Hair mercury concentrations among Pakistani city dwellers Use of personal care products as a source of variation
In many countries, regulations requiring the monitoring of human mercury exposure levels are becoming increasingly stringent. In this study, mercury exposure among Pakistani city dwellers was assessed by means of hair mercury analysis. Specifically, we used cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry...
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| Published in | Biomedical Research on Trace Elements Vol. 29; no. 2-3; pp. 107 - 118 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English Japanese |
| Published |
Osaka
Japan Society for Biomedical Research on Trace Elements
15.01.2019
Japan Science and Technology Agency |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | In many countries, regulations requiring the monitoring of human mercury exposure levels are becoming increasingly stringent. In this study, mercury exposure among Pakistani city dwellers was assessed by means of hair mercury analysis. Specifically, we used cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry to measure hair mercury concentrations in 291 adult subjects (136 males and 155 females) residing in 6 major cities of Pakistan. A questionnaire was used to obtain information about biological and lifestyle characteristics of the subjects. Most of the subjects had low hair mercury concentrations (median, 0.35 μg/g) and were therefore not at significant health risk due to mercury exposure; however, some subjects had excessive hair mercury concentrations (up to 565 μg/g). The use of skin creams and soaps was found to be a major contributor to excessive hair mercury concentration. In addition, among the subjects who did not have excessive hair mercury concentrations, frequency of fish consumption, smoking, city of residence, and education level were also minor but statistically significant contributors to hair mercury concentration. Our results suggest that the use of mercury-containing personal care products (particularly skin creams and soaps) among Pakistani city dwellers was the main significant source of exposure to mercury. |
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| AbstractList | In many countries, regulations requiring the monitoring of human mercury exposure levels are becoming increasingly stringent. In this study, mercury exposure among Pakistani city dwellers was assessed by means of hair mercury analysis. Specifically, we used cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry to measure hair mercury concentrations in 291 adult subjects (136 males and 155 females) residing in 6 major cities of Pakistan. A questionnaire was used to obtain information about biological and lifestyle characteristics of the subjects. Most of the subjects had low hair mercury concentrations (median, 0.35 μg/g) and were therefore not at significant health risk due to mercury exposure; however, some subjects had excessive hair mercury concentrations (up to 565 μg/g). The use of skin creams and soaps was found to be a major contributor to excessive hair mercury concentration. In addition, among the subjects who did not have excessive hair mercury concentrations, frequency of fish consumption, smoking, city of residence, and education level were also minor but statistically significant contributors to hair mercury concentration. Our results suggest that the use of mercury-containing personal care products (particularly skin creams and soaps) among Pakistani city dwellers was the main significant source of exposure to mercury. [Abstract] In many countries, regulations requiring the monitoring of human mercury exposure levels are becoming increasingly stringent. In this study, mercury exposure among Pakistani city dwellers was assessed by means of hair mercury analysis. Specifically, we used cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry to measure hair mercury concentrations in 291 adult subjects (136 males and 155 females) residing in 6 major cities of Pakistan. A questionnaire was used to obtain information about biological and lifestyle characteristics of the subjects. Most of the subjects had low hair mercury concentrations (median, 0.35 μg/g) and were therefore not at significant health risk due to mercury exposure; however, some subjects had excessive hair mercury concentrations (up to 565 μg/g). The use of skin creams and soaps was found to be a major contributor to excessive hair mercury concentration. In addition, among the subjects who did not have excessive hair mercury concentrations, frequency of fish consumption, smoking, city of residence, and education level were also minor but statistically significant contributors to hair mercury concentration. Our results suggest that the use of mercury-containing personal care products (particularly skin creams and soaps) among Pakistani city dwellers was the main significant source of exposure to mercury. |
