent Health 24: 186-91, 2007. 6) Momeni A, Neuhäuser A, Renner N, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Abou-Fidah J, Rasch K, Kröplin M, Fejerskov O, Pieper K: Prevalence of dental fluorosis in german schoolchildren in areas with different preventive programmes. Caries Res 41: 437-44, 2007. 30) Usuda K, Kono K, Nishiura K, Miyata K, Nishiura H, Saito M, Goto E, Nakaya H: Boron diffusion across the dialysis membrane during hemodialysis. Miner Electrolyte Metab 23: 100-4, 1997. 2) Whelton AJ, Dietrich AM, Burlingame GA, Schechs M, Duncan SE: Minerals in drinking water: impacts on taste and importance to consumer health. Water Sci Technol 55: 283-91, 2007. 13) Tekle-Haimanot R, Melaku Z, Kloos H, Reimann C, Fantaye W, Zerihun L, Bjorvatn K: The geographic distribution of fluoride in surface and groundwater in Ethiopia with an emphasis on the Rift Valley. Sci Total Environ 367: 182-90, 2006. 4) The Mineral Water Association of Japan: Statistic of Mineral Water, The Mineral Water Association of Japan, Tokyo 2007. 28) Adeyi O, Smith O, Robles S: Public Policy & the Challenge of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases. World Bank Publications, 1 edition, 2007, pp1-2 3) Kassenga GR: The health-related microbiological quality of bottled drinking water sold in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. J Water Health 5: 179-85, 2007. 27) Zhang YT, Yan YS, Poon CY: Some Perspectives on Affordable Healthcare Systems in China. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 1: 6154, 2007. 32) Usuda K, Kono K, Iguchi K, Nishiura K, Miyata K, Shimahara M, Konda T, Hashiguchi N, Senda J: Hemodialysis effect on serum boron level in the patients with long term hemodialysis. Sci Total Environ 191: 283-90, 1996. 23) Johnson SA, DeBiase C: Concentration levels of fluoride in bottled drinking water. J Dent Hyg 77: 161-7, 2003. 22) Singer L, Ophaug RH, Harland BF: Dietary fluoride intake of 15-19-year-old male adults residing in the United States. J Dent Res 64: 1302-5, 1985. 7) Cao J, Zhao Y, Liu J, Xirao R, Danzeng S: Varied ecological environment and fluorosis in Tibetan children in the nature reserve of Mount Qomolangma. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 48: 62-5, 2001. 29) Usuda K, Kono K, Watanabe T, Dote T, Shimizu H, Tominaga M, Koizumi C, Nishiura H, Goto E, Nakaya H, Arisue M, Fukutomi A: Hemodialyzability of ionizable fluoride in hemodialysis session. Sci Total Environ 297: 183-91, 2002. 26) Tuljapurkar S, Li N, Boe C: A universal pattern of mortality decline in the G7 countries. Nature 405: 789-92, 2000. 21) Watanbe M, Kono K, Dote T, Orita Y, Usuda K, Yoshida Y, Nishimuta M, Kodama N, Nagaie H: Influence of dietary fluoride intake on urinary fluoride concentration and evaluation of corrected levels in spot urine. Biomed Res Trace Elements 5: 93-100, 1994. 9) Bishnoi M, Arora S: Potable groundwater quality in some villages of Haryana, India: focus on fluoride. J Environ Biol 28: 291-4, 2007. 25) Ayo-Yusuf OA, Kroon J, Ayo-Yusuf IJ: Fluoride concentration of bottled drinking waters. SADJ 56: 273-6, 2001. 17) Ahiropoulos V: Fluoride content of bottled waters available in Northern Greece. Int J Paediatr Dent 16: 111-6, 2006. 16) Cochrane NJ, Saranathan S, Morgan MV, Dashper SG: Fluoride content of still bottled water in Australia. Aust Dent J 51: 242-4, 2006. 20) Chernet T, Travi Y, Valles V: Mechanism of degradation of the quality of natural water in the Lakes Region of the Ethiopian rift valley. Water Res 35: 2819-32, 2001. 1) Ramanaiah SV, Venkata Mohan S, Rajkumar B, Sarma PN: Monitoring of fluoride concentration in ground water of Prakasham District in India: correlation with physico-chemical parameters. J Environ Sci Eng 48:129-34, 2006. 