Fluid simulation of the collisionless plasma sheath surrounding an electric dipole antenna in the inner magnetosphere
The electrostatic sheath formation surrounding an electric dipole antenna at very low frequencies (VLF) in a magnetoplasma is examined through numerical simulation. In this paper, a hydrodynamic approach is used to solve for the nonlinear sheath dynamics of antennas located in plasmas similar to tha...
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| Published in | Radio science Vol. 45; no. 1 |
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| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Washington
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
16.02.2010
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| Abstract | The electrostatic sheath formation surrounding an electric dipole antenna at very low frequencies (VLF) in a magnetoplasma is examined through numerical simulation. In this paper, a hydrodynamic approach is used to solve for the nonlinear sheath dynamics of antennas located in plasmas similar to that which exists in the plasmasphere between L = 2 and L = 3 in the geomagnetic equatorial plane. The plasma environment at this location is assumed to be fully ionized and collisionless consisting of electrons and protons. Poisson's equation is used to close the system, providing the quasi‐electrostatic fields within the sheath region. Sheath characteristics are given as a function of antenna drive frequency and voltage with results that are compared with existing theory. Capacitance and resistance values are given to reflect the sheath's contribution to the input impedance of the antenna. Finally, the importance of ion motion and the nonlinear sheath effects on the current, charge collection and bias voltage for the transmitting antenna are shown. The primary assumptions underlying the closure mechanisms for the infinite set of fluid moments are examined through theoretical observations and simulated comparisons of the truncation schemes. This paper constitutes one of the first works on the subject of high‐voltage transmitting dipole antenna in a space plasma using a three‐dimensional nonlinear formulation. |
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| AbstractList | The electrostatic sheath formation surrounding an electric dipole antenna at very low frequencies (VLF) in a magnetoplasma is examined through numerical simulation. In this paper, a hydrodynamic approach is used to solve for the nonlinear sheath dynamics of antennas located in plasmas similar to that which exists in the plasmasphere between L = 2 and L = 3 in the geomagnetic equatorial plane. The plasma environment at this location is assumed to be fully ionized and collisionless consisting of electrons and protons. Poisson's equation is used to close the system, providing the quasi-electrostatic fields within the sheath region. Sheath characteristics are given as a function of antenna drive frequency and voltage with results that are compared with existing theory. Capacitance and resistance values are given to reflect the sheath's contribution to the input impedance of the antenna. Finally, the importance of ion motion and the nonlinear sheath effects on the current, charge collection and bias voltage for the transmitting antenna are shown. The primary assumptions underlying the closure mechanisms for the infinite set of fluid moments are examined through theoretical observations and simulated comparisons of the truncation schemes. This paper constitutes one of the first works on the subject of high-voltage transmitting dipole antenna in a space plasma using a three-dimensional nonlinear formulation. |
| Author | Bell, T. F. Chevalier, T. W. Inan, U. S. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: T. W. surname: Chevalier fullname: Chevalier, T. W. email: timothyc@stanford.edu organization: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, California, Stanford, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: U. S. surname: Inan fullname: Inan, U. S. organization: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, California, Stanford, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: T. F. surname: Bell fullname: Bell, T. F. organization: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, California, Stanford, USA |
