Benchmarking in Animal Agriculture : Concepts and Applications
This review provides the benchmarking concepts and the applications using the data acquired from commercial swine herds. Reproductive performance of female pigs, growth performance of fattening pigs and financial performance of the herd or the enterprise are recommended to be benchmarked. The 10 or...
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| Published in | Journal of Veterinary Epidemiology Vol. 14; no. 2; pp. 105 - 117 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | Japanese |
| Published |
The Japan Society of Veterinary Epidemiology
20.12.2010
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1343-2583 1881-2562 |
| DOI | 10.2743/jve.14.105 |
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| Abstract | This review provides the benchmarking concepts and the applications using the data acquired from commercial swine herds. Reproductive performance of female pigs, growth performance of fattening pigs and financial performance of the herd or the enterprise are recommended to be benchmarked. The 10 or 25 upper percentile of the performance measured has been used as a target value. In best-practice benchmarking, measurements in high-performing and ordinary herds or all herds have been well used to provide values of target and standard performances. Among reproductive performance measurements of female pigs, the number of pigs weaned per mated female per year (PWMFY) has been well used as a prime measurement in breeding herds. High-performing herds have been identified by the upper 10 or 25 percentile based on PWMFY. The PWMFY consists of six measurements : the number of nonproductive female days, lactation length, gestation length, preweaning mortality risk, number of pigs born alive and number of pigs weaned per sow. Adjusted 21-day weight is also a measurement for lactational performance. Beside reproductive efficiency, female pig mortality is a key measurement for herd health and animal well-being in breeding herds. A fattening phase of swine production is the stage where most production costs are incurred. In growth performance, average daily gain, feed efficiency and mortality are important to measure at the herd location or the group level. Finally, assessing the financial performance of the enterprise is essential for successful management of the business. Financial performance measurements including return on asset, net profit margin and asset turnover ratio are useful as benchmarks to compare to other herds within the industry or across various industries. |
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| AbstractList | This review provides the benchmarking concepts and the applications using the data acquired from commercial swine herds. Reproductive performance of female pigs, growth performance of fattening pigs and financial performance of the herd or the enterprise are recommended to be benchmarked. The 10 or 25 upper percentile of the performance measured has been used as a target value. In best-practice benchmarking, measurements in high-performing and ordinary herds or all herds have been well used to provide values of target and standard performances. Among reproductive performance measurements of female pigs, the number of pigs weaned per mated female per year (PWMFY) has been well used as a prime measurement in breeding herds. High-performing herds have been identified by the upper 10 or 25 percentile based on PWMFY. The PWMFY consists of six measurements : the number of nonproductive female days, lactation length, gestation length, preweaning mortality risk, number of pigs born alive and number of pigs weaned per sow. Adjusted 21-day weight is also a measurement for lactational performance. Beside reproductive efficiency, female pig mortality is a key measurement for herd health and animal well-being in breeding herds. A fattening phase of swine production is the stage where most production costs are incurred. In growth performance, average daily gain, feed efficiency and mortality are important to measure at the herd location or the group level. Finally, assessing the financial performance of the enterprise is essential for successful management of the business. Financial performance measurements including return on asset, net profit margin and asset turnover ratio are useful as benchmarks to compare to other herds within the industry or across various industries. |