| Author | Kanwal, Sadia Yoshinaga, Jun |
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| Copyright | 2019 by Japan Society for Biomedical Research on Trace Elements Copyright Japan Science and Technology Agency 2018 |
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| References | [33] Bonsignore M, Andolfi N, Barra M, Madeddu M, Tisano F, Ingallinella V, Castorina M, Sprovieri M: Assessment of mercury exposure in human populations: A status report from Augusta Bay (southern Italy). Environ Res 150: 592-9, 2016. [37] Fakour H, Esmaili-Sari A: Occupational and environmental exposure to mercury among Iranian hairdressers. J Occup Health 56 (1) : 56-61, 2014. [10] Da Silva ALO, Barrocas PRG, Do Couto Jacob S, Moreira JC: Dietary intake and health effects of selected toxic elements. Braz J Plant Physiol 17 (1): 79-93, 2005. [13] Burger J, Gaines KF, Boring CS, Stephens WL Jr, Snodgrass J, Gochfeld M: Mercury and selenium in fish from the Savannah River: Species, trophic level and locational differences. Environ Res 87 (2): 108-18, 2001. [14] Food and agricultural organization, the consumption of fish and fish products in the Asia-Pacific region based on household surveys. 2015. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5151e.pdf. Accessed Nov, 2017. [20] Goodrich JM, Chou HN, Gruninger SE, Franzblau A, Basu N: Exposures of dental professionals to elemental mercury and methylmercury. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 26(1): 78-85, 2016. [32] Sakamoto M, Murata K, Domingo JL, Yamamoto M, Oliveira RB, Kawakami S, Nakamura M: Implications of mercury concentrations in umbilical cord tissue in relation to maternal hair segments as biomarkers for prenatal exposure to methylmercury. Environ Res 149: 282-287, 2016. [9] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Mercury study report to Congress. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC. 1997. http://www.epa.gov/mercury/report.htm. [4] Olivero-Verbel J, Caballero-Gallardo K, Negrete JM: Relationship between localization of gold mining areas and hair mercury levels in people from Bolivar, north of Colombia. Biol Trace Elem Res 144 (1-3): 118-32, 2011. [16] Faial K, Deus R, Deus S, Neves R, Jesus I, Santos E, Alves CN, Brazil D: Mercury levels assessment in hair of river-side inhabitants of the Tapajos River, Para State, Amazon, Brazil: fish consumption as a possible route of exposure. J Trace Elem Med Bio 30: 66-76, 2015. [21] Al-Saleh I, Al-Doush I: Mercury content in skin lightening creams and potential hazards to the health of Saudi women. J Toxicol Environ Health 51(2): 123-130, 1997. [24] Voegborlo RB, Voegborlo SE, Buabeng-Acheampong B, Zogli E: Total Mercury Content of skin toning creams and the potential risk to the health of women in Ghana. J Sci Technol 28 (1): 88-96, 2008. [7] Ali N, Mohiuddin S, Mahmood T, Mumtaz M: Monitoring of environmental mercury exposure using hair as bioindicator and the study of potential factors affecting in Karachi. Am J Anal Chem 5(2): 83-90, 2014. [30] Gibb HJ, Kozlov K, Buckley JP, Centeno J, Jurgenson V, Kolker A, Conko K, Landa E, Panov B, Panov Y, Xu H: Biomarkers of mercury exposure at a mercury recycling facility in Ukraine. J Occup Environ Hyg 5(8): 483-9, 2008. [34] Sherman LS, Blum JD, Franzblau A, Basu N: New insight into biomarkers of human mercury exposure using naturally occurring mercury stable isotopes. Environ Sci Technol (47): 3403-3409, 2013. [18] Yasutake A, Matsumoto M, Yamaguchi M, Hachiya N: Current hair mercury levels in Japanese: survey in five districts. Tohoku J Exp Med 199 (3): 161-9, 2003. [22] Harada M, Nakachi S, Tasaka K, Sakashita S, Muta K, Yanagida K, Doi R, Kizaki T, Ohno H: