Update on epidemiology of hepatitis B and C in China
A high rate of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in China is mainly caused by perinatal or early childhood transmission. Administration of universal HBV vaccination in infants has led to a dramatic decrease in HBV epidemiology, with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence declining fr...
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| Published in | Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology Vol. 28; no. S1; pp. 7 - 10 |
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| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Australia
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.08.2013
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| Abstract | A high rate of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in China is mainly caused by perinatal or early childhood transmission. Administration of universal HBV vaccination in infants has led to a dramatic decrease in HBV epidemiology, with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence declining from 9.75% in 1992 to 7.18% in 2006. The major HBV genotypes are B and C, with B being more prevalent in the southern part and C more prevalent in the northern part of China. A national survey carried out in 1992 showed that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection rate was 3.20% in general population in China. After implementation of mandatory HCV screening for blood transfusion and other precautions to prevent blood‐borne disease since 1993, the new cases of HCV infection associated with blood or blood product has become very rare. Although the anti‐HCV prevalence would be much higher in high‐risk groups, a survey carried in 2006 showed that the anti‐HCV prevalence rate was only 0.43% in general population. This sharp decline in HCV infection rate was mainly due to stringent administration and monitoring of blood donors and blood products, but may also be related to the remarkably improved specificity of anti‐HCV test. The predominant HCV genotype in China is genotype 1b (60–70%), and the host interleukin‐28b rs12979860 CC genotype is very frequent in Chinese population (over 80%). |
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| AbstractList | A high rate of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in China is mainly caused by perinatal or early childhood transmission. Administration of universal HBV vaccination in infants has led to a dramatic decrease in HBV epidemiology, with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence declining from 9.75% in 1992 to 7.18% in 2006. The major HBV genotypes are B and C, with B being more prevalent in the southern part and C more prevalent in the northern part of China. A national survey carried out in 1992 showed that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection rate was 3.20% in general population in China. After implementation of mandatory HCV screening for blood transfusion and other precautions to prevent blood‐borne disease since 1993, the new cases of HCV infection associated with blood or blood product has become very rare. Although the anti‐HCV prevalence would be much higher in high‐risk groups, a survey carried in 2006 showed that the anti‐HCV prevalence rate was only 0.43% in general population. This sharp decline in HCV infection rate was mainly due to stringent administration and monitoring of blood donors and blood products, but may also be related to the remarkably improved specificity of anti‐HCV test. The predominant HCV genotype in China is genotype 1b (60–70%), and the host interleukin‐28b rs12979860 CC genotype is very frequent in Chinese population (over 80%). A high rate of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in China is mainly caused by perinatal or early childhood transmission. Administration of universal HBV vaccination in infants has led to a dramatic decrease in HBV epidemiology, with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence declining from 9.75% in 1992 to 7.18% in 2006. The major HBV genotypes are B and C, with B being more prevalent in the southern part and C more prevalent in the northern part of China. A national survey carried out in 1992 showed that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection rate was 3.20% in general population in China. After implementation of mandatory HCV screening for blood transfusion and other precautions to prevent blood-borne disease since 1993, the new cases of HCV infection associated with blood or blood product has become very rare. Although