| Author | ICHIKAWA, Hiroki SASAKI, Yosuke KANEKO, Mai KOKETSU, Yuzo |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: SASAKI, Yosuke organization: School of Agriculture, Meiji University – sequence: 1 fullname: ICHIKAWA, Hiroki organization: School of Agriculture, Meiji University – sequence: 1 fullname: KANEKO, Mai organization: School of Agriculture, Meiji University – sequence: 1 fullname: KOKETSU, Yuzo organization: School of Agriculture, Meiji University |
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| References | 26) Maes, D. G. D., Duchateau L, Larriestra A, Deen J., Morrison R.B. and de Kruif A. : Risk factors for mortality in grow-finishing pigs in Belgium. J. Vet. Med. B., 51, 321-326, 2004. 18) Koketsu, Y. : High-performing swine herds improved reproductive performance differently from ordinary herds for five years. J. Anim. Sci., 85, 3110-3115, 2007. 34) Sasaki, Y. and Koketsu, Y. : Variability and repeatability in gestation length related with litter performances in female pigs on commercial farms. Theriogenology, 68, 123-127, 2007. 23) Leenhouwers, J. I., van der Lende, T. and Knol, E. F. : Analysis of stillbirth in different lines of pig. Livest. Prod. Sci., 57, 243-253, 1999. 24) Losinger, W. C., et al. : An analysis of mortality in the grower/finisher phase of swine production in the United States. 33, 121-145, 1998. 31) PigCHAMP.: PigCHAMP Reports Manual. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 1996. 1) Alexopoulos, C., et al. : Sow performance in an endemically porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)-infected farm after sow vaccination with an attenuated PRRS vaccine. Vet. Microbiol., 111, 151-157, 2005. 10) Donovan, T. S. and Dritz, S. S. : Effect of split nursing on variation in pig growth from birth to weaning. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Asso., 217, 79-81, 2000. 29) Muirhead, M. R. : Constraints on productivity in the pig herd. Vet. Rec., 102, 228-231, 1978. 41) Wilson, M. R., et al. : A survey of productivity and its component interrelationships in Canadian swine herds. J. Anim. Sci. 62, 576-582, 1986. 5) Deen, J. : Summary of the 2007 data. Pages 10-11. Benchmark. Farms.com Media & PigCHAMP, Ames, 2008. 22) Koketsu, Y., Takenobu, S. and Nakamura, R. : Preweaning mortality risks and recorded causes of death associated with production factors in swine breeding herds. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 68, 821-826, 2006. 37) Stein, T. E., Duffy, S. J. and Wickstrom, S. : Differences in production values between highand low-productivity swine breeding herds. J. Anim. Sci., 68, 3972-3979, 1990. 39) Vonnahme, K. A., et al. : Impacts on conceptus survival in a commercial swine herd. J. Anim. Sci. 80, 553-559, 2002. 6) Dial, G. D., et al. : Reproductive failure : Differential diagnosis. In : Leman, A. L., Straw, B. E., Mengeling, W. L., D’Allaire, S. and Taylor, D. J. ed., Diseases of Swine, 7th ed. 88-137, Iowa State University Press, Ames, 1992a. 20) Koketsu, Y. : Reproductive productivity measurements in Japanese swine breeding herds. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 64, 195-198, 2002. 12) Friis, R. H. and Seller, T. A. : Epidemiology for Public Health Practice. 87-126. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, London, 2004. 33) NSIF : Appendix 2. Adjustment Factors. In Guidelines for Uniform Swine Improvement Program (Rev. Ed.). National Pork Producers Council, Des Moines, 1987. 2) Chagnon, M., D’ Allaire, S. and Drolet, R. : A prospective study of sow mortality in breeding herds. Can. J. Vet. Res. 55, 180-184, 1991. 32) Polson, D. D., Dial, G. D. and Marsh, W. E. : A biological and financial characterization of nonproductive days. Proc. Int. Pig Vet. Soc., 11, 372, 1992. 7) Dial, G. D., et al. : Strategies employed in the United States for improving the health of swine. Pig News Infor. 13, 111-123, 1992b. 17) Koketsu, Y. : Mortality trends and comparisons between mortality risk and mortality rate of fattening pig operations in farrow-to-finish herds. J. Vet. Epi., 11, 90-95, 2008. 4) Deen, J. and Xue, J-L. : Sow mortality in the US : An industry-wide perspective. Proc. AD Leman Conf. 26, 91-94, 1999. 14) Hoshino, Y. and Koketsu, Y. : Assessment of post-farrowing performance in sows having a high number of pigs born dead on commercial farms. Livest. Sci., 125, 244-248, 2009. 27) Main, R. G., et al. : Increasing weaning age improves pig performance in a multisite production system. J. Anim. Sci., 82, 1499-1507, 2004. 30) Pettigrew, J. E. : Supplemental dietary fat for peripartal sows : a review. J. Anim. Sci., 53, 107-117, 1981. 15) Hoshino, Y., Sasaki, Y. and Koketsu, Y. : A high percentage of pigs born dead for sows in high-, intermediateand low-performing herds. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 71, 1579-1583, 2009. 