Wide use of skin-lightening soap may cause mercury poisoning in Kenya. Sci Total Environ 269 (1-3): 183-7, 2001. [6] Anwar M, Ando T, Maaz A, Ghani S, Munir M, Qureshi IU, Naeem S, Tsuji M, Wakamiya J, Nakano A, Akiba S: Scalp hair mercury concentrations in Pakistan. Environ Sci 14 (4): 167-75, 2007. [25] Engler DE: Mercury "bleaching" creams. J Am Acad Dermatol 52 (6): 1113-1114, 2005. [11] Costa BG, Lacerda LD: Mercury (Hg) in fish consumed by the local population of the Jaguaribe River lower basin, Northeast Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 21(23): 13335-41, 2014. [35] Gaxiola-Robles R, Bentzen R, Zenteno-Savin T, Labrada-Martagon V, Castellini JM, Celis A, O’Hara T, Celina Mendez-Rodriguez L: Marine diet and tobacco exposure affects mercury concentrations in pregnant women (I) from Baja California Sur, Mexico. Toxicol Rep 1: 1123-1132, 2014. [28] Weldon MM, Smolinski MS, Maroufi A, Hasty BW, Gilliss DL, Boulanger LL, Balluz LS, Dutton RJ: Mercury poisoning associated with a Mexican beauty cream. Western J Med 173 (1): 15-18, 2000. [19] Leino T, Lodenius M: Human hair mercury levels in Tucurui area, state of Para, Brazil. Sci Total Environ 175 (2): 119-25, 1995. [27] Al-Saleh I, Abdul Jabbar M, Al-Rouqi R, Eltabache C, Al-Rajudi T, Elkhatib R, Nester M: The extent of mercury (Hg) exposure among Saudi mothers and their respective infants. Environ Monit Assess 187 (11): 678, 2015. [36] Jeevanaraj P, Hashim Z, Elias SM, Aris AZ: Total mercury (THg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in hair samples: method validation and quantification among women at reproductive age in Selangor. Int J Sci Basic Appl Res 24: 332-47, 2015. [1] Kocman D, Horvat M: Non-point source mercury emission from the Idrija Hg-mine region: GIS mercury emission model. J Environ Manage 92 (8): 2038-2046, 2011. [5] Kabir M, Zafar Iqbal M, Farooqi ZR, Shafiq M: Vegetation pattern and soil characteristics of the polluted industrial area of Karachi. Pak J Bot 42 (1): 661-678, 2010. [8] Okamoto K, Fuwa K: Low-contamination digestion bomb method using a Teflon double vessel for biological materials. Anal Chem 56 (9): 1758-1760, 1984. [38] Agusa T, Kunito T, Iwata H, Monirith I, Tana TS, Subramanian A, Tanabe S: Mercury contamination in human hair and fish from Cambodia: levels, specific accumulation and risk assessment. Environ Pollut 134 (1): 79-86, 2005. [2] Minamata Convention on Mercury. 2013. Available on www.mercuryconvention.org/convention accessed Oct, 2017. [26] World Health Organization. Preventing disease through healthy environments: Mercury in skin lighting products, World Health Organization, Geneva. 2011. http://www.who.int/ipcs/assessment/public_health/mercury_flyer.pdf accessed Oct, 2017. [17] Bentzen R, Castellini JM, Gaxiola-Robles R, Zenteno-Savin T, Mendez-Rodriguez L C, O’Hara T: Relationship between self-reported fish and shellfish consumption, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values and total mercury concentrations in pregnant women (II) from Baja California Sur, Mexico. Toxicol Rep 1: 1115-1122, 2014. [3] Groth E: Ranking the contributions of commercial fish and shellfish varieties to mercury exposure in the United States: implications for risk communication. Environ Res 110 (3): 226-36, 2010. [29] Pesch A, Wilhelm M, Rostek U, Schmitz N, Weishoff-Houben M, Ranft U, Idel H: Mercury concentrations in urine, scalp hair, and saliva in children from Germany. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 12 (4): 252-8, 2002. [31] Gibb HJ, O Leary KG, Sarkar SK, Wang J, Liguori L, Rainis H, Smith KA, Chatterjee M: Hair mercury concentrations in residents of Sundarban and Calcutta, India. Environ Res 150: 616-621, 2016. [12] Scerbo R, Ristori T, Stefanini B, De Ranieri S, Barghigiani C: Mercury assessment and evaluation of its impact on fish in the Cecina river basin (Tuscany, Italy). Environ Pollut 135 (1): 179-186, 2005. [15] Ashraf W, Jaffar M, Mohammad D: Levels of selected trace metals in hair of urban and rural adult male population of Pakistan. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 54: 207-213, 1995. [23] Salama AK: Assessment of metals in cosmetics commonly used in Saudi Arabia. Environ Monit Assess 188 (10): 553, 2015. |
