The effectiveness of the raccoon bait trap
In the management of alien raccoon (Procyon lotor), confirming the presence of the species is crucial. Raccoon bait traps, which can be easily and inexpensively constructed, serve as a method for confirming raccoon visits. However, their effectiveness as a detection method, including their detection...
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| Published in | Honyurui Kagaku (Mammalian Science) Vol. 65; no. 1; pp. 37 - 44 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English Japanese |
| Published |
Kyoto
The Mammal Society of Japan
2025
日本哺乳類学会 Japan Science and Technology Agency |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0385-437X 1881-526X |
| DOI | 10.11238/mammalianscience.65.37 |
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| Abstract | In the management of alien raccoon (Procyon lotor), confirming the presence of the species is crucial. Raccoon bait traps, which can be easily and inexpensively constructed, serve as a method for confirming raccoon visits. However, their effectiveness as a detection method, including their detection power, remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the detection power of bait traps in confirming presence by assessing false-positive and false- negative rates per visit. Additionally, we compared the effectiveness of bait traps with that of camera trapping. The results showed that the false-positive rate per other carnivore visit for bait traps was 0.00, indicating a low rate, while the false-negative rate was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.55–0.76), suggesting a high rate. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between the measurements made using bait traps and the frequency of captures using camera traps, with higher capture frequencies correlating with more positive determinations. These findings suggest that bait traps have a certain level of effectiveness for confirming presence. Although the false-negative rate per visit was high, no false-positives were observed in this study. Therefore, by implementing strategies, such as long-term and large-scale deployment, bait traps could potentially become an effective method for detecting presence of raccoons. |
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| AbstractList | In the management of alien raccoon (Procyon lotor), confirming the presence of the species is crucial. Raccoon bait traps, which can be easily and inexpensively constructed, serve as a method for confirming raccoon visits. However, their effectiveness as a detection method, including their detection power, remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the detection power of bait traps in confirming presence by assessing false-positive and false- negative rates per visit. Additionally, we compared the effectiveness of bait traps with that of camera trapping. The results showed that the false-positive rate per other carnivore visit for bait traps was 0.00, indicating a low rate, while the false-negative rate was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.55–0.76), suggesting a high rate. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between the measurements made using bait traps and the frequency of captures using camera traps, with higher capture frequencies correlating with more positive determinations. These findings suggest that bait traps have a certain level of effectiveness for confirming presence. Although the false-negative rate per visit was high, no false-positives were observed in this study. Therefore, by implementing strategies, such as long-term and large-scale deployment, bait traps could potentially become an effective method for detecting presence of raccoons. In the management of alien raccoon (Procyon lotor), confirming the presence of the species is crucial. Raccoon bait traps, which can be easily and inexpensively constructed, serve as a method for confirming raccoon visits. However, their effectiveness as a detection method, including their detection power, remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the detection power of bait traps in confirming presence by assessing false-positive and false- negative rates per visit. Additionally, we compared the effectiveness of bait traps with that of camera trapping. The results showed that the false-positive rate per other carnivore visit for bait traps was 0.00, indicating a low rate, while the false-negative rate was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.55–0.76), suggesting a high rate. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between the measurements made using bait traps and the frequency of captures using camera traps, with higher capture frequencies correlating with more positive determinations. These findings suggest that bait traps have a certain level of effectiveness for confirming presence. Although the false-negative rate per visit was high, no false-positives were observed in this study. Therefore, by implementing strategies, such as long-term and large-scale deployment, bait traps could potentially become an effective method for detecting presence of raccoons. 特定外来生物アライグマ（Procyon lotor）の防除において，生息確認等のモニタリングは重要である．アライグマ餌トラップはアライグマの訪問を確認するトラップであり，安価で簡単に作成することができる．しかし，検出力など生息確認手法としての有効性は分かっていない．そこで本研究ではアライグマ餌トラップについて，生息確認手法としてのアライグマの訪問検出力（1訪問あたりの偽陽性率・偽陰性率）を調べた．また，既存の手法との比較として，カメラトラップ法との関係を検証した．その結果，餌トラップの食肉目の訪問1回に対する偽陽性率は0.00と低く，偽陰性率は0.66（95％信用区間0.55～0.76）と高かった．また，カメラトラップ法による撮影頻度と餌トラップの判定結果には有意な関係があり，撮影頻度が高いほど陽性と判定される傾向があった．以上の結果から，餌トラップは生息確認手法として一定の有効性が示唆された．1訪問あたり偽陰性率は高かったが，本調査で偽陽性は確認されなかったため，長期間大量に設置するなど運用方法を工夫することで有効的な手法となる可能性がある． |