16) Klindt, J. : Influence of litter size and creep feeding on preweaning gain and influence of preweaning growth on growth to slaughter in barrows. J. Anim. Sci., 81, 2434-2439, 2003. 9) DiPietre, D., Fuchs, L. and Tubbs, R. : Using the DuPont model. Proc. AD Leman Conf. 24, 95-102, 1997. 11) Fetrow, J. : Record systems and herd monitoring. In Radostits, O. M., Leslie, K. E., Fetrow, J. ed. Herd Health : Food Animal Production Medicine. 2nd ed., 49-71, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1994. 21) Koketsu, Y. : Productivity characteristics of high-performing swine farms. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Asso. 215, 376-379, 1999. 8) Dial, G. D., et al. : Use of records to manage the performance of the grow-finish phase of production. Proc. AD Leman Conf. 23, 157-173, 1996. 36) Sasaki, Y. and Koketsu, Y. : Culling intervals and culling risks in four stages of the reproductive life of first service and reserviced female pigs in commercial herds. Theriogenology, 73, 587-594, 2010. 25) Maes, D., et al. : A retrospective study of mortality in grow-finish pigs in a multi-site production system. Swine Health Prod. 9, 267-273, 2001. 40) Van Til, L. D., et al. : A survey of biological productivity of Prince Edward Island swine herds. Can. J. Vet. Res., 55, 174-179, 1991. 28) Miller, J. M., De Meyer, A. and Nakane J. Benchmarking global manufacturing. 19-32, Richard D. Irwin, Inc., New York. 1992. 38) Tanaka, Y. and Koketsu, Y. : A survey of reproductive performance and growth performance of pigs on commercial farrow-to-finish swine farms. J. Vet. Epi., 11, 18-22, 2007. 19) Koketsu, Y. : Six component intervals of nonproductive days in breeding-female pigs on commercial farms in Japan. J. Anim. Sci., 83, 1406-1412, 2005. 35) Sasaki, Y. and Koketsu, Y. : Mortality, death interval, survivals, and herd risk factors for female pigs in commercial breeding herds. J. Anim. Sci., 86, 3159-3165, 2008. 3) Christensen, G, Vraa-Andersen, L. and Mousing, J. : Causes of mortality among sows in Danish pig herds. Vet. Rec. 137, 180-184, 1995. 13) Holyoake, P.K., et al. : Reducing pig mortality through supervision during the perinatal period. J. Anim. Sci., 73, 3543-3551, 1995. |
| References_xml | – reference: 31) PigCHAMP.: PigCHAMP Reports Manual. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 1996. – reference: 11) Fetrow, J. : Record systems and herd monitoring. In Radostits, O. M., Leslie, K. E., Fetrow, J. ed. Herd Health : Food Animal Production Medicine. 2nd ed., 49-71, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1994. – reference: 2) Chagnon, M., D’ Allaire, S. and Drolet, R. : A prospective study of sow mortality in breeding herds. Can. J. Vet. Res. 55, 180-184, 1991. – reference: 22) Koketsu, Y., Takenobu, S. and Nakamura, R. : Preweaning mortality risks and recorded causes of death associated with production factors in swine breeding herds. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 68, 821-826, 2006. – reference: 37) Stein, T. E., Duffy, S. J. and Wickstrom, S. : Differences in production values between highand low-productivity swine breeding herds. J. Anim. Sci., 68, 3972-3979, 1990. – reference: 27) Main, R. G., et al. : Increasing weaning age improves pig performance in a multisite production system. J. Anim. Sci., 82, 1499-1507, 2004. – reference: 13) Holyoake, P.K., et al. : Reducing pig mortality through supervision during the perinatal period. J. Anim. Sci., 73, 3543-3551, 1995. – reference: 14) Hoshino, Y. and Koketsu, Y. : Assessment of post-farrowing performance in sows having a high number of pigs born dead on commercial farms. Livest. Sci., 125, 244-248, 2009. – reference: 17) Koketsu, Y. : Mortality trends and comparisons between mortality risk and mortality rate of fattening pig operations in farrow-to-finish herds. J. Vet. Epi., 11, 90-95, 2008. – reference: 6) Dial, G. D., et al. : Reproductive failure : Differential diagnosis. In : Leman, A. L., Straw, B. E., Mengeling, W. L., D’Allaire, S. and Taylor, D. J. ed., Diseases of Swine, 7th ed. 88-137, Iowa State University Press, Ames, 1992a. – reference: 35) Sasaki, Y. and Koketsu, Y. : Mortality, death interval, survivals, and herd risk factors for female pigs in commercial breeding herds. J. Anim. Sci., 86, 3159-3165, 2008. – reference: 20) Koketsu, Y. : Reproductive productivity measurements in Japanese swine breeding herds. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 64, 195-198, 2002. – reference: 29) Muirhead, M. R. : Constraints on productivity in the pig herd. Vet. Rec., 102, 228-231, 1978. – reference: 4) Deen, J. and Xue, J-L. : Sow mortality in the US : An industry-wide perspective. Proc. AD Leman Conf. 26, 91-94, 1999. – reference: 39) Vonnahme, K. A., et al. : Impacts on conceptus survival in a commercial swine herd. J. Anim. Sci. 80, 553-559, 2002. – reference: 12) Friis, R. H. and Seller, T. A. : Epidemiology for Public Health Practice. 