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| References | Bittencourt, J. (2003), Fundamentals of Plasma Physics, 3rd ed., Springer, New York. Borovsky, J. (1988), The dynamic sheath: Objects coupling to plasmas on electron-plasma-frequency time scales, Phys. Fluids, 31(5), 1074-1100. Calder, A. C., G. W. Hulbert, and J. G. Laframboise (1993), Sheath dynamics of electrodes stepped to large negative potentials, Phys. Fluids B, 5(3), 674-690. Wang, S. B., and A. E. Wendt (1999), Sheath thickness evaluation for collisionless or weakly collisional bounded plasmas, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 27(5), 1358-1365. Platino, M., U. Inan, T. Bell, D. Gurnett, J. Pickett, P. Canu, and P. Decreau (2005), Whistlers observed by the cluster spacecraft outside the plasmasphere, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A03212, doi:10.1029/2004JA010730. Ma, T., and R. Schunk (1992a), High negative voltage spheres in an unmagnetized plasma: Fluid simulation, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 34(5), 783-799. Ma, T., and R. Schunk (1992b), High-voltage spheres in an unmagnetized plasma: Long-term evolution and rise-time effects, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 34(5), 767-781. Carpenter, D., T. Bell, U. Inan, R. Benson, V. Sonwalkar, B. Reinisch, and D. Gallagher (2003), Z-mode sounding within propagation cavities and other inner magnetospheric regions by the RPI instrument on the IMAGE satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A12), 1421, doi:10.1029/2003JA010025. Inan, U., T. Bell, J. Bortnik, and J. Albert (2003), Controlled precipitation of radiation belt electrons, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A5), 1186, doi:10.1029/2002JA009580. Bezrukikh, V. V., G. A. Kotova, L. A. Lezhen, J. Lemaire, V. Pierrard, and Y. I. Venediktov (2003), Dynamics of temperature and density of cold protons of the Earth's plasmasphere measured by the auroral probe/alpha-3 experiment data during geomagnetic disturbances, Cosmic Res., 41(4), 392-402. Shkarofsky, I. (1972), Nonlinear sheath admittance, currents, and charges associated with high peak voltage drive on a VLF/ELF dipole antenna moving in the ionosphere, Radio Sci., 7(4), 503-523. Parker, S. E., A. Friedman, S. L. Ray, and C. K. Birdsall (1993a), Bounded multiscale plasma simulation-Application to sheath problems, J. Comput. Phys., 107(2), 388-402. Chust, T., and G. Belmont (2006), Closure of fluid equations in collisionless magnetoplasmas, Phys. Plasmas, 13(1), 012506. Franklin, R. N. (2004), Where is the sheath edge? J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 37(9), 1342-1345. Parker, L., and B. Murphy (1967), Potential buildup on electron-emitting ionospheric satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 72(5), 1631-1636. Bell, T., U. Inan, and T. Chevalier (2006), Current distribution of a VLF electric dipole antenna in the plasmasphere, Radio Sci., 41, RS2009, doi:10.1029/2005RS003260. Hockney, R. W., and J. W. Eastwood (1981), Computer Simulation Using Particles, McGraw-Hill, New York. Bohm, D. (1949), The Characteristics of Electrical Discharges in Magnetic Fields, edited by A. Guthrie, and R. K. Wakerling, chap. 3, p. 77, McGraw-Hill, New York. Thiemann, H., T. Z. Ma, and R. W. Schunk (1992), High voltage spheres in an unmagnetized plasma: Fluid and PIC simulations, Adv. Space Res., 12(12), 57-60. Franklin, R., and W. Han (1988), The stability of the plasma-sheath with secondary emission, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 30(6), 771-784. Laframboise, J. G. (1997), Current collection by a positively charged spacecraft: Effects of its magnetic presheath, J. Geophys. Res., 102(A2), 2417-2432. Song, P., B. W. Reinisch, V. Paznukhov, G. Sales, D. Cooke, J. N. Tu, X. Huang, K. Bibl, and I. Galkin (2007), High-voltage antenna-plasma interaction in whistler wave transmission: Plasma sheath effects, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A03205, doi:10.1029/2006JA011683. Balay, S., K. Buschelman, V. Eijkhout, W. Gropp, D. Kaushik, M. Knepley, L. McInnes, B. Smith, and H. Zhang (2004), PETSc Users Manual, Argonne Natl. Lab., Argonne, Ill. Carpenter, D., and R. Anderson (1992), An ISEE/Whistler model of equatorial electron density in the magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 97(A2), 1097-1108. Parker, S. E., R. J. Procassini, C. K. Birdsall, and B. I. Cohen (1993b), A suitable boundary condition for bounded plasma simulation without sheath resolution, J. Comput. Phys., 104(1), 41-49. Baker, D., H. Weil, and L. Bearce (1973), Impedance and large signal excitation of satellite-borne antennas in the ionosphere, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 21(5), 672-679. Ma, T., and R. Schunk (1989), A fluid model of high voltage spheres in an unmagnetized plasma, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 31(3), 399-421. Bell, T., U. Inan, M. Platino, J. Pickett, P. Kossey, and E. Kennedy (2004), CLUSTER observations of lower hybrid waves excited at high altitudes by electromagnetic whistler mode signals from the HAARP facility, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L06811, doi:10.1029/2003GL018855. Kurganov, A., and E. Tadmor (2000), New high-resolution central schemes for nonlinear conservation laws and convection-diffusion equations, J. Comput. Phys., 160(1), 241-282. Spiteri, R. J., and S. J. Ruuth (2002), A