| References_xml | – reference: [16] Faial K, Deus R, Deus S, Neves R, Jesus I, Santos E, Alves CN, Brazil D: Mercury levels assessment in hair of river-side inhabitants of the Tapajos River, Para State, Amazon, Brazil: fish consumption as a possible route of exposure. J Trace Elem Med Bio 30: 66-76, 2015. – reference: [21] Al-Saleh I, Al-Doush I: Mercury content in skin lightening creams and potential hazards to the health of Saudi women. J Toxicol Environ Health 51(2): 123-130, 1997. – reference: [38] Agusa T, Kunito T, Iwata H, Monirith I, Tana TS, Subramanian A, Tanabe S: Mercury contamination in human hair and fish from Cambodia: levels, specific accumulation and risk assessment. Environ Pollut 134 (1): 79-86, 2005. – reference: [5] Kabir M, Zafar Iqbal M, Farooqi ZR, Shafiq M: Vegetation pattern and soil characteristics of the polluted industrial area of Karachi. Pak J Bot 42 (1): 661-678, 2010. – reference: [28] Weldon MM, Smolinski MS, Maroufi A, Hasty BW, Gilliss DL, Boulanger LL, Balluz LS, Dutton RJ: Mercury poisoning associated with a Mexican beauty cream. Western J Med 173 (1): 15-18, 2000. – reference: [27] Al-Saleh I, Abdul Jabbar M, Al-Rouqi R, Eltabache C, Al-Rajudi T, Elkhatib R, Nester M: The extent of mercury (Hg) exposure among Saudi mothers and their respective infants. Environ Monit Assess 187 (11): 678, 2015. – reference: [33] Bonsignore M, Andolfi N, Barra M, Madeddu M, Tisano F, Ingallinella V, Castorina M, Sprovieri M: Assessment of mercury exposure in human populations: A status report from Augusta Bay (southern Italy). Environ Res 150: 592-9, 2016. – reference: [7] Ali N, Mohiuddin S, Mahmood T, Mumtaz M: Monitoring of environmental mercury exposure using hair as bioindicator and the study of potential factors affecting in Karachi. Am J Anal Chem 5(2): 83-90, 2014. – reference: [34] Sherman LS, Blum JD, Franzblau A, Basu N: New insight into biomarkers of human mercury exposure using naturally occurring mercury stable isotopes. Environ Sci Technol (47): 3403-3409, 2013. – reference: [12] Scerbo R, Ristori T, Stefanini B, De Ranieri S, Barghigiani C: Mercury assessment and evaluation of its impact on fish in the Cecina river basin (Tuscany, Italy). Environ Pollut 135 (1): 179-186, 2005. – reference: [26] World Health Organization. Preventing disease through healthy environments: Mercury in skin lighting products, World Health Organization, Geneva. 2011. http://www.who.int/ipcs/assessment/public_health/mercury_flyer.pdf accessed Oct, 2017. – reference: [13] Burger J, Gaines KF, Boring CS, Stephens WL Jr, Snodgrass J, Gochfeld M: Mercury and selenium in fish from the Savannah River: Species, trophic level and locational differences. Environ Res 87 (2): 108-18, 2001. – reference: [18] Yasutake A, Matsumoto M, Yamaguchi M, Hachiya N: Current hair mercury levels in Japanese: survey in five districts. Tohoku J Exp Med 199 (3): 161-9, 2003. – reference: [22] Harada M, Nakachi S, Tasaka K, Sakashita S, Muta K, Yanagida K, Doi R, Kizaki T, Ohno H: Wide use of skin-lightening soap may cause mercury poisoning in Kenya. Sci Total Environ 269 (1-3): 183-7, 2001. – reference: [35] Gaxiola-Robles R, Bentzen R, Zenteno-Savin T, Labrada-Martagon V, Castellini JM, Celis A, O’Hara T, Celina Mendez-Rodriguez L: Marine diet and tobacco exposure affects mercury concentrations in pregnant women (I) from Baja California Sur, Mexico. Toxicol Rep 1: 1123-1132, 2014. – reference: [8] Okamoto K, Fuwa K: Low-contamination digestion bomb method using a Teflon double vessel for biological materials. Anal Chem 56 (9): 1758-1760, 1984. – reference: [37] Fakour H, Esmaili-Sari A: Occupational and environmental exposure to mercury among Iranian hairdressers. J Occup Health 56 (1) : 56-61, 2014. – reference: [36] Jeevanaraj P, Hashim Z, Elias SM, Aris AZ: Total mercury (THg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in hair samples: method validation and quantification among women at reproductive age in Selangor. Int J Sci Basic Appl Res 24: 332-47, 2015. – reference: [1] Kocman D, Horvat M: Non-point source mercury emission from the Idrija Hg-mine region: GIS mercury emission model. J Environ Manage 92 (8): 2038-2046, 2011. – reference: [20] Goodrich JM, Chou HN, Gruninger SE, Franzblau A, Basu N: Exposures of dental professionals to elemental mercury and methylmercury. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 26(1): 78-85, 2016. – reference: [25] Engler DE: Mercury "bleaching" creams. J Am Acad Dermatol 52 (6): 1113-1114, 2005. – reference: [17] Bentzen R, Castellini JM, Gaxiola-Robles R, Zenteno-Savin T, Mendez-Rodriguez L C, O’Hara T: Relationship between self-reported fish and shellfish consumption, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values and total mercury concentrations in pregnant women (II) from Baja California Sur, Mexico. Toxicol Rep 1: 1115-1122, 2014. – reference: [30] Gibb HJ, Kozlov K, Buckley JP, Centeno J, Jurgenson V, Kolker A, Conko K, Landa E, Panov B, Panov Y, Xu H: Biomarkers of mercury exposure at a mercury recycling facility in Ukraine. J Occup Environ Hyg 5(8): 483-9, 2008. – reference: [32] Sakamoto M, Murata K, Domingo JL, Yamamoto M, Oliveira RB, Kawakami S, Nakamura M: Implications of mercury concentrations in umbilical cord tissue in relation to maternal hair segments as biomarkers for prenatal exposure to methylmercury. Environ Res 149: 282-287, 2016. – reference: [24] Voegborlo RB, Voegborlo SE, Buabeng-Acheampong B, Zogli E: Total Mercury Content of skin toning creams and the potential risk to the health of women in Ghana. J Sci Technol 28 (1): 88-96, 2008. – reference: [9] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Mercury study report to Congress. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC. 1997. http://www.epa.gov/mercury/report.htm. – reference: [29] Pesch A, Wilhelm M, Rostek U, Schmitz N, Weishoff-Houben M, Ranft U, Idel H: Mercury concentrations in urine, scalp hair, and saliva in children from Germany. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 12 (4): 252-8, 2002. – reference: [15] Ashraf W, Jaffar M, Mohammad D: Levels of selected trace metals in hair of urban and rural adult male population of Pakistan. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 54: 207-213, 1995. – reference: [19] Leino T, Lodenius M: Human hair mercury levels in Tucurui area, state of Para, Brazil. Sci Total Environ 175 (2): 119-25, 1995. – reference: [6] Anwar M, Ando T, Maaz A, Ghani S, Munir M, Qureshi IU, Naeem S, Tsuji M, Wakamiya J, Nakano A, Akiba S: Scalp hair mercury concentrations in Pakistan. Environ Sci 14 (4): 167-75, 2007. – reference: [2] Minamata Convention on Mercury. 2013. Available on www.mercuryconvention.org/convention accessed Oct, 2017. – reference: [14] Food and agricultural organization, the consumption of fish and fish products in the Asia-Pacific region based on household surveys. 2015. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5151e.pdf. Accessed Nov, 2017. – reference: [11] Costa BG, Lacerda LD: Mercury (Hg) in fish consumed by the local population of the Jaguaribe River lower basin, Northeast Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 21(23): 13335-41, 2014. – reference: [31] Gibb HJ, O Leary KG, Sarkar SK, Wang J, Liguori L, Rainis H, Smith KA, Chatterjee M: Hair mercury concentrations in residents of Sundarban and Calcutta, India. Environ Res 150: 616-621, 2016. – reference: [3] Groth E: Ranking the contributions of commercial fish and shellfish varieties to mercury exposure in the United States: implications for risk communication. Environ Res 110 (3): 226-36, 2010. – reference: [23] Salama AK: Assessment of metals in cosmetics commonly used in Saudi Arabia. Environ Monit Assess 188 (10): 553, 2015. – reference: [4] Olivero-Verbel J, Caballero-Gallardo K, Negrete JM: Relationship between localization of gold mining areas and hair mercury levels in people from Bolivar, north of Colombia. Biol Trace Elem Res 144 (1-3): 118-32, 2011. – reference: [10] Da Silva ALO, Barrocas PRG, Do Couto Jacob S, Moreira JC: Dietary intake and health effects of selected toxic elements. Braz J Plant Physiol 17 (1): 79-93, 2005. |
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| SubjectTerms | Atomic absorption analysis Atomic absorption spectroscopy Bioaccumulation Chemical wastewater Consumer products Dolphins & porpoises Exposure exposure source Hair Health risks Human exposure Mercury Mercury (metal) Pakistan personal care products Skin Smoking Soaps Spectral analysis Spectrometry Statistical analysis |
| Subtitle | Use of personal care products as a source of variation |
| Title | Hair mercury concentrations among Pakistani city dwellers |
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