87-126. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, London, 2004. – reference: 8) Dial, G. D., et al. : Use of records to manage the performance of the grow-finish phase of production. Proc. AD Leman Conf. 23, 157-173, 1996. – reference: 23) Leenhouwers, J. I., van der Lende, T. and Knol, E. F. : Analysis of stillbirth in different lines of pig. Livest. Prod. Sci., 57, 243-253, 1999. – reference: 38) Tanaka, Y. and Koketsu, Y. : A survey of reproductive performance and growth performance of pigs on commercial farrow-to-finish swine farms. J. Vet. Epi., 11, 18-22, 2007. – reference: 26) Maes, D. G. D., Duchateau L, Larriestra A, Deen J., Morrison R.B. and de Kruif A. : Risk factors for mortality in grow-finishing pigs in Belgium. J. Vet. Med. B., 51, 321-326, 2004. – reference: 40) Van Til, L. D., et al. : A survey of biological productivity of Prince Edward Island swine herds. Can. J. Vet. Res., 55, 174-179, 1991. – reference: 18) Koketsu, Y. : High-performing swine herds improved reproductive performance differently from ordinary herds for five years. J. Anim. Sci., 85, 3110-3115, 2007. – reference: 5) Deen, J. : Summary of the 2007 data. Pages 10-11. Benchmark. Farms.com Media & PigCHAMP, Ames, 2008. – reference: 3) Christensen, G, Vraa-Andersen, L. and Mousing, J. : Causes of mortality among sows in Danish pig herds. Vet. Rec. 137, 180-184, 1995. – reference: 19) Koketsu, Y. : Six component intervals of nonproductive days in breeding-female pigs on commercial farms in Japan. J. Anim. Sci., 83, 1406-1412, 2005. – reference: 9) DiPietre, D., Fuchs, L. and Tubbs, R. : Using the DuPont model. Proc. AD Leman Conf. 24, 95-102, 1997. – reference: 36) Sasaki, Y. and Koketsu, Y. : Culling intervals and culling risks in four stages of the reproductive life of first service and reserviced female pigs in commercial herds. Theriogenology, 73, 587-594, 2010. – reference: 30) Pettigrew, J. E. : Supplemental dietary fat for peripartal sows : a review. J. Anim. Sci., 53, 107-117, 1981. – reference: 24) Losinger, W. C., et al. : An analysis of mortality in the grower/finisher phase of swine production in the United States. 33, 121-145, 1998. – reference: 32) Polson, D. D., Dial, G. D. and Marsh, W. E. : A biological and financial characterization of nonproductive days. Proc. Int. Pig Vet. Soc., 11, 372, 1992. – reference: 15) Hoshino, Y., Sasaki, Y. and Koketsu, Y. : A high percentage of pigs born dead for sows in high-, intermediateand low-performing herds. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 71, 1579-1583, 2009. – reference: 21) Koketsu, Y. : Productivity characteristics of high-performing swine farms. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Asso. 215, 376-379, 1999. – reference: 34) Sasaki, Y. and Koketsu, Y. : Variability and repeatability in gestation length related with litter performances in female pigs on commercial farms. Theriogenology, 68, 123-127, 2007. – reference: 28) Miller, J. M., De Meyer, A. and Nakane J. Benchmarking global manufacturing. 19-32, Richard D. Irwin, Inc., New York. 1992. – reference: 33) NSIF : Appendix 2. Adjustment Factors. In Guidelines for Uniform Swine Improvement Program (Rev. Ed.). National Pork Producers Council, Des Moines, 1987. – reference: 16) Klindt, J. : Influence of litter size and creep feeding on preweaning gain and influence of preweaning growth on growth to slaughter in barrows. J. Anim. Sci., 81, 2434-2439, 2003. – reference: 7) Dial, G. D., et al. : Strategies employed in the United States for improving the health of swine. Pig News Infor. 13, 111-123, 1992b. – reference: 1) Alexopoulos, C., et al. : Sow performance in an endemically porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)-infected farm after sow vaccination with an attenuated PRRS vaccine. Vet. Microbiol., 111, 151-157, 2005. – reference: 41) Wilson, M. R., et al. : A survey of productivity and its component interrelationships in Canadian swine herds. J. Anim. Sci. 62, 576-582, 1986. – reference: 10) Donovan, T. S. and Dritz, S. S. : Effect of split nursing on variation in pig growth from birth to weaning. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Asso., 217, 79-81, 2000. – reference: 25) Maes, D., et al. : A retrospective study of mortality in grow-finish pigs in a multi-site production system. Swine Health Prod. 9, 267-273, 2001. |
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