Spatiotemporal Constraints Experienced by Female Ride-hailing Drivers
As part of mobility transitions toward a more sustainable, smart, and resilient transportation, there has been a growing literature on ride-hailing services. These literatures tend to focus on the users, while little is understood regarding the drivers, particularly female ride-hailing drivers. Ride...
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| Published in | Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies Vol. 15; pp. 374 - 386 |
|---|---|
| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies
2024
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| Abstract | As part of mobility transitions toward a more sustainable, smart, and resilient transportation, there has been a growing literature on ride-hailing services. These literatures tend to focus on the users, while little is understood regarding the drivers, particularly female ride-hailing drivers. Ride-hailing driver is often portrayed as a male-dominated occupation and female ride-hailing drivers are met with constraining stereotypes (e.g., less able to drive, easy to panic) and higher perception of risk (i.e., risk of harassment, street crime). This research explores the many narratives concerning female ride-hailing drivers drawing from a focus group with ride-hailing drivers, followed by a structured global literature review on female ride-hailing drivers, and contextualized with studies in Indonesian context. Findings identified spatiotemporal constraints experienced by female ride-hailing drivers, indicating a gendered mobility. This research concludes with future research direction and policy insights to address gendered mobility in the rise of ride-hailing services in Southeast Asia. |
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| AbstractList | As part of mobility transitions toward a more sustainable, smart, and resilient transportation, there has been a growing literature on ride-hailing services. These literatures tend to focus on the users, while little is understood regarding the drivers, particularly female ride-hailing drivers. Ride-hailing driver is often portrayed as a male-dominated occupation and female ride-hailing drivers are met with constraining stereotypes (e.g., less able to drive, easy to panic) and higher perception of risk (i.e., risk of harassment, street crime). This research explores the many narratives concerning female ride-hailing drivers drawing from a focus group with ride-hailing drivers, followed by a structured global literature review on female ride-hailing drivers, and contextualized with studies in Indonesian context. Findings identified spatiotemporal constraints experienced by female ride-hailing drivers, indicating a gendered mobility. This research concludes with future research direction and policy insights to address gendered mobility in the rise of ride-hailing services in Southeast Asia. |
| Author | HIDAYATI, Isti |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: HIDAYATI, Isti organization: Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2024 Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies |
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| DOI | 10.11175/easts.15.374 |
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| References | Thynell, M. (2016). The quest for gender-sensitive and inclusive transport policies in growing Asian cities. Social Inclusion, 4(3), 72-82. Kurniawan, F., & Soenaryo, S. F. (2019). Menaksir kesetaraan gender dalam profesi ojek online perempuan di kota Malang. Jurnal Sosiologi Pendidikan Humanis Vol, 4(2). Waheed, S., Herrera, L., Gonzalez-Vasquez, A. L., Shadduck-Hernández, J., Koonse, T., & Leynov, D. (2018). More than a gig: A survey of ride-hailing drivers in Los Angeles. Verasatiwi, I., & Wulan, R. R. (2018). Studi fenomenologi pengemudi ojek online perempuan di kota Bandung dalam kajian feminisme. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi Acta Diurna, 14(1), 91-99. Widita, A., & Diwangkari, A. (2022). How disruptive is a disruption? The association between TNCs and vehicle ownership in urbanizing Indonesia. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 10(1), 572-580. Alifina, T. (2019). Tantangan gender bagi perempuan pengemudi ojek online: studi tentang perempuan pengemudi go-jek di kota Surabaya (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya). Clewlow, R. R., & Mishra, G. S. (2017). Disruptive transportation: The adoption, utilization, and impacts of ride-hailing in the United States. Morgan, D. L. (2007). Paradigms lost and pragmatism regained: Methodological implications of combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1), 48-76. Kusakabe, K. (2012). Conclusion: Studying gender relations in a mobile world. Gender, Roads, and Mobility in Asia, 214. Alamianti, D., Rachaju, R. D. K., & Salim, R. F. (2022). Realitas Perempuan Driver Ojek Online. Jurnal Politikom Indonesiana, 7(2), 48-59. Chalermpong, S., Kato, H., Thaithatkul, P., Ratanawaraha, A., Fillone, A., Hoang-Tung, N., & Jittrapirom, P. (2022). Ride-hailing applications in Southeast Asia: A literature review. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 1-21. Liu, Y., Gao, Q., & Rau, P. L. P. (2022). Chinese passengers’ security perceptions of ride-hailing services: an integrated approach combining general and situational perspectives. Travel Behaviour and Society, 26, 250-269. Truong, L. T., Nguyen, H. T., & Tay, R. (2020). A random parameter logistic model of fatigue-related motorcycle crash involvement in Hanoi, Vietnam. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 144, 105627. Barnes, S. J., Guo, Y., & Borgo, R. (2020). Sharing the air: Transient impacts of ride-hailing introduction on pollution in China. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 86, 102434. Prabowo, H., Rebeca, A., Salve, H. R., Fatimah, F. F., Chrisnatalia, M., Prabawati, I. N., & Handayani, N. S. (2020). The Women-only Passenger Carriage: Is It Helpful?. Psychological Research on Urban Society, 3(1), 10. Kwan, H. (2022). Women’s solidarity, communicative space, the gig economy’s social reproduction and labour process: the case of female platform drivers in China. Critical Sociology, 48(7-8), 1221-1236. Rachmad, S. H., Adji, A., & Handiyatmo, D. (2012). Gendered patterns of urban commuting with better connectivity in Jakarta megapolitan area. Gender, Roads and Mobility in Asia (ed. Kusakabe, K.), 135-145. Min, X., & Bansal, P. (2023). The gender productivity gap in the ride-hailing market. Travel Behaviour and Society, 32, 100569. Hidayati, I., Tan, W., & Yamu, C. (2020). How gender differences and perceptions of safety shape urban mobility in Southeast Asia. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, 73, 155-173. Ng, W. S., & Acker, A. (2018). Understanding urban travel behaviour by gender for efficient and equitable transport policies. International Transport Forum Discussion Paper. Micha, A., Poggi, C., & Pereyra, F. (2022). When women enter male-dominated territories in the platform economy: gender inequalities among drivers and riders in Argentina. Gender & Development, 30(3), 575-600. Tirachini, A. (2020). Ride-hailing, travel behaviour and sustainable mobility: an international review. Transportation, 47(4), 2011-2047. Peters, D. (2013). Gender and sustainable urban mobility. Global report on human settlements 2013. [Online] https://unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/GRHS.2013.Thematic.Gender.pdf. Accessed August 23, 2019. Sheller, M. (2018). Mobility justice: The politics of movement in an age of extremes. Verso Books. Sihombing, E. A. R. O. (2023). Stereotip-stereotip terhadap Perempuan Pengemudi Ojek Online di Kota Balikpapan. Pembangunan Sosial, 11(1), 380-391. Scholten, C., Friberg, T., & Sandén, A. (2012). Re-reading time-geography from a gender perspective: Examples from gendered mobility. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 103(5), 584-600. Irawan, M. Z., Belgiawan, P. F., Tarigan, A. K. M., & Wijanarko, F. (2020). To compete or not compete: exploring the relationships between motorcycle-based ride-sourcing, motorcycle taxis, and public transport in the Jakarta metropolitan area. Transportation, 47, 2367-2389. van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2013). VOSviewer manual. Leiden: Univeristeit Leiden, 1(1), 1-53. Phun, V. K., Kato, H., & Chalermpong, S. (2019). Paratransit as a connective mode for mass transit systems in Asian developing cities: Case of Bangkok in the era of ride-hailing services. Transport Policy, 75, 27-35. Fanani, M. H., & Hidayah, N. (2021). Faktor-faktor yang Melatarbelakangi Perempuan sebagai Pengemudi Ojek Online di Yogyakarta. E-Societas, 10(4). Tumimbang, G. N., Suwu, E. A., & Tumiwa, J. (2020). Kajian Gender Tentang Pengemudi GO-JEK Wanita Di Kota Manado. Holistik, Journal of Social and Culture, 13(3) Kwan, M. P. (1998). Space-time and integral measures of individual accessibility: a comparative analysis using a point-based framework. Geographical analysis, 30(3), 191-216. Larasati, P. N. A., Sulistyowati, T,m & Sulismadi (2021). Ketimpangan Gender terhadap Driver Ojek Online Perempuan (Studi Kasus Pada Komunitas Grab Queen di Kota Malang). Jurnal Perempuan dan Anak, 4(2), 86-73. Schwanen, T., Kwan, M. P., & Ren, F. (2008). How fixed is fixed? Gendered rigidity of space–time constraints and geographies of everyday activities. Geoforum, 39(6), 2109-2121. Javid, M. A., Abdullah, M., & Ali, N. (2022). Travellers’ perceptions about ride-hailing services in Lahore: An extension of the theory of planned behavior. Asian Transport Studies, 8, 100083. Acheampong, R. A. (2021). Societal impacts of smart, digital platform mobility services—an empirical study and policy implications of passenger safety and security in ride-hailing. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 9(1), 302-314. Syevtiandini, M., Erningsih, E., & Yatim, Y. (2021). Kendala Perempuan Sebagai Driver Ojek Online di Kota Padang. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 5(3), 6963-6970. Monchambert, G. (2020). Why do (or don’t) people carpool for long distance trips? A discrete choice experiment in France. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 132, 911-931. Nguyen-Phuoc, D. Q., Su, D. N., Nguyen, M. H., Vo, N. S., & Oviedo-Trespalacios, O. (2022). Factors influencing intention to use on-demand shared ride-hailing services in Vietnam: risk, cost or sustainability?. Journal of Transport Geography, 99, 103302. Rahayu, V. V. E., Sukidin, & Suharso, P. (2020). Perempuan pengemudi go-jek di Jember. Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, Ilmu Ekonomi dan Ilmu Sosial, 14(1), 261-266. Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2020). A gendered view of mobility and transport: Next steps and future directions. In Engendering Cities (pp. 19-37). Routledge. Tang, Y., Guo, P., Tang, C. S., & Wang, Y. (2021). Gender-Related Operational Issues Arising from On-Demand Ride-Hailing Platforms: Safety Concerns and System Configuration. Production and Operations Management, 30(10), 3481-3496. Badruddin, S., & Barakat, H. F. (2020). Digital Construction Community of Gojek Women’s Drivers in DKI Jakarta. Indonesian Journal of Digital Society, 1(1), 39-49. Diao, M., Kong, H., & Zhao, J. (2021). Impacts of transportation network companies on urban mobility. Nature Sustainability, 4(6), 494-500. Goodspeed, R., Xie, T., Dillahunt, T. R., & Lustig, J. (2019). An alternative to slow transit, drunk driving, and walking in bad weather: An exploratory study of ridesourcing mode choice and demand. Journal of transport geography, 79, 102481. Hiramatsu, A. (2022). Female taxi drivers in Mexico City: Facing patriarchal structures as a force of oppression. Gender, Work & Organization, 29(5), 1638-1657. Truong, L. T., & Nguyen, H. T. (2019). Mobile phone related crashes among motorcycle taxi drivers. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 132, 105288. Henao, A., & Marshall, W. E. (2019). The impact of ride-hailing on vehicle miles traveled. Transportation, 46(6), 2173-2194. Quirós, C., Portela, J., & Marín, R. (2021). Differentiated models in the collaborative transport economy: A mixture analysis for Blablacar and Uber. Technology in Society, 67, 101727. Blackbox (2022). Ride-hailing apps: Who’s winning the race across Southeast Asia? [Online] https://blackbox.com.sg/everyone/ride-hailing-apps-whos-winning-the-race-across-southeast-asia Accessed March 9, 2023. Kwan, M. P. (2000). Gender differences in space-time constraints. Area, 32(2), 145-156. Center for Digital Society. Pengalaman Pengemudi Perempuan Indonesia di Industri Ojek Online [Experiences of Female Drivers in Indonesia in Online Ride-hailing Industry] [Online] https://cfds.fisipol.ugm.ac.id/id/2021/03/25/pengalaman-pengemudi-perempuan-indonesia-di-industri-ojek-online/ Accessed March 12, 2023. Shen, Y., Ta, N., & Chai, Y. (2020). The Internet and the space–time flexibility of daily activities: A case study of Beijing, China. Cities, 97, 102493. |
| References_xml | – reference: Kwan, M. P. (2000). Gender differences in space-time constraints. Area, 32(2), 145-156. – reference: van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2013). VOSviewer manual. Leiden: Univeristeit Leiden, 1(1), 1-53. – reference: Irawan, M. Z., Belgiawan, P. F., Tarigan, A. K. M., & Wijanarko, F. (2020). To compete or not compete: exploring the relationships between motorcycle-based ride-sourcing, motorcycle taxis, and public transport in the Jakarta metropolitan area. Transportation, 47, 2367-2389. – reference: Clewlow, R. R., & Mishra, G. S. (2017). Disruptive transportation: The adoption, utilization, and impacts of ride-hailing in the United States. – reference: Henao, A., & Marshall, W. E. (2019). The impact of ride-hailing on vehicle miles traveled. Transportation, 46(6), 2173-2194. – reference: Prabowo, H., Rebeca, A., Salve, H. R., Fatimah, F. F., Chrisnatalia, M., Prabawati, I. N., & Handayani, N. S. (2020). The Women-only Passenger Carriage: Is It Helpful?. Psychological Research on Urban Society, 3(1), 10. – reference: Micha, A., Poggi, C., & Pereyra, F. (2022). When women enter male-dominated territories in the platform economy: gender inequalities among drivers and riders in Argentina. Gender & Development, 30(3), 575-600. – reference: Hiramatsu, A. (2022). Female taxi drivers in Mexico City: Facing patriarchal structures as a force of oppression. Gender, Work & Organization, 29(5), 1638-1657. – reference: Tumimbang, G. N., Suwu, E. A., & Tumiwa, J. (2020). Kajian Gender Tentang Pengemudi GO-JEK Wanita Di Kota Manado. Holistik, Journal of Social and Culture, 13(3) – reference: Min, X., & Bansal, P. (2023). The gender productivity gap in the ride-hailing market. Travel Behaviour and Society, 32, 100569. – reference: Goodspeed, R., Xie, T., Dillahunt, T. R., & Lustig, J. (2019). An alternative to slow transit, drunk driving, and walking in bad weather: An exploratory study of ridesourcing mode choice and demand. Journal of transport geography, 79, 102481. – reference: Kwan, H. (2022). Women’s solidarity, communicative space, the gig economy’s social reproduction and labour process: the case of female platform drivers in China. Critical Sociology, 48(7-8), 1221-1236. – reference: Shen, Y., Ta, N., & Chai, Y. (2020). The Internet and the space–time flexibility of daily activities: A case study of Beijing, China. Cities, 97, 102493. – reference: Center for Digital Society. Pengalaman Pengemudi Perempuan Indonesia di Industri Ojek Online [Experiences of Female Drivers in Indonesia in Online Ride-hailing Industry] [Online] https://cfds.fisipol.ugm.ac.id/id/2021/03/25/pengalaman-pengemudi-perempuan-indonesia-di-industri-ojek-online/ Accessed March 12, 2023. – reference: Javid, M. A., Abdullah, M., & Ali, N. (2022). Travellers’ perceptions about ride-hailing services in Lahore: An extension of the theory of planned behavior. Asian Transport Studies, 8, 100083. – reference: Monchambert, G. (2020). Why do (or don’t) people carpool for long distance trips? A discrete choice experiment in France. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 132, 911-931. – reference: Tang, Y., Guo, P., Tang, C. S., & Wang, Y. (2021). Gender-Related Operational Issues Arising from On-Demand Ride-Hailing Platforms: Safety Concerns and System Configuration. Production and Operations Management, 30(10), 3481-3496. – reference: Phun, V. K., Kato, H., & Chalermpong, S. (2019). Paratransit as a connective mode for mass transit systems in Asian developing cities: Case of Bangkok in the era of ride-hailing services. Transport Policy, 75, 27-35. – reference: Diao, M., Kong, H., & Zhao, J. (2021). Impacts of transportation network companies on urban mobility. Nature Sustainability, 4(6), 494-500. – reference: Scholten, C., Friberg, T., & Sandén, A. (2012). Re-reading time-geography from a gender perspective: Examples from gendered mobility. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 103(5), 584-600. – reference: Liu, Y., Gao, Q., & Rau, P. L. P. (2022). Chinese passengers’ security perceptions of ride-hailing services: an integrated approach combining general and situational perspectives. Travel Behaviour and Society, 26, 250-269. – reference: Waheed, S., Herrera, L., Gonzalez-Vasquez, A. L., Shadduck-Hernández, J., Koonse, T., & Leynov, D. (2018). More than a gig: A survey of ride-hailing drivers in Los Angeles. – reference: Quirós, C., Portela, J., & Marín, R. (2021). Differentiated models in the collaborative transport economy: A mixture analysis for Blablacar and Uber. Technology in Society, 67, 101727. – reference: Kwan, M. P. (1998). Space-time and integral measures of individual accessibility: a comparative analysis using a point-based framework. Geographical analysis, 30(3), 191-216. – reference: Chalermpong, S., Kato, H., Thaithatkul, P., Ratanawaraha, A., Fillone, A., Hoang-Tung, N., & Jittrapirom, P. (2022). Ride-hailing applications in Southeast Asia: A literature review. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 1-21. – reference: Kusakabe, K. (2012). Conclusion: Studying gender relations in a mobile world. Gender, Roads, and Mobility in Asia, 214. – reference: Acheampong, R. A. (2021). Societal impacts of smart, digital platform mobility services—an empirical study and policy implications of passenger safety and security in ride-hailing. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 9(1), 302-314. – reference: Thynell, M. (2016). The quest for gender-sensitive and inclusive transport policies in growing Asian cities. Social Inclusion, 4(3), 72-82. – reference: Nguyen-Phuoc, D. Q., Su, D. N., Nguyen, M. H., Vo, N. S., & Oviedo-Trespalacios, O. (2022). Factors influencing intention to use on-demand shared ride-hailing services in Vietnam: risk, cost or sustainability?. Journal of Transport Geography, 99, 103302. – reference: Truong, L. T., & Nguyen, H. T. (2019). Mobile phone related crashes among motorcycle taxi drivers. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 132, 105288. – reference: Larasati, P. N. A., Sulistyowati, T,m & Sulismadi (2021). Ketimpangan Gender terhadap Driver Ojek Online Perempuan (Studi Kasus Pada Komunitas Grab Queen di Kota Malang). Jurnal Perempuan dan Anak, 4(2), 86-73. – reference: Syevtiandini, M., Erningsih, E., & Yatim, Y. (2021). Kendala Perempuan Sebagai Driver Ojek Online di Kota Padang. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 5(3), 6963-6970. – reference: Sihombing, E. A. R. O. (2023). Stereotip-stereotip terhadap Perempuan Pengemudi Ojek Online di Kota Balikpapan. Pembangunan Sosial, 11(1), 380-391. – reference: Fanani, M. H., & Hidayah, N. (2021). Faktor-faktor yang Melatarbelakangi Perempuan sebagai Pengemudi Ojek Online di Yogyakarta. E-Societas, 10(4). – reference: Kurniawan, F., & Soenaryo, S. F. (2019). Menaksir kesetaraan gender dalam profesi ojek online perempuan di kota Malang. Jurnal Sosiologi Pendidikan Humanis Vol, 4(2). – reference: Rachmad, S. H., Adji, A., & Handiyatmo, D. (2012). Gendered patterns of urban commuting with better connectivity in Jakarta megapolitan area. Gender, Roads and Mobility in Asia (ed. Kusakabe, K.), 135-145. – reference: Tirachini, A. (2020). Ride-hailing, travel behaviour and sustainable mobility: an international review. Transportation, 47(4), 2011-2047. – reference: Alifina, T. (2019). Tantangan gender bagi perempuan pengemudi ojek online: studi tentang perempuan pengemudi go-jek di kota Surabaya (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya). – reference: Ng, W. S., & Acker, A. (2018). Understanding urban travel behaviour by gender for efficient and equitable transport policies. International Transport Forum Discussion Paper. – reference: Alamianti, D., Rachaju, R. D. K., & Salim, R. F. (2022). Realitas Perempuan Driver Ojek Online. Jurnal Politikom Indonesiana, 7(2), 48-59. – reference: Badruddin, S., & Barakat, H. F. (2020). Digital Construction Community of Gojek Women’s Drivers in DKI Jakarta. Indonesian Journal of Digital Society, 1(1), 39-49. – reference: Peters, D. (2013). Gender and sustainable urban mobility. Global report on human settlements 2013. [Online] https://unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/GRHS.2013.Thematic.Gender.pdf. Accessed August 23, 2019. – reference: Blackbox (2022). Ride-hailing apps: Who’s winning the race across Southeast Asia? [Online] https://blackbox.com.sg/everyone/ride-hailing-apps-whos-winning-the-race-across-southeast-asia Accessed March 9, 2023. – reference: Barnes, S. J., Guo, Y., & Borgo, R. (2020). Sharing the air: Transient impacts of ride-hailing introduction on pollution in China. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 86, 102434. – reference: Hidayati, I., Tan, W., & Yamu, C. (2020). How gender differences and perceptions of safety shape urban mobility in Southeast Asia. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, 73, 155-173. – reference: Verasatiwi, I., & Wulan, R. R. (2018). Studi fenomenologi pengemudi ojek online perempuan di kota Bandung dalam kajian feminisme. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi Acta Diurna, 14(1), 91-99. – reference: Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2020). A gendered view of mobility and transport: Next steps and future directions. In Engendering Cities (pp. 19-37). Routledge. – reference: Truong, L. T., Nguyen, H. T., & Tay, R. (2020). A random parameter logistic model of fatigue-related motorcycle crash involvement in Hanoi, Vietnam. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 144, 105627. – reference: Schwanen, T., Kwan, M. P., & Ren, F. (2008). How fixed is fixed? Gendered rigidity of space–time constraints and geographies of everyday activities. Geoforum, 39(6), 2109-2121. – reference: Sheller, M. (2018). Mobility justice: The politics of movement in an age of extremes. Verso Books. – reference: Morgan, D. L. (2007). Paradigms lost and pragmatism regained: Methodological implications of combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1), 48-76. – reference: Widita, A., & Diwangkari, A. (2022). How disruptive is a disruption? The association between TNCs and vehicle ownership in urbanizing Indonesia. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 10(1), 572-580. – reference: Rahayu, V. V. E., Sukidin, & Suharso, P. (2020). Perempuan pengemudi go-jek di Jember. Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, Ilmu Ekonomi dan Ilmu Sosial, 14(1), 261-266. |
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| SubjectTerms | Female Ride-hailing Drivers Gendered Mobility Ride-hailing Services Southeast Asia Transport Network Companies (TNC's) |
| Title | Spatiotemporal Constraints Experienced by Female Ride-hailing Drivers |
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| ispartofPNX | Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 2024, Vol.15, pp.374-386 |
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