Mandibular biomechanics of Crocuta crocuta, Canis lupus, and the late Miocene Dinocrocuta gigantea (Carnivora, Mammalia)
The relative simplicity of the mandible and its functional integration with the upper dentition in carnivorans makes it an ideal subject for functional morphological studies. To compare the mandibular biomechanics of two convergently evolved bone‐cracking ecomorphologies, we used finite element mode...
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| Published in | Zoological journal of the Linnean Society Vol. 158; no. 3; pp. 683 - 696 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford, UK
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.03.2010
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| Abstract | The relative simplicity of the mandible and its functional integration with the upper dentition in carnivorans makes it an ideal subject for functional morphological studies. To compare the mandibular biomechanics of two convergently evolved bone‐cracking ecomorphologies, we used finite element modelling to analyse mandibular corpus stress. The bone‐cracking spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta was used as a living analogue to the late Miocene percrocutid Dinocrocuta gigantea, using the grey wolf Canis lupus as a molar bone‐crushing outgroup. Mandibular stress values during p3, p4, and m1 tooth biting are found to be lowest in Cr. crocuta, and elevated in both Ca. lupus and D. gigantea. However, the stress‐dissipation patterns of the pre‐m1 corpus are similar between Cr. crocuta and D. gigantea. Lastly, D. gigantea has a relatively weaker corpus at the post‐m1 position than either Cr. crocuta or Ca. lupus. These findings suggest that even though stress patterns are similar amongst the bone‐cracking ecomorphs, the extinct D. gigantea had a weaker mandibular structure when performing a comparable bone‐cracking task as in Cr. crocuta because of its slender post‐m1 corpus. Ontogeny could potentially play an important role in strengthening the post‐m1 corpus by growth in the dorsoventral axis, and continuous increase in biting performance through adulthood in living Cr. crocuta suggests the possibility of a relatively more delayed development to full bone‐cracking capability in D. gigantea.
© 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 158, 683–696. |
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| AbstractList | The relative simplicity of the mandible and its functional integration with the upper dentition in carnivorans makes it an ideal subject for functional morphological studies. To compare the mandibular biomechanics of two convergently evolved bone‐cracking ecomorphologies, we used finite element modelling to analyse mandibular corpus stress. The bone‐cracking spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta was used as a living analogue to the late Miocene percrocutid Dinocrocuta gigantea, using the grey wolf Canis lupus as a molar bone‐crushing outgroup. Mandibular stress values during p3, p4, and m1 tooth biting are found to be lowest in Cr. crocuta, and elevated in both Ca. lupus and D. gigantea. However, the stress‐dissipation patterns of the pre‐m1 corpus are similar between Cr. crocuta and D. gigantea. Lastly, D. gigantea has a relatively weaker corpus at the post‐m1 position than either Cr. crocuta or Ca. lupus. These findings suggest that even though stress patterns are similar amongst the bone‐cracking ecomorphs, the extinct D. gigantea had a weaker mandibular structure when performing a comparable bone‐cracking task as in Cr. crocuta because of its slender post‐m1 corpus. Ontogeny could potentially play an important role in strengthening the post‐m1 corpus by growth in the dorsoventral axis, and continuous increase in biting performance through adulthood in living Cr. crocuta suggests the possibility of a relatively more delayed development to full bone‐cracking capability in D. gigantea.