19) Shomar B, Müller G, Yahya A, Askar S, Sansur R: Fluorides in groundwater, soil and infused black tea and the occurrence of dental fluorosis among school children of the Gaza strip. J Water Health 2: 23-35, 2004. 24) Buzalaf MA, Damante CA, Trevizani LM, Granjeiro JM: Risk of fluorosis associated with infant formulas prepared with bottled water. J Dent Child(Chic) 71: 110-3, 2004. 8) Haimanot RT, Fekadu A, Bushra B: Endemic fluorosis in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Trop Geogr Med 39: 209-17, 1987. 15) Usuda K, Kono K, Dote T, Watanabe M, Shimizu H, Kawasaki T, Hayashi S, Nakasuji K, Fujimoto K, Lu B: Survey of strontium in mineral waters sold in Japan: relations of strontium to other minerals and evaluation of mineral water as a possible dietary source of strontium. Biol Trace Elem Res 112: 77-86, 2007. 12) Li Y, Liang C, Slemenda CW, Ji R, Sun S, Cao J, Emsley CL, Ma F, Wu Y, Ying P, Zhang Y, Gao S, Zhang W, Katz BP, Niu S, Cao S, Johnston CC Jr: Effect of long-term exposure to fluoride in drinking water on risks of bone fractures. J Bone Miner Res 16: 932-9, 2001. 18) Toumba KJ, Levy S, Curzon ME: The fluoride content of bottled drinking waters. Br Dent J 176: 266-8, 1994. 31) Usuda K, Kono K, Yoshida Y: The effect of hemodialysis upon serum levels of fluoride. Nephron 75: 175-8, 1997. |
| References_xml | – reference: 24) Buzalaf MA, Damante CA, Trevizani LM, Granjeiro JM: Risk of fluorosis associated with infant formulas prepared with bottled water. J Dent Child(Chic) 71: 110-3, 2004. – reference: 4) The Mineral Water Association of Japan: Statistic of Mineral Water, The Mineral Water Association of Japan, Tokyo 2007. – reference: 19) Shomar B, Müller G, Yahya A, Askar S, Sansur R: Fluorides in groundwater, soil and infused black tea and the occurrence of dental fluorosis among school children of the Gaza strip. J Water Health 2: 23-35, 2004. – reference: 25) Ayo-Yusuf OA, Kroon J, Ayo-Yusuf IJ: Fluoride concentration of bottled drinking waters. SADJ 56: 273-6, 2001. – reference: 9) Bishnoi M, Arora S: Potable groundwater quality in some villages of Haryana, India: focus on fluoride. J Environ Biol 28: 291-4, 2007. – reference: 21) Watanbe M, Kono K, Dote T, Orita Y, Usuda K, Yoshida Y, Nishimuta M, Kodama N, Nagaie H: Influence of dietary fluoride intake on urinary fluoride concentration and evaluation of corrected levels in spot urine. Biomed Res Trace Elements 5: 93-100, 1994. – reference: 22) Singer L, Ophaug RH, Harland BF: Dietary fluoride intake of 15-19-year-old male adults residing in the United States. J Dent Res 64: 1302-5, 1985. – reference: 17) Ahiropoulos V: Fluoride content of bottled waters available in Northern Greece. Int J Paediatr Dent 16: 111-6, 2006. – reference: 7) Cao J, Zhao Y, Liu J, Xirao R, Danzeng S: Varied ecological environment and fluorosis in Tibetan children in the nature reserve of Mount Qomolangma. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 48: 62-5, 2001. – reference: 26) Tuljapurkar S, Li N, Boe C: A universal pattern of mortality decline in the G7 countries. Nature 405: 789-92, 2000. – reference: 30) Usuda K, Kono K, Nishiura K, Miyata K, Nishiura H, Saito M, Goto E, Nakaya H: Boron diffusion across the dialysis membrane during hemodialysis. Miner Electrolyte Metab 23: 100-4, 1997. – reference: 31) Usuda K, Kono K, Yoshida Y: The effect of hemodialysis upon serum levels of fluoride. Nephron 75: 175-8, 1997. – reference: 18) Toumba KJ, Levy S, Curzon ME: The fluoride content of bottled drinking waters. Br Dent J 176: 266-8, 1994. – reference: 1) Ramanaiah SV, Venkata Mohan S, Rajkumar B, Sarma PN: Monitoring of fluoride concentration in ground water of Prakasham District in India: correlation with physico-chemical parameters. J Environ Sci Eng 48:129-34, 2006. – reference: 12) Li Y, Liang C, Slemenda CW, Ji R, Sun S, Cao J, Emsley CL, Ma F, Wu Y, Ying P, Zhang Y, Gao S, Zhang W, Katz BP, Niu S, Cao S, Johnston CC