the anti-HCV prevalence would be much higher in high-risk groups, a survey carried in 2006 showed that the anti-HCV prevalence rate was only 0.43% in general population. This sharp decline in HCV infection rate was mainly due to stringent administration and monitoring of blood donors and blood products, but may also be related to the remarkably improved specificity of anti-HCV test. The predominant HCV genotype in China is genotype 1b (60-70%), and the host interleukin-28b rs12979860 CC genotype is very frequent in Chinese population (over 80%).A high rate of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in China is mainly caused by perinatal or early childhood transmission. Administration of universal HBV vaccination in infants has led to a dramatic decrease in HBV epidemiology, with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence declining from 9.75% in 1992 to 7.18% in 2006. The major HBV genotypes are B and C, with B being more prevalent in the southern part and C more prevalent in the northern part of China. A national survey carried out in 1992 showed that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection rate was 3.20% in general population in China. After implementation of mandatory HCV screening for blood transfusion and other precautions to prevent blood-borne disease since 1993, the new cases of HCV infection associated with blood or blood product has become very rare. Although the anti-HCV prevalence would be much higher in high-risk groups, a survey carried in 2006 showed that the anti-HCV prevalence rate was only 0.43% in general population. This sharp decline in HCV infection rate was mainly due to stringent administration and monitoring of blood donors and blood products, but may also be related to the remarkably improved specificity of anti-HCV test. The predominant HCV genotype in China is genotype 1b (60-70%), and the host interleukin-28b rs12979860 CC genotype is very frequent in Chinese population (over 80%). |
| Author | Jia, Jidong Cui, Yan |
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| References | Chen YS, Li L, Cui FQ et al. A sero-epidemiological study on hepatitis C in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2011; 32: 888-891. Su Y, Yan R, Duan Z et al. Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis C and B virus infections in hemodialysis patients and their spouses: a multicenter study in Beijing, China. J. Med. Virol. 2013; 85: 425-432. Shang H, Zhong P, Liu J et al. High prevalence and genetic diversity of HCV among HIV-1 infected people from various high-risk groups in China. PLoS ONE 2010; 5: e10631. Li RC, Yang JY, Gong J et al. Efficacy of hepatitis B vaccination on hepatitis B prevention and on hepatocellular carcinoma. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2004; 25: 385-387. Xia GL, Liu CB, Cao HL et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infections in the general Chinese population. Results from a nationwide cross-sectional seroepidemiologic study of hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E virus infections in China, 1992. Int. Hepatol. Commun. 1996; 5: 62-73. Wang C, Sun J, Zhu B et al. Hepatitis B virus infection and related factors in hemodialysis patients in China-systematic review and meta-analysis. Ren. Fail. 2010; 32: 1255-1264. Yuan J, Zhou B, Tanaka Y et al. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes/subgenotypes in China: mutations in core promoter and precore/core and their clinical implications. J. Clin. Virol. 2007; 39: 87-93. Zhang L, Xu A, Yan B et al. A significant reduction in hepatitis B virus infection among the children of Shandong Province, China: the effect of 15 years of universal infant hepatitis B vaccination. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2010; 14: 483-488. Wang HY, Li D, Liu W et al. Hepatitis B virus subgenotype C2 is the most prevalent subgenotype in northeast China. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2010; 16: 477-481. Tanaka Y, Nishida N, Sugiyama M et al. Genome-wide association of IL28B with response to pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Nat. Genet. 2009; 41: 1105-1109. You J, Sriplung H, Chongsuvivatwong V et al. Profile, spectrum and significance of hepatitis B virus genotypes in chronic HBV-infected patients in Yunnan, China. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int. 2008; 7: 271-279. Xia X, Luo J, Bai J et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users in China: systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health 2008; 122: 990-1003. Chen YD, Liu MY, Yu WL et al. Hepatitis C infections and genotypes in China. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int. 2002; 1: 194-201. Liao XW, Ling Y, Li XH et al. Association of genetic variation in IL28B with hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance in the Chinese Han population. Antivir. Ther. 2011; 16: 141-147. Ge D, Fellay J, Thompson AJ et al. Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance. Nature 2009; 461: 399-401. Suppiah V, Moldovan M, Ahlenstiel G et al. IL28B is associated with response to chronic hepatitis C interferon-alpha and ribavirin therapy. Nat. Genet. 2009; 41: 1100-1104. Wang Z, Tanaka Y, Huang Y et al. Clinical and virological characteristics of hepatitis B virus subgenotypes Ba, C1, and C2 in China. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2007; 45: 1491-1496. Wang Y, Jia J. Control of hepatitis B in China: prevention and treatment. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 2011; 9: 21-25. Qian HZ, Vermund SH, Kaslow RA et al. Co-infection with HIV and hepatitis C virus in former plasma/blood donors: challenge for patient care in rural China. AIDS 2006; 20: 1429-1435. Yin J, Zhang H, He Y et al. Distribution and hepatocellular carcinoma-related viral properties of hepatitis B virus genotypes in mainland China: a community-based study. Cancer. Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2010; 19: 777-786. Wu Z, Liu Z, Detels R. HIV-1 infection in commercial plasma donors in China. Lancet 1995; 346: 61-62. Xu JQ, Wang JJ, Han LF et al. Epidemiology, clinical and laboratory characteristics of currently alive HIV-1 infected former blood donors naive to antiretroviral therapy in Anhui Province, China. Chin. Med. J. (Engl). 2006; 119: 1941-1948. Xiang Y, Huang S, Xia J et al. Characterization of hepatitis B virus molecular genotypes in Chongqing and quantitative serological markers in patients during natural phases of chronic hepatitis B infection. Intervirology 2012; 55: 68-72. Yan YX, Gao YQ, Sun X et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infections in HIV-positive Chinese patients. Epidemiol. Infect. 2011; 139: 354-360. Zhu CT, Dong CL. Characteristics of general distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in China. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int. 2009; 8: 397-401. Wei L, Lopez-Talavera JC, Rao H et al. Prevalence of HCV viral and host IL28B genotypes in China. Hepatology 2011; 54: 563A-564. Fu Y, Wang Y, Xia W et al. New trends of HCV infection in China revealed by genetic analysis of viral sequences determined from first-time volunteer blood donors. J. Viral Hepat. 2011; 18: 42-52. Liang X, Bi S, Yang W et al. Epidemiological serosurvey of hepatitis B in China-declining HBV prevalence due to hepatitis B vaccination. Vaccine 2009; 27: 6550-6557. Cui F, Li L, Hadler SC et al. Factors associated with effectiveness of the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine in China: 1992-2005. Vaccine 2010; 28: 5973-5978. Sun J, Yu R, Zhu B et al. Hepatitis C infection and related factors in hemodialysis patients in china: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ren. Fail. 2009; 31: 610-620. Wang Z, Hou J, Zeng G et al. Distribution and characteristics of hepatitis B virus genotype C subgenotypes in China. J. Viral Hepat. 2007; 14: 426-434. Li XD, Wang L, Liu Y et al. Characterization of hepatitis B virus genotypes/subgenotypes in 1301 patients with chronic hepatitis B in North China. Chin. Med. J. (Engl). 2011; 124: 4178-4183. Zhou YH, Yao ZH, Liu FL et al. High prevalence of HIV, HCV, HBV and co-infection and associated risk factors among injecting drug users in Yunnan province, China. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e42937. Liang X, Bi S, Yang W et al. Evaluation of the impact of hepatitis B vaccination among children born during 1992-2005 in China. J. Infect. Dis. 2009; 200: 39-47. Wang F, Zhao YL, Ma JC et al. Long-term efficacy of 10-12 years after being immunized with Chinese hamster ovary cell derived hepatitis B vaccine in Chinese rural communities. Vaccine 2012; 30: 2051-2053. Gao X, Cui Q, Shi X et al. Prevalence and trend of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in Chinese mainland: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis. 2011; 9: 88-93. Shen L, Wang F, Wang F et al. Efficacy of yeast-derived recombinant hepatitis B vaccine after being used for 12 years in highly endemic areas in China. Vaccine 2012; 30: 6623-6627. Ju W, Yang S, Wang Q et al. Molecular and epidemiological profiles of hepatitis C virus in mainland China. Hepatology 2012; 56: 648A. Jia L, Yu J, Yang J. HCV antibody response and genotype distribution in different areas and races of China. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2009; 5: 421-427. 2007; 39 2010; 32 2010; 16 2009; 41 2006; 119 2010; 14 2011; 139 2010; 19 2004; 25 2013; 85 2002; 1 2008; 7 2011; 32 2011; 54 2008; 122 2011; 16 2012; 56 2012; 55 2011; 18 2009; 27 2007; 14 2012; 30 2011; 9 2011; 124 2006; 20 2009; 31 2010; 28 2009; 200 2009; 8 1995; 346 2009; 5 2009; 461 1996; 5 2012; 7 2010; 5 2007; 45 |