new class of optimal high-order strong-stability-preserving time discretization methods, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 40(2), 469-491. Labrunie, S., J. A. Carrillo, and P. Bertrand (2004), Numerical study on hydrodynamic and quasineutral approximations for collisionless two-species plasmas, J. Comput. Phys., 200(1), 267-298. Albert, J. (2001), Comparison of pitch angle diffusion by turbulent and monochromatic whistler waves, J. Geophys. Res., 106(A5), 8477-8482. Abel, B., and R. Thorne (1998), Electron scattering loss in Earth's inner magnetosphere: 1. Dominant physical processes, J. Geophys. Res., 103(A2), 2385-2396. Calder, A. C., and J. G. Laframboise (1990), Time-dependent sheath response to abrupt electrode voltage changes, Phys. Fluids B, 2(3), 655-666. Langmuir, I. (1929), The interaction of electron and positive ion space charges in cathode sheaths, Phys. Rev., 33(6), 0954-0989. 2004; 200 1993; 107 1989; 1 2005; 110 2006; 13 1999; 27 2004 2003 1988; 30 1988; 31 1992; 97 1992; 34 1993; 104 1972; 7 1992; 12 2001; 106 1993; 5 1997; 102 1990; 2 2007; 112 2004; 31 2006; 41 2003; 108 1989; 31 1973; 21 2002; 40 2004; 37 1967; 72 2000; 160 1963 1998; 103 1981 1929; 33 1949 2003; 41 |
| References_xml | – reference: Carpenter, D., T. Bell, U. Inan, R. Benson, V. Sonwalkar, B. Reinisch, and D. Gallagher (2003), Z-mode sounding within propagation cavities and other inner magnetospheric regions by the RPI instrument on the IMAGE satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A12), 1421, doi:10.1029/2003JA010025. – reference: Borovsky, J. (1988), The dynamic sheath: Objects coupling to plasmas on electron-plasma-frequency time scales, Phys. Fluids, 31(5), 1074-1100. – reference: Calder, A. C., G. W. Hulbert, and J. G. Laframboise (1993), Sheath dynamics of electrodes stepped to large negative potentials, Phys. Fluids B, 5(3), 674-690. – reference: Ma, T., and R. Schunk (1992b), High-voltage spheres in an unmagnetized plasma: Long-term evolution and rise-time effects, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 34(5), 767-781. – reference: Bell, T., U. Inan, and T. Chevalier (2006), Current distribution of a VLF electric dipole antenna in the plasmasphere, Radio Sci., 41, RS2009, doi:10.1029/2005RS003260. – reference: Ma, T., and R. Schunk (1992a), High negative voltage spheres in an unmagnetized plasma: Fluid simulation, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 34(5), 783-799. – reference: Calder, A. C., and J. G. Laframboise (1990), Time-dependent sheath response to abrupt electrode voltage changes, Phys. Fluids B, 2(3), 655-666. – reference: Parker, L., and B. Murphy (1967), Potential buildup on electron-emitting ionospheric satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 72(5), 1631-1636. – reference: Laframboise, J. G. (1997), Current collection by a positively charged spacecraft: Effects of its magnetic presheath, J. Geophys. Res., 102(A2), 2417-2432. – reference: Spiteri, R. J., and S. J. Ruuth (2002), A new class of optimal high-order strong-stability-preserving time discretization methods, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 40(2), 469-491. – reference: Albert, J. (2001), Comparison of pitch angle diffusion by turbulent and monochromatic whistler waves, J. Geophys. Res., 106(A5), 8477-8482. – reference: Kurganov, A., and E. Tadmor (2000), New high-resolution central schemes for nonlinear conservation laws and convection-diffusion equations, J. Comput. Phys., 160(1), 241-282. – reference: Bezrukikh, V. V., G. A. Kotova, L. A. Lezhen, J. Lemaire, V. Pierrard, and Y. I. Venediktov (2003), Dynamics of temperature and density of cold protons of the Earth's plasmasphere measured by the auroral probe/alpha-3 experiment data during geomagnetic disturbances, Cosmic Res., 41(4), 392-402. – reference: Inan, U., T. Bell, J. Bortnik, and J. Albert (2003), Controlled precipitation of radiation belt electrons, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A5), 1186, doi:10.1029/2002JA009580. – reference: Wang, S. B., and A. E. Wendt (1999), Sheath thickness evaluation for collisionless or weakly collisional bounded plasmas, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 27(5), 1358-1365. – reference: Franklin, R., and W. Han (1988), The stability of the plasma-sheath with secondary emission, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 30(6), 771-784. – reference: Carpenter, D., and R. Anderson (1992), An ISEE/Whistler model of equatorial electron density in the magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 97(A2), 1097-1108. – reference: Labrunie, S., J. A. Carrillo, and P. Bertrand (2004), Numerical study on hydrodynamic and quasineutral approximations for collisionless two-species plasmas, J. Comput. Phys., 200(1), 267-298. – reference: Thiemann, H., T. Z. Ma, and R. W. Schunk (1992), High voltage spheres in