| Author | Akaishi, Oji Watanabe, Hideyuki |
| Author_FL | 赤石 旺之 渡邉 英之 |
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| References | Robertson, P. A., Adriaens, T., Lambin, X., Mill, A., Roy, S., Shuttleworth, C. M. and Sutton-Crofta, M. 2017. The large-scale removal of mammalian invasive alien species in Northern Europe. Pest Management Science 73: 273–279. Sirsèn, A., Hambäck, P. and Machoa, J. 2004. Including spatial heterogeneity and animal dispersal when evaluating hunting: a model analysis and empirical assessment in an Amazonian community. Conservtion Biology 18: 1315–1329. 岩下明生・小林大輔・太田季絵・小川 博・安藤元一．2014．スタンプ板による中型食肉類調査への有効性．東京農業大学農学集報 59: 209–217. 環境省自然環境局生物多様性センター．2018．平成29年度要注意鳥獣（クマ等）生息分布調査 調査報告書 アライグマ・ハクビシン・ヌートリア．https://www.biodic.go.jp/youchui/reports/h29_youchui_houkoku.pdf.（2023年6月3日確認） 環境省北海道地方環境事務所・NPO法人EnVision環境保全事務所．2008．地域からアライグマを排除するための手引き．https://www.env.go.jp/nature/intro/3control/files/racoon_hokkaido.pdf.（2023年6月3日確認） 岩下明夫．2016．アライグマ（Procyon lotor）防除事業のための分布域と相対密度に関する研究．東京農業大学博士論文 環境省自然環境局野生生物課外来生物対策室．2014．アライグマ防除の手引き（計画的な防除の進め方）．https://www.env.go.jp/nature/intro/3control/files/manual_racoon.pdf.（2023年6月3日確認） O’Brien, T. G., Kinnaird, M. F. and Wibisono, H. T. 2003. Crouching tiger, hidden prey: Sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape. Animal Conservation 6: 131–139. R Development Core Team. 2022. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/（2023年1月8日確認） Skalski, J. R., Robson, D. S. and Matsuzaki, C. L. 1983．Competing probabilistic models for catch-effort relationships in wildlife censuses. Ecological Modelling 19: 299–307. 環境省近畿地方環境事務所．2008．近畿地方アライグマ防除の手引き．https://www.env.go.jp/nature/intro/3control/files/racoon_kinki.pdf.（2023年6月3日確認） QGIS.org. 2020. QGIS Geographic Information System. QGIS Association. Grüt, Switzerland. http://www.qgis.org（2023年1月8日確認） 阿部 豪．2011．第5章 アライグマ 有害鳥獣捕獲からの脱却．日本の外来哺乳類 管理戦略と生態系保全（山田文雄・池田 透・小倉 剛，編），pp. 139–167．東京大学出版会，東京 |
| References_xml | – reference: R Development Core Team. 2022. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/（2023年1月8日確認）． – reference: O’Brien, T. G., Kinnaird, M. F. and Wibisono, H. T. 2003. Crouching tiger, hidden prey: Sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape. Animal Conservation 6: 131–139. – reference: 環境省近畿地方環境事務所．2008．近畿地方アライグマ防除の手引き．https://www.env.go.jp/nature/intro/3control/files/racoon_kinki.pdf.（2023年6月3日確認）． – reference: Robertson, P. A., Adriaens, T., Lambin, X., Mill, A., Roy, S., Shuttleworth, C. M. and Sutton-Crofta, M. 2017. The large-scale removal of mammalian invasive alien species in Northern Europe. Pest Management Science 73: 273–279. – reference: 環境省北海道地方環境事務所・NPO法人EnVision環境保全事務所．2008．地域からアライグマを排除するための手引き．https://www.env.go.jp/nature/intro/3control/files/racoon_hokkaido.pdf.（2023年6月3日確認）． – reference: 環境省自然環境局生物多様性センター．2018．平成29年度要注意鳥獣（クマ等）生息分布調査 調査報告書 アライグマ・ハクビシン・ヌートリア．https://www.biodic.go.jp/youchui/reports/h29_youchui_houkoku.pdf.（2023年6月3日確認）． – reference: Sirsèn, A., Hambäck, P. and Machoa, J. 2004. Including spatial heterogeneity and animal dispersal when evaluating hunting: a model analysis and empirical assessment in an Amazonian community. Conservtion Biology 18: 1315–1329. – reference: 阿部 豪．2011．第5章 アライグマ 有害鳥獣捕獲からの脱却．日本の外来哺乳類 管理戦略と生態系保全（山田文雄・池田 透・小倉 剛，編），pp. 139–167．東京大学出版会，東京． – reference: 岩下明夫．2016．アライグマ（Procyon lotor）防除事業のための分布域と相対密度に関する研究．東京農業大学博士論文． – reference: 環境省自然環境局野生生物課外来生物対策室．2014．アライグマ防除の手引き（計画的な防除の進め方）．https://www.env.go.jp/nature/intro/3control/files/manual_racoon.pdf.（2023年6月3日確認）． – reference: Skalski, J. R., Robson, D. S. and Matsuzaki, C. L. 1983．Competing probabilistic models for catch-effort relationships in wildlife censuses. Ecological Modelling 19: 299–307. – reference: QGIS.org. 2020. QGIS Geographic Information System. QGIS Association. Grüt, Switzerland. http://www.qgis.org（2023年1月8日確認）． – reference: 岩下明生・小林大輔・太田季絵・小川 博・安藤元一．2014．スタンプ板による中型食肉類調査への有効性．東京農業大学農学集報 59: 209–217. |
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| SubjectTerms | alien species Baits Cameras Effectiveness Predation Procyon lotor raccoon raccoon bait trap Traps Wildlife management |
| Title | The effectiveness of the raccoon bait trap |
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