Jr: Effect of long-term exposure to fluoride in drinking water on risks of bone fractures. J Bone Miner Res 16: 932-9, 2001. – reference: 29) Usuda K, Kono K, Watanabe T, Dote T, Shimizu H, Tominaga M, Koizumi C, Nishiura H, Goto E, Nakaya H, Arisue M, Fukutomi A: Hemodialyzability of ionizable fluoride in hemodialysis session. Sci Total Environ 297: 183-91, 2002. – reference: 13) Tekle-Haimanot R, Melaku Z, Kloos H, Reimann C, Fantaye W, Zerihun L, Bjorvatn K: The geographic distribution of fluoride in surface and groundwater in Ethiopia with an emphasis on the Rift Valley. Sci Total Environ 367: 182-90, 2006. – reference: 5) Weitz A, Mariñanco MI, Villa A: Reduction of caries in rural school-children exposed to fluoride through a milk-fluoridation programme in Araucania, Chile. Community Dent Health 24: 186-91, 2007. – reference: 14) Usuda K, Kono K, Shimbo Y, Fujihara M, Fujimoto K, Kawano A, Kono R, Tsuji H, Tanida E, Imanishi M, Fukuda C, Suzuki S, Tanaka H: Urinary fluoride reference values determined by a fluoride ion selective electrode. Biol Trace Elem Res 2007 119: 27-34, 2007. – reference: 32) Usuda K, Kono K, Iguchi K, Nishiura K, Miyata K, Shimahara M, Konda T, Hashiguchi N, Senda J: Hemodialysis effect on serum boron level in the patients with long term hemodialysis. Sci Total Environ 191: 283-90, 1996. – reference: 10) Sahu A, Vaishnav MM: Study of fluoride in ground water around the BALCO, Korba area(India). J Environ Sci Eng 48: 65-8, 2006. – reference: 11) Shitumbanuma V, Tembo F, Tembo JM, Chilala S, Van Ranst E: Dental fluorosis associated with drinking water from hot springs in Choma district in southern province, Zambia. Environ Geochem Health 29: 51-8, 2007. – reference: 20) Chernet T, Travi Y, Valles V: Mechanism of degradation of the quality of natural water in the Lakes Region of the Ethiopian rift valley. Water Res 35: 2819-32, 2001. – reference: 15) Usuda K, Kono K, Dote T, Watanabe M, Shimizu H, Kawasaki T, Hayashi S, Nakasuji K, Fujimoto K, Lu B: Survey of strontium in mineral waters sold in Japan: relations of strontium to other minerals and evaluation of mineral water as a possible dietary source of strontium. Biol Trace Elem Res 112: 77-86, 2007. – reference: 3) Kassenga GR: The health-related microbiological quality of bottled drinking water sold in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. J Water Health 5: 179-85, 2007. – reference: 2) Whelton AJ, Dietrich AM, Burlingame GA, Schechs M, Duncan SE: Minerals in drinking water: impacts on taste and importance to consumer health. Water Sci Technol 55: 283-91, 2007. – reference: 8) Haimanot RT, Fekadu A, Bushra B: Endemic fluorosis in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Trop Geogr Med 39: 209-17, 1987. – reference: 28) Adeyi O, Smith O, Robles S: Public Policy & the Challenge of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases. World Bank Publications, 1 edition, 2007, pp1-2 – reference: 6) Momeni A, Neuhäuser A, Renner N, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Abou-Fidah J, Rasch K, Kröplin M, Fejerskov O, Pieper K: Prevalence of dental fluorosis in german schoolchildren in areas with different preventive programmes. Caries Res 41: 437-44, 2007. – reference: 16) Cochrane NJ, Saranathan S, Morgan MV, Dashper SG: Fluoride content of still bottled water in Australia. Aust Dent J 51: 242-4, 2006. – reference: 27) Zhang YT, Yan YS, Poon CY: Some Perspectives on Affordable Healthcare Systems in China. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 1: 6154, 2007. – reference: 23) Johnson SA, DeBiase C: Concentration levels of fluoride in bottled drinking water. J Dent Hyg 77: 161-7, 2003. |
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| Title | Content of Fluoride in Bottled Mineral Waters Sold in Japan |
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