Mental health of mothers who gave birth immediately after the Great East Japan Earthquake and behavioral problems of their children: a 5-year follow-up study focusing on the pregnancy trimester at the time of the disaster
There have been many reports on the effects of disasters on children and their caregivers. However, there have been very few reports on the emotions and behavioral effects on children who were born immediately after the disaster and not directly affected. Therefore, we studied the relationship betwe...
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| Published in | Journal of Iwate Medical Assiociation Vol. 76; no. 4; pp. 121 - 140 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Iwate Medical Association
01.10.2024
岩手医学会 |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0021-3284 2434-0855 |
| DOI | 10.24750/iwateishi.76.4_121 |
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| Abstract | There have been many reports on the effects of disasters on children and their caregivers. However, there have been very few reports on the emotions and behavioral effects on children who were born immediately after the disaster and not directly affected. Therefore, we studied the relationship between the behavioral problems in such children several years after birth, the mental health of their caregivers, and the damage and conditions related to disaster, focusing on the pregnancy trimester at the point of the disaster. The subjects were children who were born within 1 year of the earthquake and their caregivers, and analyses were made based on 3 classifications: prenatal, first trimester, and second and third trimesters of pregnancy. We found few behavioral problems in children in the first trimester group. In addition, the relationship between the environmental factors before and at the time of the disaster, the mental health of the caregivers, and the behavioral problems in children differed according to the pregnancy trimester. The findings in this study highlight the importance of focusing on the pregnancy trimester during such major disasters and could lead to improved support for children who were born within 1 year of the disaster. |
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| AbstractList | There have been many reports on the effects of disasters on children and their caregivers. However, there have been very few reports on the emotions and behavioral effects on children who were born immediately after the disaster and not directly affected. Therefore, we studied the relationship between the behavioral problems in such children several years after birth, the mental health of their caregivers, and the damage and conditions related to disaster, focusing on the pregnancy trimester at the point of the disaster. The subjects were children who were born within 1 year of the earthquake and their caregivers, and analyses were made based on 3 classifications: prenatal, first trimester, and second and third trimesters of pregnancy. We found few behavioral problems in children in the first trimester group. In addition, the relationship between the environmental factors before and at the time of the disaster, the mental health of the caregivers, and the behavioral problems in children differed according to the pregnancy trimester. The findings in this study highlight the importance of focusing on the pregnancy trimester during such major disasters and could lead to improved support for children who were born within 1 year of the disaster. There have been many reports on the effects of disasters on children and their caregivers. However, there have been very few reports on the emotions and behavioral effects on children who were born immediately after the disaster and not directly affected. Therefore, we studied the relationship between the behavioral problems in such children several years after birth, the mental health of their caregivers, and the damage and conditions related to disaster, focusing on the pregnancy trimester at the point of the disaster. The subjects were children who were born within 1 year of the earthquake and their caregivers, and analyses were made based on 3 classifications: prenatal, first trimester, and second and third trimesters of pregnancy. We found few behavioral problems in children in the first trimester group. In addition, the relationship between the environmental factors before and at the time of the disaster, the mental health of the caregivers, and the behavioral problems in children differed according to the pregnancy trimester. The findings in this study highlight the importance of focusing on the pregnancy trimester during such major disasters and could lead to improved support for children who were born within 1 year of the disaster. 災害に被災した子どもとその保護者に及ぼす様々な影響についての報告は多いが，災害直後に生まれた直接の被災体験のない子どもの情緒や行動面への影響に関する報告は極めて少ない．我々は，東日本大震災直後に出生した子どもの幼児期の行動上の問題と保護者のメンタルヘルス及び被害状況との関連について，発災時点の妊娠時期に着目して検討した．震災後1 年以内に出生した子どもとその保護者（196 組，392 名）を対象とし，妊娠時期により非妊娠群，妊娠初期群，妊娠中期～後期群の3 群に区分し分析した．その結果，妊娠初期群において子どもの行動上の問題（CBCL ／ TRF 得点）は少なかった．また，妊娠時期により，災害時/ 前の環境要因や保護者のメンタルヘルスと，子どもの行動上の問題との関連性は異なっていた．このことから，災害後1 年以内に出生した子どもへの適切な支援のためには，発災時点の妊娠時期に着目することが重要と考えられた． |