an unmagnetized plasma: Fluid and PIC simulations, Adv. Space Res., 12(12), 57-60. – reference: Abel, B., and R. Thorne (1998), Electron scattering loss in Earth's inner magnetosphere: 1. Dominant physical processes, J. Geophys. Res., 103(A2), 2385-2396. – reference: Balay, S., K. Buschelman, V. Eijkhout, W. Gropp, D. Kaushik, M. Knepley, L. McInnes, B. Smith, and H. Zhang (2004), PETSc Users Manual, Argonne Natl. Lab., Argonne, Ill. – reference: Parker, S. E., A. Friedman, S. L. Ray, and C. K. Birdsall (1993a), Bounded multiscale plasma simulation-Application to sheath problems, J. Comput. Phys., 107(2), 388-402. – reference: Chust, T., and G. Belmont (2006), Closure of fluid equations in collisionless magnetoplasmas, Phys. Plasmas, 13(1), 012506. – reference: Baker, D., H. Weil, and L. Bearce (1973), Impedance and large signal excitation of satellite-borne antennas in the ionosphere, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 21(5), 672-679. – reference: Bell, T., U. Inan, M. Platino, J. Pickett, P. Kossey, and E. Kennedy (2004), CLUSTER observations of lower hybrid waves excited at high altitudes by electromagnetic whistler mode signals from the HAARP facility, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L06811, doi:10.1029/2003GL018855. – reference: Franklin, R. N. (2004), Where is the sheath edge? J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 37(9), 1342-1345. – reference: Ma, T., and R. Schunk (1989), A fluid model of high voltage spheres in an unmagnetized plasma, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 31(3), 399-421. – reference: Hockney, R. W., and J. W. Eastwood (1981), Computer Simulation Using Particles, McGraw-Hill, New York. – reference: Bohm, D. (1949), The Characteristics of Electrical Discharges in Magnetic Fields, edited by A. Guthrie, and R. K. Wakerling, chap. 3, p. 77, McGraw-Hill, New York. – reference: Bittencourt, J. (2003), Fundamentals of Plasma Physics, 3rd ed., Springer, New York. – reference: Platino, M., U. Inan, T. Bell, D. Gurnett, J. Pickett, P. Canu, and P. Decreau (2005), Whistlers observed by the cluster spacecraft outside the plasmasphere, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A03212, doi:10.1029/2004JA010730. – reference: Shkarofsky, I. (1972), Nonlinear sheath admittance, currents, and charges associated with high peak voltage drive on a VLF/ELF dipole antenna moving in the ionosphere, Radio Sci., 7(4), 503-523. – reference: Parker, S. E., R. J. Procassini, C. K. Birdsall, and B. I. Cohen (1993b), A suitable boundary condition for bounded plasma simulation without sheath resolution, J. Comput. Phys., 104(1), 41-49. – reference: Song, P., B. W. Reinisch, V. Paznukhov, G. Sales, D. Cooke, J. N. Tu, X. Huang, K. Bibl, and I. Galkin (2007), High-voltage antenna-plasma interaction in whistler wave transmission: Plasma sheath effects, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A03205, doi:10.1029/2006JA011683. – reference: Langmuir, I. (1929), The interaction of electron and positive ion space charges in cathode sheaths, Phys. Rev., 33(6), 0954-0989. – volume: 103 start-page: 2385 issue: A2 year: 1998 end-page: 2396 article-title: Electron scattering loss in Earth's inner magnetosphere: 1. Dominant physical processes publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. – volume: 107 start-page: 388 issue: 2 year: 1993 end-page: 402 article-title: Bounded multiscale plasma simulation—Application to sheath problems publication-title: J. Comput. Phys. – volume: 112 year: 2007 article-title: High‐voltage antenna‐plasma interaction in whistler wave transmission: Plasma sheath effects publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. – year: 1981 – volume: 106 start-page: 8477 issue: A5 year: 2001 end-page: 8482 article-title: Comparison of pitch angle diffusion by turbulent and monochromatic whistler waves publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. – year: 2003 – volume: 108 issue: A5 year: 2003 article-title: Controlled precipitation of radiation belt electrons publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. – volume: 1 start-page: 435 year: 1989 end-page: 440 – volume: 5 start-page: 674 issue: 3 year: 1993 end-page: 690 article-title: Sheath dynamics of electrodes stepped to large negative potentials publication-title: Phys. 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| Snippet | The electrostatic sheath formation surrounding an electric dipole antenna at very low frequencies (VLF) in a magnetoplasma is examined through numerical... |
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| SubjectTerms | antenna Antennas Electromagnetics Physics plasma Plasma physics Radio sheath Space |
| Title | Fluid simulation of the collisionless plasma sheath surrounding an electric dipole antenna in the inner magnetosphere |
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