© 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 158, 683–696. The relative simplicity of the mandible and its functional integration with the upper dentition in carnivorans makes it an ideal subject for functional morphological studies. To compare the mandibular biomechanics of two convergently evolved bone-cracking ecomorphologies, we used finite element modelling to analyse mandibular corpus stress. The bone-cracking spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta was used as a living analogue to the late Miocene percrocutid Dinocrocuta gigantea, using the grey wolf Canis lupus as a molar bone-crushing outgroup. Mandibular stress values during p3, p4, and m1 tooth biting are found to be lowest in Cr. crocuta, and elevated in both Ca. lupus and D. gigantea. However, the stress-dissipation patterns of the pre-m1 corpus are similar between Cr. crocuta and D. gigantea. Lastly, D. gigantea has a relatively weaker corpus at the post-m1 position than either Cr. crocuta or Ca. lupus. These findings suggest that even though stress patterns are similar amongst the bone-cracking ecomorphs, the extinct D. gigantea had a weaker mandibular structure when performing a comparable bone-cracking task as in Cr. crocuta because of its slender post-m1 corpus. Ontogeny could potentially play an important role in strengthening the post-m1 corpus by growth in the dorsoventral axis, and continuous increase in biting performance through adulthood in living Cr. crocuta suggests the possibility of a relatively more delayed development to full bone-cracking capability in D. gigantea.[copy ] 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 158, 683-696. |
| Author | TSENG, ZHIJIE JACK BINDER, WENDY J. |
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Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 272: 619-625. Farke AA. 2008. Frontal sinuses and head-butting in goats: a finite element analysis. The Journal of Experimental Biology 211: 3085-3094. Van Valkenburgh B. 1988. Trophic diversity in past and present guilds of large predatory mammals. Paleobiology 14: 155-173. Werdelin L. 1989. Constraint and adaptation in the bone-cracking canid Osteoborus (Mammalia: Canidae). Paleobiology 15: 387-401. Ashman RB, Rosinia G, Cowin SC, Fontenot MG. 1985. The bone tissue of the canine mandible is elastically isotropic. Journal of Biomechanics 18: 717-721. Van Valkenburgh B. 1991. Iterative evolution of hypercarnivory in canids (Mammalia: Carnivora): evolutionary interactions among sympatric predators. Paleobiology 17: 340-362. Biknevicius AR, Van Valkenburgh B. 1996. Design for killing: craniodental adaptations of predators. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution 2: 393-428. Erickson GM, Catanese J III, Keaveny TM. 2002. Evolution of the biomechanical material properties of the femur. The Anatomical Record 268: 115-124. Hylander WL. 1985. Mandibular function and biomechanical stress and scaling. American Zoologist 25: 315-330. Biknevicius AR, Ruff CB. 1992. The structure of the mandibular corpus and its relationship to feeding behaviors in extant carnivorans. Journal of Zoology 228: 479-507. Tseng ZJ. 2009. Cranial function in a late Miocene Dinocrocuta gigantea (Mammalia: Carnivora) revealed by comparative finite element analysis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 96: 51-67. Feranec RS. 2004. Isotopic evidence of saber-tooth development, growth rate, and diet from the adult canine of Smilodon fatalis from Rancho La Brea. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 206: 303-310. Rayfield EJ. 2005. Aspects of comparative cranial mechanics in the theropod dinosaurs Coelophysis, Allosaurus, and Tyrannosaurus. 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| References_xml | – reference: Dumont ER, Piccirillo J, Grosse IR. 2005. Finite-element analysis of biting behavior and bone stress in the facial skeletons of bats. The Anatomical Record Part A 283A: 319-330. – reference: Hylander WL. 1985. Mandibular function and biomechanical stress and scaling. American Zoologist 25: 315-330. – reference: Tseng ZJ. 2009. Cranial function in a late Miocene Dinocrocuta gigantea (Mammalia: Carnivora) revealed by comparative finite element analysis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 96: 51-67. – reference: Moreno K, Wroe S, Clausen PD, McHenry C, D'Amore DC, Rayfield EJ, Cunningham E. 2008. Cranial performance in the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) as revealed by high-resolution 3-D finite element analysis. Journal of Anatomy 212: 736-746. – reference: Zar JH. 1999. Biostatistical analysis. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall. – reference: Erickson GM, Catanese J III, Keaveny TM. 2002. Evolution of the biomechanical material properties of the femur. The Anatomical Record 268: 115-124. – reference: Feranec RS. 2004. Isotopic evidence of saber-tooth development, growth rate, and diet from the adult canine of Smilodon fatalis from Rancho La Brea. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 206: 303-310. – reference: Ashman RB, Rosinia G, Cowin SC, Fontenot MG. 1985. The bone tissue of the canine mandible is elastically isotropic. Journal of Biomechanics 18: 717-721. – reference: Greaves WS. 1988. A Functional consequence of an ossified mandibular symphysis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 77: 53-56. – reference: Thomason JJ. 1991. Cranial strength in relation to estimate biting forces in some mammals. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69: 2326-2333. – reference: Van Valkenburgh B. 1991. Iterative evolution of hypercarnivory in canids (Mammalia: Carnivora): evolutionary interactions among sympatric predators. Paleobiology 17: 340-362. – reference: McHenry C, Clausen PD, Daniel WJT, Meers MB, Pendharkar A. 2006. Biomechanics of the rostrum in crocodilians, a comparative analysis using finite element modeling. The Anatomical Record Part A 288A: 827-849. – reference: Tanner JB, Dumont ER, Sakai ST, Lundrigan BL, Holekamp KE. 2008. Of arcs and vaults: the biomechanics of bone-cracking in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 95: 246-255. – reference: Werdelin L. 1989. Constraint and adaptation in the bone-cracking canid Osteoborus (Mammalia: Canidae). Paleobiology 15: 387-401. – reference: Rayfield EJ. 2005. Aspects of comparative cranial mechanics in the theropod dinosaurs Coelophysis, Allosaurus, and Tyrannosaurus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144: 309-316. – reference: Biknevicius AR, Ruff CB. 1992. The structure of the mandibular corpus and its relationship to feeding behaviors in extant carnivorans. Journal of Zoology 228: 479-507. – reference: Biknevicius AR, Van Valkenburgh B. 1996. Design for killing: craniodental adaptations of predators. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution 2: 393-428. – reference: Werdelin L, Solounias N. 1991. The Hyaenidae: taxonomy, systematics and evolution. Fossils and Strata 30: 1-104. – reference: Greaves WS. 1985. The generalized carnivore jaw. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 267-274. – reference: Benoit M. 2006. Multiphasic allometric analysis in lions (Panthera leo): life history expressed through morphometrics. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26: S41A. – reference: Hylander WL. 1986. In-vivo bone strain as an indicator of masticatory bite force in Macaca fascicularis. Archives of Oral Biology 31: 149-157. – reference: McHenry C, Wroe S, Clausen PD, Moreno K, Cunningham E. 2007. Supermodeled sabercat, predatory behavior in Smilodon fatalis revealed by high-resolution 3D computer simulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104: 16010-16015. – reference: Van Valkenburgh B. 1988. Trophic diversity in past and present guilds of large predatory mammals. Paleobiology 14: 155-173. – reference: Farke AA. 2008. Frontal sinuses and head-butting in goats: a finite element analysis. The Journal of Experimental Biology 211: 3085-3094. – reference: Qiu Z-X, Xie J-Y, Yan D-F. 1988. Discovery of the skull of Dinocrocuta gigantea. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 26: 128-138. – reference: Dechow PC, Hylander WL. 2000. Elastic properties and masticatory bone stress in the macaque mandible. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 112: 553-574. – reference: Greaves WS. 1983. A functional analysis of carnassial biting. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 20: 353-364. – reference: Therrien F. 2005. Mandibular force profiles of extant carnivorans and implications for the feeding behaviour of extinct predators. Journal of Zoology 267: 249-270. – reference: Wang X, Tedford RH, Taylor BE. 1999. Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora: Canidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 243: 1-391. – reference: Rayfield EJ. 2007. Finite element analysis and understanding the biomechanics and evolution of living and fossil organisms. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science 35: 541-576. – reference: Stefen C, Rensberger JM. 2002. The specialized enamel structure of hyaenids (Mammalia, Hyaenidae): description and development within the lineage - including percrocutids. Zoologische Abhandlungen 52: 127-147. – reference: Turner A, Antón M, Werdelin L. 2008. Taxonomy and evolutionary patterns in the fossil Hyaenidae of Europe. Geobios 41: 677-687. – reference: Strait DS, Wang Q, Dechow PC, Ross CF, Richmond BG, Spencer MA, Patel BA. 2005. Modeling elastic properties in finite-element analysis: how much precision is needed to produce an accurate model? The Anatomical Record Part A 283A: 275-287. – reference: Ross CF, Patel BA, Slice DE, Strait DS, Dechow PC, Richmond BG, Spencer MA. 2005. Modeling masticatory muscle force in finite element analysis: sensitivity analysis using principal coordinates analysis. The Anatomical Record Part A 283A: 288-299. – reference: Biknevicius AR. 1996. Functional discrimination in the masticatory apparatus of juvenile and adult cougars (Puma concolor) and spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 1934-1942. – reference: Greaves WS. 1982. A mechanical limitation on the position of the jaw muscles of mammals the one-third rule. Journal of Mammalogy 63: 261-266. – reference: Wroe S, McHenry C, Thomason JJ. 2005. Bite club: comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 272: 619-625. – reference: Turnbull WD. 1970. Mammalian masticatory apparatus. Fieldiana: Geology 18: 149-356. – reference: Biknevicius AR, Leigh SR. 1997. Patterns of growth of the mandibular corpus in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) and cougars (Puma concolor). Zoological Journal of Linnean Society 120: 139-161. – reference: Binder WJ, Van Valkenburgh B. 2000. Development of bite strength and feeding behaviour in juvenile spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). Journal of Zoology 252: 273-283. – reference: Kruuk H. 1972. The spotted hyena: a study of predation and social behavior. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. – reference: Ross CF, Dharia R, Herring SW, Hylander WL, Liu Z-J, Rafferty KL, Ravosa MJ, Williams SH. 2007. Modulation of mandibular loading and bite force in mammals during mastication. Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 1046-1063. – reference: Grosse I, Dumont ER, Coletta C, Tolleson A. 2007. Techniques for modeling muscle-induced forces in finite element models of skeletal structures. 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| Snippet | The relative simplicity of the mandible and its functional integration with the upper dentition in carnivorans makes it an ideal subject for functional... |
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| Title | Mandibular biomechanics of Crocuta crocuta, Canis lupus, and the late Miocene Dinocrocuta gigantea (Carnivora, Mammalia) |
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