| Author | 山家 健仁 千葉 柊作 内出 希 大塚 耕太郎 松尾 菜津美 八木 淳子 吉岡 靖史 柿坂 佳菜恵 |
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| References | Yagi J, Fujiwara T, Yambe T, et al.: Does social capital reduce child behavior problems? Results from the Great East Japan Earthquake follow-up for Children Study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 51, 1117-1123, 2016. Kessler RC, Andrews G, Colpe LJ, et al.: Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol Med 32, 959-976, 2002. Achenbach TM: Child Behavior Checklist. In “Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology”, eds by Kreutzer JS, et al., pp. 546-552. Springer New York, New York, 2011. Glover V: Annual research review: prenatal stress and the origins of psychopathology: an evolutionary perspective. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52, 356-367, 2011. Graignic Philippe R, Dayan J, Chokron S, et al.: Effects of prenatal stress on fetal and child development: a critical literature review. NeurosciBiobehav Rev 43, 137-162, 2014. Holtzman CW, Trotman HD, Goulding SM, et al.: Stress and neurodevelopmental processes in the emergence of psychosis. Neuroscience 249, 172-191, 2013. Harville EW, Xiong X and Buekens P: Hurricane Katrina and perinatal health. Birth 36, 325-331, 2009. Beck AT, Steer RA, Ball R, et al.: Comparison of Beck depression inventories -ia and -II in psychiatric outpatients. J Pers Assess 67, 588-597, 1996. Arbuckle JL: Full information estimation in the presence of incomplete data. In ”Advanced structural equation modeling: issues and techniques”, eds by Marcoulides GA, et al., pp. 243-277, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates., Mahwah, 1996. Bergman K, Sarkar P, Glover V, et al.: Maternal prenatal cortisol and infant cognitive development: moderation by infant-mother attachment. Biol Psychiat 67, 1026-1032, 2010. Yong Ping E, Laplante DP, Elgbeili G, et al.: Disaster-related prenatal maternal stress predicts HPA reactivity and psychopathology in adolescent offspring: Project Ice Storm. Psychoneuroendocrinology 117, 104697, 2020. Van den Bergh BRH, van den Heuvel MI, Lahti M, et al.: Prenatal developmental origins of behavior and mental health: the influence of maternal stress in pregnancy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 117, 26-64, 2020. Thau L, Gandhi J and Sharma S: Physiology, Cortisol. [Updated 2023 Aug 28]. In“ StatPearls”, StatPearls Publishing, 2023. Matsuura N, Hashimoto T and Toichi M: Examination of juvenile delinquency, adverse childhood experiences and maltreatment: evidence based survey of using ACE questionnaire in juvenile training schools. Hyogo University of Teacher Education Journal 30, 215-223, 2007. Fujiwara T, Yagi J, Homma H, et al.: Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder among young children 2 years after the great east Japan earthquake. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 11, 207-215, 2017. Goodman R: The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38, 581-586, 1997. Bateson P, Gluckman P and Hanson M: The biology of developmental plasticity and the Predictive Adaptive Response hypothesis. J Physiol 592, 2357-2368, 2014. Asukai N, Kato H, Kawamura N, et al.: Reliability and validity of the Japanese-language version of the impact of event scale-revised (IESR-J): four studies of different traumatic events. J Nerv Ment Dis 190, 175-182, 2002. Harville EW, Beitsch L, Uejio CK, et al.: Assessing the effects of disasters and their aftermath on pregnancy and infant outcomes: a conceptual model. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 62, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8318346/, 2021. Van den Bergh BR, Mulder EJ, Mennes M, et al.: Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and child: links and possible mechanisms. A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29, 237-258, 2005. Lafortune S, Laplante DP, Elgbeili G, et al.: Effect of natural disaster-related prenatal maternal stress on child development and health: a meta-analytic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18, https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/16/8332, 2021. Rakers F, Rupprecht S, Dreiling M, et al.: Transfer of maternal psychosocial stress to the fetus. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 117, 185-197, 2020. Heim C, Newport DJ, Mletzko T, et al.: The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans.Psychoneuroendocrinology 33, 693-710, 2008. Cox JL, Holden JM and Sagovsky R: Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br JPsychiatry 150, 782-786, 1987. Miki T, Fujiwara T, Yagi J, et al.: Impact of parenting style on clinically significant behavioral problems among children aged 4-11 years old after disaster: a follow-up study of the great east Japan earthquake. Front Psychiatry 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00045, 2019. The WHOQOL Group: Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychol Med 28, 551-558, 1998. Watanabe Z, Iwama N, Nishigori H, et al.: Psychological distress during pregnancy in Miyagi after the Great East Japan Earthquake: Japan Environmental and Children’s Study. J Affect Disord 190, 341-348, 2016. Yoshida-Komiya H, Goto A, Yasumura S, et al.: Immediate mental consequences of the great east Japan earthquake and Fukushima nuclear power plant accident on mothers experiencing miscarriage, abortion, and stillbirth: the Fukushima health management survey. Fukushima J Med Sci 61, 66-71, 2015. Felitti V, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, et al.: Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med 14, 245-258, 1998. Beck JG, Grant DM, Read JP, et al.: The impact of event scale-revised: psychometric properties in a sample of motor vehicle accident survivors. JAnxiety Disord 22, 187-198, 2008. Achenbach TM and Rescorla L: Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. ASEBA, Burlington, 2001. Chang HL, Chang TC, Lin TY, et al.: Psychiatric morbidity and pregnancy outcome in a disaster area of Taiwan 921 earthquake. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 56, 139-144, 2002. Thurston AM, Stockl H and Ranganathan M: Natural hazards, disasters and violence against women and girls: a global mixed-methods systematic review. BMJ Glob Health 6, https://gh.bmj.com/content/6/4/e004377.long, 2021. Neumayer E and Plümper T: The gendered nature of natural disasters: the impact of catastrophic events on the gender gap in life expectancy, 1981–2002. Ann Am Assoc Geogr 97, 551-566, 2007. Fujiwara T, Yagi J, Homma H, et al.: Suicide risk among young children after the great east Japan earthquake: a follow-up study. Psychiatry Res 253, 318-324, 2017. Zwiebach L, Rhodes J, Roemer L, et al.: Resource loss, resource gain, and mental health among survivors of Hurricane Katrina. J Trauma Stress 23, 751-758, 2010. |
| References_xml | – reference: Yong Ping E, Laplante DP, Elgbeili G, et al.: Disaster-related prenatal maternal stress predicts HPA reactivity and psychopathology in adolescent offspring: Project Ice Storm. Psychoneuroendocrinology 117, 104697, 2020. – reference: Beck JG, Grant DM, Read JP, et al.: The impact of event scale-revised: psychometric properties in a sample of motor vehicle accident survivors. JAnxiety Disord 22, 187-198, 2008. – reference: Holtzman CW, Trotman HD, Goulding SM, et al.: Stress and neurodevelopmental processes in the emergence of psychosis. Neuroscience 249, 172-191, 2013. – reference: Asukai N, Kato H, Kawamura N, et al.: Reliability and validity of the Japanese-language version of the impact of event scale-revised (IESR-J): four studies of different traumatic events. J Nerv Ment Dis 190, 175-182, 2002. – reference: Van den Bergh BRH, van den Heuvel MI, Lahti M, et al.: Prenatal developmental origins of behavior and mental health: the influence of maternal stress in pregnancy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 117, 26-64, 2020. – reference: Felitti V, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, et al.: Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med 14, 245-258, 1998. – reference: Harville EW, Beitsch L, Uejio CK, et al.: Assessing the effects of disasters and their aftermath on pregnancy and infant outcomes: a conceptual model. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 62, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8318346/, 2021. – reference: Glover V: Annual research review: prenatal stress and the origins of psychopathology: an evolutionary perspective. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52, 356-367, 2011. – reference: Arbuckle JL: Full information estimation in the presence of incomplete data. In ”Advanced structural equation modeling: issues and techniques”, eds by Marcoulides GA, et al., pp. 243-277, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates., Mahwah, 1996. – reference: Fujiwara T, Yagi J, Homma H, et al.: Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder among young children 2 years after the great east Japan earthquake. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 11, 207-215, 2017. – reference: Harville EW, Xiong X and Buekens P: Hurricane Katrina and perinatal health. Birth 36, 325-331, 2009. – reference: Miki T, Fujiwara T, Yagi J, et al.: Impact of parenting style on clinically significant behavioral problems among children aged 4-11 years old after disaster: a follow-up study of the great east Japan earthquake. Front Psychiatry 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00045, 2019. – reference: Kessler RC, Andrews G, Colpe LJ, et al.: Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol Med 32, 959-976, 2002. – reference: Heim C, Newport DJ, Mletzko T, et al.: The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans.Psychoneuroendocrinology 33, 693-710, 2008. – reference: Thurston AM, Stockl H and Ranganathan M: Natural hazards, disasters and violence against women and girls: a global mixed-methods systematic review. BMJ Glob Health 6, https://gh.bmj.com/content/6/4/e004377.long, 2021. – reference: Rakers F, Rupprecht S, Dreiling M, et al.: Transfer of maternal psychosocial stress to the fetus. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 117, 185-197, 2020. – reference: Van den Bergh BR, Mulder EJ, Mennes M, et al.: Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and child: links and possible mechanisms. A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29, 237-258, 2005. – reference: Neumayer E and Plümper T: The gendered nature of natural disasters: the impact of catastrophic events on the gender gap in life expectancy, 1981–2002. Ann Am Assoc Geogr 97, 551-566, 2007. – reference: Fujiwara T, Yagi J, Homma H, et al.: Suicide risk among young children after the great east Japan earthquake: a follow-up study. Psychiatry Res 253, 318-324, 2017. – reference: Yagi J, Fujiwara T, Yambe T, et al.: Does social capital reduce child behavior problems? Results from the Great East Japan Earthquake follow-up for Children Study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 51, 1117-1123, 2016. – reference: Zwiebach L, Rhodes J, Roemer L, et al.: Resource loss, resource gain, and mental health among survivors of Hurricane Katrina. J Trauma Stress 23, 751-758, 2010. – reference: Chang HL, Chang TC, Lin TY, et al.: Psychiatric morbidity and pregnancy outcome in a disaster area of Taiwan 921 earthquake. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 56, 139-144, 2002. – reference: Goodman R: The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38, 581-586, 1997. – reference: Bergman K, Sarkar P, Glover V, et al.: Maternal prenatal cortisol and infant cognitive development: moderation by infant-mother attachment. Biol Psychiat 67, 1026-1032, 2010. – reference: Watanabe Z, Iwama N, Nishigori H, et al.: Psychological distress during pregnancy in Miyagi after the Great East Japan Earthquake: Japan Environmental and Children’s Study. J Affect Disord 190, 341-348, 2016. – reference: Thau L, Gandhi J and Sharma S: Physiology, Cortisol. [Updated 2023 Aug 28]. In“ StatPearls”, StatPearls Publishing, 2023. – reference: Beck AT, Steer RA, Ball R, et al.: Comparison of Beck depression inventories -ia and -II in psychiatric outpatients. J Pers Assess 67, 588-597, 1996. – reference: Achenbach TM: Child Behavior Checklist. In “Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology”, eds by Kreutzer JS, et al., pp. 546-552. Springer New York, New York, 2011. – reference: Cox JL, Holden JM and Sagovsky R: Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br JPsychiatry 150, 782-786, 1987. – reference: Achenbach TM and Rescorla L: Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. ASEBA, Burlington, 2001. – reference: Graignic Philippe R, Dayan J, Chokron S, et al.: Effects of prenatal stress on fetal and child development: a critical literature review. NeurosciBiobehav Rev 43, 137-162, 2014. – reference: Matsuura N, Hashimoto T and Toichi M: Examination of juvenile delinquency, adverse childhood experiences and maltreatment: evidence based survey of using ACE questionnaire in juvenile training schools. Hyogo University of Teacher Education Journal 30, 215-223, 2007. – reference: Bateson P, Gluckman P and Hanson M: The biology of developmental plasticity and the Predictive Adaptive Response hypothesis. J Physiol 592, 2357-2368, 2014. – reference: Yoshida-Komiya H, Goto A, Yasumura S, et al.: Immediate mental consequences of the great east Japan earthquake and Fukushima nuclear power plant accident on mothers experiencing miscarriage, abortion, and stillbirth: the Fukushima health management survey. Fukushima J Med Sci 61, 66-71, 2015. – reference: The WHOQOL Group: Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychol Med 28, 551-558, 1998. – reference: Lafortune S, Laplante DP, Elgbeili G, et al.: Effect of natural disaster-related prenatal maternal stress on child development and health: a meta-analytic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18, https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/16/8332, 2021. |
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| Title | Mental health of mothers who gave birth immediately after the Great East Japan Earthquake and behavioral problems of their children: a 5-year follow-up study focusing on the pregnancy trimester at the time of the disaster |
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| ispartofPNX | Journal of Iwate Medical Assiociation, 2024/10/01, Vol.76(4), pp.121-140 |
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