| References_xml | – reference: Xiang Y, Huang S, Xia J et al. Characterization of hepatitis B virus molecular genotypes in Chongqing and quantitative serological markers in patients during natural phases of chronic hepatitis B infection. Intervirology 2012; 55: 68-72. – reference: Qian HZ, Vermund SH, Kaslow RA et al. Co-infection with HIV and hepatitis C virus in former plasma/blood donors: challenge for patient care in rural China. AIDS 2006; 20: 1429-1435. – reference: Ge D, Fellay J, Thompson AJ et al. Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance. Nature 2009; 461: 399-401. – reference: Zhang L, Xu A, Yan B et al. A significant reduction in hepatitis B virus infection among the children of Shandong Province, China: the effect of 15 years of universal infant hepatitis B vaccination. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2010; 14: 483-488. – reference: Chen YS, Li L, Cui FQ et al. A sero-epidemiological study on hepatitis C in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2011; 32: 888-891. – reference: Suppiah V, Moldovan M, Ahlenstiel G et al. IL28B is associated with response to chronic hepatitis C interferon-alpha and ribavirin therapy. Nat. Genet. 2009; 41: 1100-1104. – reference: You J, Sriplung H, Chongsuvivatwong V et al. Profile, spectrum and significance of hepatitis B virus genotypes in chronic HBV-infected patients in Yunnan, China. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int. 2008; 7: 271-279. – reference: Tanaka Y, Nishida N, Sugiyama M et al. Genome-wide association of IL28B with response to pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Nat. Genet. 2009; 41: 1105-1109. – reference: Wang F, Zhao YL, Ma JC et al. Long-term efficacy of 10-12 years after being immunized with Chinese hamster ovary cell derived hepatitis B vaccine in Chinese rural communities. Vaccine 2012; 30: 2051-2053. – reference: Yuan J, Zhou B, Tanaka Y et al. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes/subgenotypes in China: mutations in core promoter and precore/core and their clinical implications. J. Clin. Virol. 2007; 39: 87-93. – reference: Yan YX, Gao YQ, Sun X et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infections in HIV-positive Chinese patients. Epidemiol. Infect. 2011; 139: 354-360. – reference: Xia X, Luo J, Bai J et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users in China: systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health 2008; 122: 990-1003. – reference: Fu Y, Wang Y, Xia W et al. New trends of HCV infection in China revealed by genetic analysis of viral sequences determined from first-time volunteer blood donors. J. Viral Hepat. 2011; 18: 42-52. – reference: Wang Z, Hou J, Zeng G et al. Distribution and characteristics of hepatitis B virus genotype C subgenotypes in China. J. Viral Hepat. 2007; 14: 426-434. – reference: Liang X, Bi S, Yang W et al. Epidemiological serosurvey of hepatitis B in China-declining HBV prevalence due to hepatitis B vaccination. Vaccine 2009; 27: 6550-6557. – reference: Ju W, Yang S, Wang Q et al. Molecular and epidemiological profiles of hepatitis C virus in mainland China. Hepatology 2012; 56: 648A. – reference: Wang C, Sun J, Zhu B et al. Hepatitis B virus infection and related factors in hemodialysis patients in China-systematic review and meta-analysis. Ren. Fail. 2010; 32: 1255-1264. – reference: Shen L, Wang F, Wang F et al. Efficacy of yeast-derived recombinant hepatitis B vaccine after being used for 12 years in highly endemic areas in China. Vaccine 2012; 30: 6623-6627. – reference: Liang X, Bi S, Yang W et al. Evaluation of the impact of hepatitis B vaccination among children born during 1992-2005 in China. J. Infect. Dis. 2009; 200: 39-47. – reference: Xia GL, Liu CB, Cao HL et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infections in the general Chinese population. Results from a nationwide cross-sectional seroepidemiologic study of hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E virus infections in China, 1992. Int. Hepatol. Commun. 