漢語「聞／嗅」義詞的現狀與歷史

• Published in: Language and linguistics (Taipei) Vol. 15; no. 5; pp. 699 - 732
• Main Authors: 汪維輝(Wang, Weihui), 秋谷裕幸(Akitani, Hiroyuki)
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: Chinese
• Published: 台灣 中央研究院語言學研究所 01.07.2014; SAGE Publications
• Subjects: A＆HCI; Chinese dialects; diachronic evolution; history of Chinese vocabulary; MEDLINE; Scopus; SSCI; synchronic distribution; THCI; words encoding “to smell” in Chinese; 歷史; 漢語「聞／嗅」義詞; 漢語方言; 漢語詞彙史; 現狀; 漢語「聞／嗅」義詞; 漢語方言; 現狀; 漢語詞彙史; 歷史
• DOI: 10.1177/1606822X14528641
• ISSN: 1606-822X

表示「用鼻子聞」義的詞屬於人類語言的基本詞。本文討論漢語「聞」義詞在現代方言中的分布和歷史上的演變，並嘗試對兩者的關係作出解釋。現代方言中的「聞」義詞有聞、嗅1-a、嗅1-b、嗅2-a、嗅2-b、鼻、噴、聽、嗍、□tʰ-陰上（有音無字）等，主流演變是：｛嗅2許救切→嗅1香仲切→聞→聽兼指「聽」｝。歷史上的主流演變是｛嗅→聞｝，其間「聞」的詞義從最初兼表「聽到聲音」和「聞到氣味」專化為只表「聞到氣味」，然後又轉化為表示「嗅」。「聞」大約在東晉產生「嗅」義，到元代的北方口語裡大致已經完成對「嗅」的替換。「聞」取代「嗅」的起因可能是避諱
Words that encode the notion “to smell with (one’s) nose” are cross-linguistically basic words. This paper gives a comprehensive description of this category of words in Chinese, with respect to both synchronic distribution in modern dialects and diachronic evolution in history, and explan ations of their synchronic-diachronic correlation. So far as synchronic distribution is concerned, words meaning “to smell” attested in Modern Chinese dialects are as follows: “聞” (wen2), “嗅” (xiu4)1-a, “嗅” (xiu4)1-b, “嗅” (xiu4)2-a, “嗅” (xiu4)2-b, “鼻” (bi2), “噴” (pen1), “聽” (ting1), “嗍” (suo1), and □tʰ-陰上（有音無字）(yinshang tone). Diachronic pattern of their evolution can be reconstructed as follows: {“嗅” (xiu4)2許救切 (xu-jiu qie)→ “嗅” (xiu4)1香仲切 (xiang-zhong qie)→“聞