他者判断と所属集団サイズが合意性推定に及ぼす影響
人は，自分自身の判断や態度，行動（以下，自己判断）に対する合意性をどのように推定するのだろうか。またその際，自己判断に対する合意性推定のあり方は，自分以外の他者の判断を示されることで，どのように影響を受け，調整／修正されるのだろうか。この点に関して，先行研究間では，必ずしも一貫した結果が得られていない。本研究では，自己判断と他者判断の一致，不一致が合意性推定に及ぼす影響について，自分が多数派に属するか少数派に属するかという「所属集団サイズに関する予期」との関連で検討した。その結果，所属集団サイズに関する予期の違いによって，自己判断や他者判断への関心（重み付け）が左右され，異なる合意性推定プロセ...
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| Published in | 実験社会心理学研究 Vol. 45; no. 1; pp. 1 - 12 |
|---|---|
| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | Japanese |
| Published |
日本グループ・ダイナミックス学会
2005
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0387-7973 1348-6276 |
| DOI | 10.2130/jjesp.45.1 |
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| Abstract | 人は，自分自身の判断や態度，行動（以下，自己判断）に対する合意性をどのように推定するのだろうか。またその際，自己判断に対する合意性推定のあり方は，自分以外の他者の判断を示されることで，どのように影響を受け，調整／修正されるのだろうか。この点に関して，先行研究間では，必ずしも一貫した結果が得られていない。本研究では，自己判断と他者判断の一致，不一致が合意性推定に及ぼす影響について，自分が多数派に属するか少数派に属するかという「所属集団サイズに関する予期」との関連で検討した。その結果，所属集団サイズに関する予期の違いによって，自己判断や他者判断への関心（重み付け）が左右され，異なる合意性推定プロセスが生起することが見出された。まず，自分が多数派に属するという予期を有する場合には，合意性推定は，専ら，自己判断をベースとして行われ，他者判断は，その内容如何に関わらず，合意性推定に影響を及ぼさなかった。これに対して，自分が少数派に属するという予期を有する場合には，自己判断だけでなく他者判断も考慮され，それらの内容が一致しているか否かによって，合意性の見積もり方が左右されていた。これらの結果に基づき，従来の見解の相違について考察した上で，合意性推定に及ぼす集団間文脈の影響，ステレオタイプ研究との関連などについて議論を展開した。 |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | 人は，自分自身の判断や態度，行動（以下，自己判断）に対する合意性をどのように推定するのだろうか。またその際，自己判断に対する合意性推定のあり方は，自分以外の他者の判断を示されることで，どのように影響を受け，調整／修正されるのだろうか。この点に関して，先行研究間では，必ずしも一貫した結果が得られていない。本研究では，自己判断と他者判断の一致，不一致が合意性推定に及ぼす影響について，自分が多数派に属するか少数派に属するかという「所属集団サイズに関する予期」との関連で検討した。その結果，所属集団サイズに関する予期の違いによって，自己判断や他者判断への関心（重み付け）が左右され，異なる合意性推定プロセスが生起することが見出された。まず，自分が多数派に属するという予期を有する場合には，合意性推定は，専ら，自己判断をベースとして行われ，他者判断は，その内容如何に関わらず，合意性推定に影響を及ぼさなかった。これに対して，自分が少数派に属するという予期を有する場合には，自己判断だけでなく他者判断も考慮され，それらの内容が一致しているか否かによって，合意性の見積もり方が左右されていた。これらの結果に基づき，従来の見解の相違について考察した上で，合意性推定に及ぼす集団間文脈の影響，ステレオタイプ研究との関連などについて議論を展開した。 |
| Author | 田村, 美恵 |
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| References | Newcomb, T. M. 1961 The acquaintance process. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Duetsch, M., & Gerard, H. B. 1955 A study of normative and informative social influences upon individual judgment. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 629-636. Marks, G. 1984 Thinking one's abilities are unique and one's opinions are common. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 203-208. Thompson, L. L, Levine, J. M., & Messick, D. M. 1999 Shared cognition in organization: The management of knowledge. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Hardin, C. D., & Higgins, E. T. 1996 Shared reality: How social verification makes the subjective objective. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Vol. 3 : The interpersonal context), pp. 28-84. New York: Guilford. Krueger, J., & Clement, R. W. 1994 The truly false consensus effect: An ineradicable and egocentric bias in social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 596-610. Stangor, C., Sechrist, G., & Jost, J. T. 2001 Changing racial belief by providing consensus information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 484-494. Mulln, B., Dovidio, J. F., Johnson, C., & Copper, C. 1992 In-group-out-group differences in social projection. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 422-440. Karasawa, M. 2003 Projecting group liking and ethnocentrism on in-group members: False consensus effect of attitude strength. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 6, 103-116. Hansen, R. D., & Donoghue, J. M. 1977 The power of consensus: Information derived from one's own and others' behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 294-302. Wegner, D. M., & Bargh, J. A. 1998 Control and automaticity in social life. In D. T. Gillbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Kindzet (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology, Vol. 1, pp. 446-496. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. Marks, G., & Miller, N. 1987 Ten years of research on the false-consensus effect: An empirical and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 72-90. Krueger, J. 1998 On the perception of social consensus. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 30, pp. 163-240. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Sechrist, G. B., & Stangor, C. 2001 Perceived consensus influences intergroup behavior and stereotype accesibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 645-654. Wetzel, C. G., & Walton, M. D. 1985 Developing biased social judgment: The false consensus effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1352-1359. Kernis, M. H. 1984 Need for uniqueness, self-schemas, and thought as moderators of the false-consensus effect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 20, 350-362. Thompson. L. L., & Fine, G. A. 1999 Socially shared cognition, affect, and behavior: A review and integration. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 278-302. Festinger, L. 1954 A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140. Sanders, G. S., & Mullen, B. 1983 Accuracy in perceptions of consensus: Differential tendencies of people with majority and minority positions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 13, 57-70. Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. 1991 Social cognition (2nd edition). New York: McGraw-Hill. Krueger, J., & Clement, R. W. 1997 Estimates of social consensus by majority and minorities: The case for social projection. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 299-313. Sherman, S. J., Chassin, L., Presson, C. C., & Agonstinelli, G. 1984 The role of the evaluation and similarity principles in the false consensus effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1244-1262. Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. 1990 Consensus estimation in social context. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology, Vol. 1, pp. 81-110. Chichester, England: Johnson Wiley & Sons. Sherman, S. J., Presson, C. C., & Chassin, L. 1984 Mechanisms underlying the false consensus effect: The special role of threats to the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 127-138. Sherman, S. J., Presson, C. C., Chassin, L., Corty, E., & Olshavsky, R. 1983 The false consensus effect in the estimation of smoking prevalence: Underlying mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 197-207. Kenworty, J. B., & Miller, N. 2001 Perceptual asymmetry in consensus estimates of majority and minority members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 597-612. 田村美恵 2002 他者の判断が合意性推定に及ぼす影響―課題の重要性との関連で― 神戸外大論叢，53, 43-61. Ross, L., Greene, D., & House, P. 1977 The "false consensus effect": An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 279-301. Clement, R. W., & Krueger, J. 2000 The primacy of self-referent information in perceptions of social consensus. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 279-299. Gross, S. R., & Miller, N. 1997 The "golden section" and bias in perceptions of social consensus. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 241-271. Dawes, R. M. 1989 Statistical criteria for establishing a truly false consensus effect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1-17. Mullen, B., & Hu, L. 1988 Social projection as a function of cognitive mechanisms: Two meta-analytic integrations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 333-356. Krueger, J., & Zeiger, J. S. 1993 Social categorization and the truly false consensus effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 670-680. Mullen, B., Atkinson, J. L., Champion, D. S., Edwards, C., Hardy, D., Story, J. E., & Vanderklok, M. 1985 The false consensus effect: A meta-analysis of 155 hypothesis tests. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 262-283. Wittenbaum, G. M., Hubbell, A. P., & Zuckerman, C. 1999 Mutual enhancement: Toward an understanding of the collective preference for shared information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 967-978. Wittenbrink, B., & Henly, J. R. 1996 Creating social reality: Informational social influence and the content of stereotypic beliefs. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 598-610. |
| References_xml | – reference: Wetzel, C. G., & Walton, M. D. 1985 Developing biased social judgment: The false consensus effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1352-1359. – reference: Krueger, J., & Clement, R. W. 1994 The truly false consensus effect: An ineradicable and egocentric bias in social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 596-610. – reference: Sherman, S. J., Chassin, L., Presson, C. C., & Agonstinelli, G. 1984 The role of the evaluation and similarity principles in the false consensus effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1244-1262. – reference: 田村美恵 2002 他者の判断が合意性推定に及ぼす影響―課題の重要性との関連で― 神戸外大論叢，53, 43-61. – reference: Hardin, C. D., & Higgins, E. T. 1996 Shared reality: How social verification makes the subjective objective. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Vol. 3 : The interpersonal context), pp. 28-84. New York: Guilford. – reference: Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. 1990 Consensus estimation in social context. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology, Vol. 1, pp. 81-110. Chichester, England: Johnson Wiley & Sons. – reference: Krueger, J., & Clement, R. W. 1997 Estimates of social consensus by majority and minorities: The case for social projection. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 299-313. – reference: Thompson, L. L, Levine, J. M., & Messick, D. M. 1999 Shared cognition in organization: The management of knowledge. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. – reference: Mulln, B., Dovidio, J. F., Johnson, C., & Copper, C. 1992 In-group-out-group differences in social projection. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 422-440. – reference: Sechrist, G. B., & Stangor, C. 2001 Perceived consensus influences intergroup behavior and stereotype accesibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 645-654. – reference: Sherman, S. J., Presson, C. C., Chassin, L., Corty, E., & Olshavsky, R. 1983 The false consensus effect in the estimation of smoking prevalence: Underlying mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 197-207. – reference: Sherman, S. J., Presson, C. C., & Chassin, L. 1984 Mechanisms underlying the false consensus effect: The special role of threats to the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 127-138. – reference: Thompson. L. L., & Fine, G. A. 1999 Socially shared cognition, affect, and behavior: A review and integration. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 278-302. – reference: Krueger, J. 1998 On the perception of social consensus. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 30, pp. 163-240. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. – reference: Wegner, D. M., & Bargh, J. A. 1998 Control and automaticity in social life. In D. T. Gillbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Kindzet (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology, Vol. 1, pp. 446-496. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. – reference: Stangor, C., Sechrist, G., & Jost, J. T. 2001 Changing racial belief by providing consensus information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 484-494. – reference: Krueger, J., & Zeiger, J. S. 1993 Social categorization and the truly false consensus effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 670-680. – reference: Mullen, B., Atkinson, J. L., Champion, D. S., Edwards, C., Hardy, D., Story, J. E., & Vanderklok, M. 1985 The false consensus effect: A meta-analysis of 155 hypothesis tests. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 262-283. – reference: Newcomb, T. M. 1961 The acquaintance process. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. – reference: Marks, G., & Miller, N. 1987 Ten years of research on the false-consensus effect: An empirical and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 72-90. – reference: Dawes, R. M. 1989 Statistical criteria for establishing a truly false consensus effect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1-17. – reference: Kenworty, J. B., & Miller, N. 2001 Perceptual asymmetry in consensus estimates of majority and minority members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 597-612. – reference: Sanders, G. S., & Mullen, B. 1983 Accuracy in perceptions of consensus: Differential tendencies of people with majority and minority positions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 13, 57-70. – reference: Wittenbaum, G. M., Hubbell, A. P., & Zuckerman, C. 1999 Mutual enhancement: Toward an understanding of the collective preference for shared information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 967-978. – reference: Marks, G. 1984 Thinking one's abilities are unique and one's opinions are common. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 203-208. – reference: Festinger, L. 1954 A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140. – reference: Kernis, M. H. 1984 Need for uniqueness, self-schemas, and thought as moderators of the false-consensus effect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 20, 350-362. – reference: Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. 1991 Social cognition (2nd edition). New York: McGraw-Hill. – reference: Clement, R. W., & Krueger, J. 2000 The primacy of self-referent information in perceptions of social consensus. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 279-299. – reference: Karasawa, M. 2003 Projecting group liking and ethnocentrism on in-group members: False consensus effect of attitude strength. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 6, 103-116. – reference: Mullen, B., & Hu, L. 1988 Social projection as a function of cognitive mechanisms: Two meta-analytic integrations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 333-356. – reference: Wittenbrink, B., & Henly, J. R. 1996 Creating social reality: Informational social influence and the content of stereotypic beliefs. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 598-610. – reference: Hansen, R. D., & Donoghue, J. M. 1977 The power of consensus: Information derived from one's own and others' behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 294-302. – reference: Gross, S. R., & Miller, N. 1997 The "golden section" and bias in perceptions of social consensus. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 241-271. – reference: Duetsch, M., & Gerard, H. B. 1955 A study of normative and informative social influences upon individual judgment. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 629-636. – reference: Ross, L., Greene, D., & House, P. 1977 The "false consensus effect": An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 279-301. |
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| Title | 他者判断と所属集団サイズが合意性推定に及ぼす影響 |
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