1996; 5: 62-73. – reference: Cui F, Li L, Hadler SC et al. Factors associated with effectiveness of the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine in China: 1992-2005. Vaccine 2010; 28: 5973-5978. – reference: Wu Z, Liu Z, Detels R. HIV-1 infection in commercial plasma donors in China. Lancet 1995; 346: 61-62. – reference: Wang HY, Li D, Liu W et al. Hepatitis B virus subgenotype C2 is the most prevalent subgenotype in northeast China. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2010; 16: 477-481. – reference: Shang H, Zhong P, Liu J et al. High prevalence and genetic diversity of HCV among HIV-1 infected people from various high-risk groups in China. PLoS ONE 2010; 5: e10631. – reference: Wang Z, Tanaka Y, Huang Y et al. Clinical and virological characteristics of hepatitis B virus subgenotypes Ba, C1, and C2 in China. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2007; 45: 1491-1496. – reference: Sun J, Yu R, Zhu B et al. Hepatitis C infection and related factors in hemodialysis patients in china: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ren. Fail. 2009; 31: 610-620. – reference: Li XD, Wang L, Liu Y et al. Characterization of hepatitis B virus genotypes/subgenotypes in 1301 patients with chronic hepatitis B in North China. Chin. Med. J. (Engl). 2011; 124: 4178-4183. – reference: Wei L, Lopez-Talavera JC, Rao H et al. Prevalence of HCV viral and host IL28B genotypes in China. Hepatology 2011; 54: 563A-564. – reference: Jia L, Yu J, Yang J. HCV antibody response and genotype distribution in different areas and races of China. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2009; 5: 421-427. – reference: Wang Y, Jia J. Control of hepatitis B in China: prevention and treatment. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 2011; 9: 21-25. – reference: Gao X, Cui Q, Shi X et al. Prevalence and trend of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in Chinese mainland: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis. 2011; 9: 88-93. – reference: Xu JQ, Wang JJ, Han LF et al. Epidemiology, clinical and laboratory characteristics of currently alive HIV-1 infected former blood donors naive to antiretroviral therapy in Anhui Province, China. Chin. Med. J. (Engl). 2006; 119: 1941-1948. – reference: Chen YD, Liu MY, Yu WL et al. Hepatitis C infections and genotypes in China. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int. 2002; 1: 194-201. – reference: Li RC, Yang JY, Gong J et al. Efficacy of hepatitis B vaccination on hepatitis B prevention and on hepatocellular carcinoma. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2004; 25: 385-387. – reference: Zhou YH, Yao ZH, Liu FL et al. High prevalence of HIV, HCV, HBV and co-infection and associated risk factors among injecting drug users in Yunnan province, China. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e42937. – reference: Zhu CT, Dong CL. Characteristics of general distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in China. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int. 2009; 8: 397-401. – reference: Yin J, Zhang H, He Y et al. Distribution and hepatocellular carcinoma-related viral properties of hepatitis B virus genotypes in mainland China: a community-based study. Cancer. Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2010; 19: 777-786. – reference: Su Y, Yan R, Duan Z et al. Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis C and B virus infections in hemodialysis patients and their spouses: a multicenter study in Beijing, China. J. Med. Virol. 2013; 85: 425-432. – reference: Liao XW, Ling Y, Li XH et al. Association of genetic variation in IL28B with hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance in the Chinese Han population. Antivir. 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| SubjectTerms | Blood Donors Child China China - epidemiology epidemiology Genome-Wide Association Study Genotype Hepacivirus - genetics hepatitis B Hepatitis B - epidemiology Hepatitis B - prevention & control Hepatitis B - transmission Hepatitis B - virology Hepatitis B Surface Antigens Hepatitis B Vaccines Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B virus - genetics Hepatitis B virus - immunology hepatitis C Hepatitis C - epidemiology Hepatitis C - prevention & control Hepatitis C - transmission Hepatitis C - virology Hepatitis C virus Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical Prevalence Transfusion Reaction Vaccination |
| Title | Update on epidemiology of hepatitis B and C in China |
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