Retinal hypoxia in long-term diabetic cats

To determine whether the retina is hypoxic in early stages of diabetic retinopathy in cats and to correlate intraretinal PO2 with fluorescein angiographic and histologic alterations. Intraretinal PO2 was measured with microelectrodes in three cats with long-standing diabetes (>6 years) that had b...

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Published inInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science Vol. 39; no. 9; pp. 1647 - 1657
Main Authors Linsenmeier, RA, Braun, RD, McRipley, MA, Padnick, LB, Ahmed, J, Hatchell, DL, McLeod, DS, Lutty, GA
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Rockville, MD ARVO 01.08.1998
Association for Research in Vision and Ophtalmology
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Abstract To determine whether the retina is hypoxic in early stages of diabetic retinopathy in cats and to correlate intraretinal PO2 with fluorescein angiographic and histologic alterations. Intraretinal PO2 was measured with microelectrodes in three cats with long-standing diabetes (>6 years) that had been followed with fluorescein angiographs every 6 months. Average PO2 in the inner vascularized half of the retina was compared with similar measurements in 21 control animals. Photoreceptor oxygen consumption was also compared. The retinal vascular endothelium of the diabetic animals was stained for ADPase activity in flatmounts, and transverse sections were used to visualize microscopic alterations in vascular structure. PO2 in the inner half of the retina was abnormally low in the diabetic cats, 7.7+/-5.2 mm Hg (35 penetrations in 3 cats) versus 16.4+/-9.3 mm Hg in normal cats (85 penetrations in 21 cats) (P << 0.001). Oxygenation was almost normal in some regions of the diabetic retinas, but little evidence of oxygen supply from the retinal circulation was observed in other regions. Inner retinal hypoxia was present in areas with no detectable capillary dropout in fluorescein angiograms or flatmounts. The worst changes histologically were microaneurysms, leukocyte and platelet plugging of aneurysms and venules, and degenerating endothelial cells in capillary walls. These histologic abnormalities were confined to small regions, some of which could be positively correlated with markedly abnormal PO2 profiles. Photoreceptor oxygen utilization was not affected in two diabetic cats, but was below normal in one animal in which choroidal PO2 was low. This is the first direct demonstration of retinal hypoxia in early diabetic retinopathy, before capillary dropout was evident clinically. Hypoxia was correlated with endothelial cell death, leukocyte plugging of vessels, and microaneurysms.
AbstractList PURPOSETo determine whether the retina is hypoxic in early stages of diabetic retinopathy in cats and to correlate intraretinal PO2 with fluorescein angiographic and histologic alterations.METHODSIntraretinal PO2 was measured with microelectrodes in three cats with long-standing diabetes (>6 years) that had been followed with fluorescein angiographs every 6 months. Average PO2 in the inner vascularized half of the retina was compared with similar measurements in 21 control animals. Photoreceptor oxygen consumption was also compared. The retinal vascular endothelium of the diabetic animals was stained for ADPase activity in flatmounts, and transverse sections were used to visualize microscopic alterations in vascular structure.RESULTSPO2 in the inner half of the retina was abnormally low in the diabetic cats, 7.7+/-5.2 mm Hg (35 penetrations in 3 cats) versus 16.4+/-9.3 mm Hg in normal cats (85 penetrations in 21 cats) (P << 0.001). Oxygenation was almost normal in some regions of the diabetic retinas, but little evidence of oxygen supply from the retinal circulation was observed in other regions. Inner retinal hypoxia was present in areas with no detectable capillary dropout in fluorescein angiograms or flatmounts. The worst changes histologically were microaneurysms, leukocyte and platelet plugging of aneurysms and venules, and degenerating endothelial cells in capillary walls. These histologic abnormalities were confined to small regions, some of which could be positively correlated with markedly abnormal PO2 profiles. Photoreceptor oxygen utilization was not affected in two diabetic cats, but was below normal in one animal in which choroidal PO2 was low.CONCLUSIONSThis is the first direct demonstration of retinal hypoxia in early diabetic retinopathy, before capillary dropout was evident clinically. Hypoxia was correlated with endothelial cell death, leukocyte plugging of vessels, and microaneurysms.
To determine whether the retina is hypoxic in early stages of diabetic retinopathy in cats and to correlate intraretinal PO2 with fluorescein angiographic and histologic alterations. Intraretinal PO2 was measured with microelectrodes in three cats with long-standing diabetes (>6 years) that had been followed with fluorescein angiographs every 6 months. Average PO2 in the inner vascularized half of the retina was compared with similar measurements in 21 control animals. Photoreceptor oxygen consumption was also compared. The retinal vascular endothelium of the diabetic animals was stained for ADPase activity in flatmounts, and transverse sections were used to visualize microscopic alterations in vascular structure. PO2 in the inner half of the retina was abnormally low in the diabetic cats, 7.7+/-5.2 mm Hg (35 penetrations in 3 cats) versus 16.4+/-9.3 mm Hg in normal cats (85 penetrations in 21 cats) (P << 0.001). Oxygenation was almost normal in some regions of the diabetic retinas, but little evidence of oxygen supply from the retinal circulation was observed in other regions. Inner retinal hypoxia was present in areas with no detectable capillary dropout in fluorescein angiograms or flatmounts. The worst changes histologically were microaneurysms, leukocyte and platelet plugging of aneurysms and venules, and degenerating endothelial cells in capillary walls. These histologic abnormalities were confined to small regions, some of which could be positively correlated with markedly abnormal PO2 profiles. Photoreceptor oxygen utilization was not affected in two diabetic cats, but was below normal in one animal in which choroidal PO2 was low. This is the first direct demonstration of retinal hypoxia in early diabetic retinopathy, before capillary dropout was evident clinically. Hypoxia was correlated with endothelial cell death, leukocyte plugging of vessels, and microaneurysms.
Author Braun, RD
Ahmed, J
Lutty, GA
McRipley, MA
McLeod, DS
Hatchell, DL
Linsenmeier, RA
Padnick, LB
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Issue 9
Keywords Endocrinopathy
Fissipedia
Carnivora
Oxygen
Retinopathy
Pathogenesis
Diabetes mellitus
Retina
Eye disease
Vertebrata
Mammalia
Animal
Cat
Complication
Hypoxia
Early
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PublicationTitle Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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Snippet To determine whether the retina is hypoxic in early stages of diabetic retinopathy in cats and to correlate intraretinal PO2 with fluorescein angiographic and...
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StartPage 1647
SubjectTerms Animals
Apyrase - metabolism
Associated diseases and complications
Biological and medical sciences
Cats
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental - etiology
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental - metabolism
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental - physiopathology
Diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance
Diabetic Retinopathy - metabolism
Diabetic Retinopathy - pathology
Diabetic Retinopathy - physiopathology
Endocrine pancreas. Apud cells (diseases)
Endocrinopathies
Endothelium, Vascular - enzymology
Endothelium, Vascular - pathology
Fluorescein Angiography
Hypoxia - metabolism
Hypoxia - pathology
Hypoxia - physiopathology
Medical sciences
Microelectrodes
Oxygen - metabolism
Oxygen Consumption
Pancreatectomy - adverse effects
Photoreceptor Cells - metabolism
Photoreceptor Cells - pathology
Retinal Vessels - metabolism
Retinal Vessels - pathology
Retinal Vessels - physiopathology
Title Retinal hypoxia in long-term diabetic cats
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