The research on stability analysis, challenges, and coping strategies of high-penetration renewable energy power systems
This study conducts an in-depth analysis of the multiple challenges posed by high-penetration renewable energy integration to the stability of modern power systems, with a focus on declining system inertia, heightened risks to frequency and voltage stability, suppression of power angle oscillations,...
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| Published in | Resources Data Journal Vol. 4; pp. 153 - 182 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Resources Economics Research Board
23.05.2025
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2758-1438 |
| DOI | 10.50908/rdj.4.0_153 |
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| Abstract | This study conducts an in-depth analysis of the multiple challenges posed by high-penetration renewable energy integration to the stability of modern power systems, with a focus on declining system inertia, heightened risks to frequency and voltage stability, suppression of power angle oscillations, and the severe tests faced by grid protection and fault ride-through capabilities. Notably, on April 28, 2025, the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) experienced one of the most severe large-scale blackouts in Europe in recent years. Although the exact cause remains under investigation, the vulnerability of power systems under high renewable penetration cannot be overlooked. In response to these challenges, this paper systematically reviews and analyzes a series of key coping strategies and cutting-edge technologies, including Virtual Synchronous Generators, Energy Storage Systems, Flexible AC Transmission Systems, and the application of advanced smart grid technologies. By examining typical cases from China and abroad and summarizing international practices, this study aims to provide solid theoretical guidance and feasible technical references for ensuring the safe and stable operation of future high-penetration renewable energy power systems, ultimately contributing to the construction of a more resilient and sustainable future grid. |
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| AbstractList | This study conducts an in-depth analysis of the multiple challenges posed by high-penetration renewable energy integration to the stability of modern power systems, with a focus on declining system inertia, heightened risks to frequency and voltage stability, suppression of power angle oscillations, and the severe tests faced by grid protection and fault ride-through capabilities. Notably, on April 28, 2025, the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) experienced one of the most severe large-scale blackouts in Europe in recent years. Although the exact cause remains under investigation, the vulnerability of power systems under high renewable penetration cannot be overlooked. In response to these challenges, this paper systematically reviews and analyzes a series of key coping strategies and cutting-edge technologies, including Virtual Synchronous Generators, Energy Storage Systems, Flexible AC Transmission Systems, and the application of advanced smart grid technologies. By examining typical cases from China and abroad and summarizing international practices, this study aims to provide solid theoretical guidance and feasible technical references for ensuring the safe and stable operation of future high-penetration renewable energy power systems, ultimately contributing to the construction of a more resilient and sustainable future grid. |
| Author | Song, Zhiqiong Li, Yemao Li, Yutong Ma, Zhao |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: Song, Zhiqiong organization: State Grid Energy Research Institute – sequence: 1 fullname: Li, Yutong organization: State Grid Energy Research Institute – sequence: 1 fullname: Ma, Zhao organization: State Grid Energy Research Institute – sequence: 1 fullname: Li, Yemao organization: State Grid Energy Research Institute |
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Metrology and Measurement Technology, 2023, 67(7), 3-10. [30] Yang H, Wu B, Liu C, et al. Transient stability discrimination of complex power grid responses based on transient key feature logic inference. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2024, 39(13), 3943-3955. [20] Cheng J, Su L, Yue L. Analysis and suppression of wide-frequency oscillation mechanism in doubly-fed wind power grid-connected systems. Power System Protection and Control, 2023, 51(12), 1-13. [4] Zhang W, Wen Y, Chi F, et al. Research framework and prospects for power system inertia assessment. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41(20), 6842-6855. [18] Wang G, Pei W, Xiong J, et al. Review of coordinated control strategies for grid-connected and grid-forming converters in renewable energy stations. High Voltage Engineering, 2025, 51(2), 793-805. [23] Wang D, Yan X, Liu H, et al. Improved control of full-power converter wind turbines for high voltage ride-through based on dynamic reactive power support. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2022, 42(3), 957-968. [3] Zhong H, Zhang G, Cheng T, et al. Analysis and insights of the Texas 2021 extreme cold weather power outage. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2022, 46(6), 1-9. [21] Yang D, Jiang J, Qian K. Harmonic impedance model and low-frequency oscillation mechanism of the grid considering torque oscillation in dual PWM AC speed control systems. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 42(3), 980-991. [11] Zhang X, Zhu Z, Wang C, et al. Power angle transient stability analysis of virtual synchronous power systems with high wind penetration. Journal of Solar Energy, 2021, 42(2), 136-143. [8] Fu Y, Wu J, Su X, et al. Two-stage multi-objective robust optimization of voltage and reactive power in unbalanced active distribution networks. Power Automation Equipment, 2024, 44(5), 79-87. [9] Wang J, Zheng R, Fu C, et al. Post-fault commutation failure suppression method based on the inverter station dynamic reactive power control. Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology, 2023, 38(17), 4672-4682. [16] Gao Q, Lv S, Zheng L, et al. Frequency regulation of renewable energy considering power coordination under high penetration conditions. Electric Power Construction, 2022, 43(11), 122-131. [28] Zhu J, Xin Y. Review of simulation techniques for flexible high-voltage direct current transmission. Smart Grid, 2021, 49(3), 1-11. [6] Li L, Cai Z, Tang W, et al. Theoretical framework and key technologies of the transparent grid. China Engineering Science, 2022, 24(4), 32-43. [15] Teng X, Tan C, Chang L, et al. A review and prospect of active power and frequency control in high-penetration renewable energy power systems. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2023, 47(15), 12-35. [7] Chi Y, Jiang B, Hu J, et al. Grid-forming converter: Physical essence and characteristics. High Voltage Engineering, 2024, 50(2), 590-604. [2] Yan J, Huang Y, Lu H, et al. Operational experience and insights from Ireland’s high-penetration renewable energy power system. Power System Technology, 2023, 48(2), 498-508. [24] Tong Y, Hu J, Liu X, et al. Quantification of flexibility supply and demand in renewable energy power systems and distribution robust optimization scheduling. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2023, 47(15), 80-90. [10] Li S, Zhang Y, Ye J, et al. Power angle oscillation control based on doubly-fed wind turbine control parameter optimization. Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology, 2023, 38(5), 1325-1338. [29] Lu Z, Li H, Qiao Y. Morphological evolution analysis of high-proportion renewable energy power systems from the perspective of flexibility balance. Global Energy Interconnection, 2021, 4(1), 12-18. [14] Ye L, Lu P, Zhao Y, et al. Review of active power prediction control methods in wind power integrated power systems. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41(18), 6181-6198. [17] Guo L, Wang D, Xie P, et al. Frequency stability control strategy during peak-shaving operation of power grids under high wind penetration. Thermal Power Generation, 2022, 51(10), 103-113. [27] Li Z, Li Q, Zhang Y, et al. Research on optimized coordinated control strategy of virtual synchronous generators and static synchronous compensators based on digital twins. Smart Grid, 2024, 52(2), 115-122. [13] Zhou K, Jin Q, Mo Z, et al. Harmonic suppression and fault ride-through strategies under virtual synchronous machine grid-connected operation. Power System Protection and Control, 2024, 52(9), 166-173. [19] Shi W, Qu J, Luo K, et al. Research on grid integration and operation development of high-proportion renewable energy. Strategic Study of CAE, 2022, 24(6), 52-63. [26] Xu J, Liu W, Liu S, et al. Current status and development trends of converter-based grid-forming control technology in power systems. Power System Technology, 2021, 46(9), 3586-3594. |
| References_xml | – reference: [2] Yan J, Huang Y, Lu H, et al. Operational experience and insights from Ireland’s high-penetration renewable energy power system. Power System Technology, 2023, 48(2), 498-508. – reference: [17] Guo L, Wang D, Xie P, et al. Frequency stability control strategy during peak-shaving operation of power grids under high wind penetration. Thermal Power Generation, 2022, 51(10), 103-113. – reference: [9] Wang J, Zheng R, Fu C, et al. Post-fault commutation failure suppression method based on the inverter station dynamic reactive power control. Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology, 2023, 38(17), 4672-4682. – reference: [19] Shi W, Qu J, Luo K, et al. Research on grid integration and operation development of high-proportion renewable energy. Strategic Study of CAE, 2022, 24(6), 52-63. – reference: [22] Cheng S, Fu T, Li F, et al. Flexibility supply-demand coordination planning in distribution networks with high-penetration renewable energy. Power System Protection and Control, 2023, 51(22), 1-12. – reference: [7] Chi Y, Jiang B, Hu J, et al. Grid-forming converter: Physical essence and characteristics. High Voltage Engineering, 2024, 50(2), 590-604. – reference: [30] Yang H, Wu B, Liu C, et al. Transient stability discrimination of complex power grid responses based on transient key feature logic inference. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2024, 39(13), 3943-3955. – reference: [12] Liu Y, Wang C, Xia D, et al. Analysis and measures for the impact of large-scale wind power low-voltage ride-through caused by grid faults on grid frequency. Power System Technology, 2021, 45(9), 3505-3513. – reference: [27] Li Z, Li Q, Zhang Y, et al. Research on optimized coordinated control strategy of virtual synchronous generators and static synchronous compensators based on digital twins. Smart Grid, 2024, 52(2), 115-122. – reference: [20] Cheng J, Su L, Yue L. Analysis and suppression of wide-frequency oscillation mechanism in doubly-fed wind power grid-connected systems. Power System Protection and Control, 2023, 51(12), 1-13. – reference: [26] Xu J, Liu W, Liu S, et al. Current status and development trends of converter-based grid-forming control technology in power systems. Power System Technology, 2021, 46(9), 3586-3594. – reference: [13] Zhou K, Jin Q, Mo Z, et al. Harmonic suppression and fault ride-through strategies under virtual synchronous machine grid-connected operation. Power System Protection and Control, 2024, 52(9), 166-173. – reference: [24] Tong Y, Hu J, Liu X, et al. Quantification of flexibility supply and demand in renewable energy power systems and distribution robust optimization scheduling. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2023, 47(15), 80-90. – reference: [10] Li S, Zhang Y, Ye J, et al. Power angle oscillation control based on doubly-fed wind turbine control parameter optimization. Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology, 2023, 38(5), 1325-1338. – reference: [1] Wang H, Song X, Li J. Quantification of carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion using fuel analysis method. Metrology and Measurement Technology, 2023, 67(7), 3-10. – reference: [23] Wang D, Yan X, Liu H, et al. Improved control of full-power converter wind turbines for high voltage ride-through based on dynamic reactive power support. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2022, 42(3), 957-968. – reference: [5] Zhu Z, Zhang N, Xie X, et al. Key technologies and development challenges of high-penetration renewable energy power systems. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2021, 45(9), 171-191. – reference: [18] Wang G, Pei W, Xiong J, et al. Review of coordinated control strategies for grid-connected and grid-forming converters in renewable energy stations. High Voltage Engineering, 2025, 51(2), 793-805. – reference: [4] Zhang W, Wen Y, Chi F, et al. Research framework and prospects for power system inertia assessment. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41(20), 6842-6855. – reference: [8] Fu Y, Wu J, Su X, et al. Two-stage multi-objective robust optimization of voltage and reactive power in unbalanced active distribution networks. Power Automation Equipment, 2024, 44(5), 79-87. – reference: [28] Zhu J, Xin Y. Review of simulation techniques for flexible high-voltage direct current transmission. Smart Grid, 2021, 49(3), 1-11. – reference: [15] Teng X, Tan C, Chang L, et al. A review and prospect of active power and frequency control in high-penetration renewable energy power systems. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2023, 47(15), 12-35. – reference: [29] Lu Z, Li H, Qiao Y. Morphological evolution analysis of high-proportion renewable energy power systems from the perspective of flexibility balance. Global Energy Interconnection, 2021, 4(1), 12-18. – reference: [3] Zhong H, Zhang G, Cheng T, et al. Analysis and insights of the Texas 2021 extreme cold weather power outage. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2022, 46(6), 1-9. – reference: [11] Zhang X, Zhu Z, Wang C, et al. Power angle transient stability analysis of virtual synchronous power systems with high wind penetration. Journal of Solar Energy, 2021, 42(2), 136-143. – reference: [25] Zhang K, Wang X, Yang H, et al. Distributed robust optimization scheduling method for power systems under flexible boundaries of data center clusters. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2024, 48(7), 235-247. – reference: [14] Ye L, Lu P, Zhao Y, et al. Review of active power prediction control methods in wind power integrated power systems. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41(18), 6181-6198. – reference: [16] Gao Q, Lv S, Zheng L, et al. Frequency regulation of renewable energy considering power coordination under high penetration conditions. Electric Power Construction, 2022, 43(11), 122-131. – reference: [6] Li L, Cai Z, Tang W, et al. Theoretical framework and key technologies of the transparent grid. China Engineering Science, 2022, 24(4), 32-43. – reference: [21] Yang D, Jiang J, Qian K. Harmonic impedance model and low-frequency oscillation mechanism of the grid considering torque oscillation in dual PWM AC speed control systems. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 42(3), 980-991. |
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| SubjectTerms | Energy Storage System high-penetration renewable energy power system stability smart grid technology Virtual Synchronous Generator |
| Title | The research on stability analysis, challenges, and coping strategies of high-penetration renewable energy power systems |
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