Aconitum Alkaloid Poisoning Because of Contamination of Herbs by Aconite Roots
Aconitum alkaloid poisoning can occur after drinking decoction and soup made from non‐toxic herbs contaminated by aconite roots. In the present review, the main objective is to describe the clinical features, investigations and possible sources of contamination. A combination of neurological, gastro...
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| Published in | Phytotherapy research Vol. 30; no. 1; pp. 3 - 8 |
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| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Heyden & Son
01.01.2016
Blackwell Publishing Ltd Wiley Subscription Services, Inc |
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| Abstract | Aconitum alkaloid poisoning can occur after drinking decoction and soup made from non‐toxic herbs contaminated by aconite roots. In the present review, the main objective is to describe the clinical features, investigations and possible sources of contamination. A combination of neurological, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular signs and symptoms was seen. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias could occur in 18% of subjects. Yunaconitine and crassicauline A, mainly found in certain aconite roots from Southwest China, are most commonly involved. Herbal residues and unused herbs should first be inspected for gross contamination. On‐site inspection at the retailer should exclude accidental mix‐up or cross‐contamination when handling aconite roots. Samples of prescribed herbs are examined for gross contamination and analysed for the presence of Aconitum alkaloids. Samples of the implicated herb are also collected from the wholesaler for investigation. If post‐import contamination is unlikely, the regulatory authorities of the exporting countries should be notified for follow‐up actions. It is a challenging task to work out how non‐toxic herbs become contaminated by aconite roots. The source control with good agricultural and collection practices and quality assurance must be enhanced. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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| AbstractList | Aconitum alkaloid poisoning can occur after drinking decoction and soup made from non-toxic herbs contaminated by aconite roots. In the present review, the main objective is to describe the clinical features, investigations and possible sources of contamination. A combination of neurological, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular signs and symptoms was seen. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias could occur in 18% of subjects. Yunaconitine and crassicauline A, mainly found in certain aconite roots from Southwest China, are most commonly involved. Herbal residues and unused herbs should first be inspected for gross contamination. On-site inspection at the retailer should exclude accidental mix-up or cross-contamination when handling aconite roots. Samples of prescribed herbs are examined for gross contamination and analysed for the presence of Aconitum alkaloids. Samples of the implicated herb are also collected from the wholesaler for investigation. If post-import contamination is unlikely, the regulatory authorities of the exporting countries should be notified for follow-up actions. It is a challenging task to work out how non-toxic herbs become contaminated by aconite roots. The source control with good agricultural and collection practices and quality assurance must be enhanced. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Aconitum alkaloid poisoning can occur after drinking decoction and soup made from non‐toxic herbs contaminated by aconite roots. In the present review, the main objective is to describe the clinical features, investigations and possible sources of contamination. A combination of neurological, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular signs and symptoms was seen. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias could occur in 18% of subjects. Yunaconitine and crassicauline A, mainly found in certain aconite roots from Southwest China, are most commonly involved. Herbal residues and unused herbs should first be inspected for gross contamination. On‐site inspection at the retailer should exclude accidental mix‐up or cross‐contamination when handling aconite roots. Samples of prescribed herbs are examined for gross contamination and analysed for the presence of Aconitum alkaloids. Samples of the implicated herb are also collected from the wholesaler for investigation. If post‐import contamination is unlikely, the regulatory authorities of the exporting countries should be notified for follow‐up actions. It is a challenging task to work out how non‐toxic herbs become contaminated by aconite roots. The source control with good agricultural and collection practices and quality assurance must be enhanced. |
| Author | Chan, Thomas Y. K. |
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| Keywords | aconite poisoning Aconitum alkaloids aconite roots |
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| References | Chan TYK. 1995. Anticholinergic poisoning due to Chinese herbal medicines. Vet Hum Toxicol 37: 156-157. Guo J, Yang XD, Liu LH, Mei SX, Zhao JF, Li L. 2003. Diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum tuguancunense. J Yunnan Univ 25: 50-52. Ma XQ, Jiang SH, Zhu DY. 1998. Diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum bulleyanum Diels. China J Chin Mater Med 23: 679-703. World Health Organization. 2007. WHO Guidelines for Assessing Quality of Herbal Medicines with Reference to Contaminants and Residues. WHO: Geneva. Chan TYK. 2002. Incidence of herb-induced aconitine poisoning in Hong Kong: impact of publicity measures to promote awareness among the herbalists and the public. Drug Saf 25: 823-828. Lai CK, Poon WT, Chan YW. 2006. Hidden aconite poisoning: identification of yunaconitine and related Aconitum alkaloids in urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 30: 426-433. Chen SPL, Ng SW, Poon WT, et al. 2012. Aconite poisoning over 5 years: a case series in Hong Kong and lessons towards herbal safety. Drug Saf 35: 575-587. Chen DL, Jian XX, Chen QH, Wang FP. 2003. New C19-diterpenoid alkaloids from the roots of Aconitum transsecutum. Acta Chim Sin 61: 901-906. Chen DH, Sung WL. 1984. Alkaloidal constituents of the root of Aconitum pseudogeniculatum. Acta Bot Sin 26: 82-84. Chan TYK. 2015. Incidence and causes of Aconitum alkaloid poisoning in Hong Kong from 1989 to 2010. Phytother Res 29: 1107-1111. Wang JL, Shen XL, Chen QH, Qi G, Wang W, Wang FP. 2009. Structure-analgesic activity relationship studies on the C(18)- and C(19)-diterpenoid alkaloids. Chem Pharm Bull 57: 801-807. Wang FP, Fang QC. 1981. Alkaloids from roots of Aconitum crassicaule. Planta Med 42: 375-379. Lu GH, Li ZB, Yuan L, Chen DL, Jian XX, Wang FP. 1999. Studies on the chemical constituents of Kangding Monkshood Root (Aconitum tatsinenense). Chin Tradit Herb Drugs 30: 164-167. Wang ZH, Ma ZP, He Y, Zhang JZ. 2005. Separation of toxic Aconitum alkaloids (II). Forensic Sci Technol 2: 3-5. Yang S, Yang XD, Yang J, Zhao JF, Li L. 2007. Chemical constituents of Aconitum habaense. J Yunnan Univ 29: 283-286. Chan TYK, Tam HP, Lai CK, Chan AYW. 2005. A multidisciplinary approach to the toxicologic problems associated with the use of herbal medicines. Ther Drug Monit 27: 53-57. Zhao QL, Wu HY, Yang S, Yang XD, Zhao JF, Li L. 2008. Studies on the diterpene alkaloids of Aconitum macrorhynchum. Nat Prod Res Dev 20: 636-638. Zhu DY, Bai DL, Tang XC. 1996. Recent studies on traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Drug Dev Res 39: 147-157. Tsoi OL, Yuen KY, Leung J, Lam R. 2012. A six-year review of adverse events related to yunaconitine and crassicauline A (2006-2011) in Hong Kong [abstract]. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 21(Suppl. 3): 222. Chan TYK. 2014. Aconitum alkaloid poisoning related to the culinary uses of aconite roots. Toxins 6: 2605-2611. Chan TYK. 2012. Contributory factors in herb-induced fatal aconite poisoning. Forensic Sci Int 223: 40-43. Li YM, Gong Y, Jiang YP, Yang Q, Li L. 2013. Diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum episcopale. Chin Tradit Herb Drugs 44: 951-954. Wang R, Ni JM, Hu ZY, Zhao RN. 1991. Diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum sungpanense. J Lanzhou Med Coll 17: 201-204. Chan TYK, Wong RSM, Mak TWL, Chan JCM, Wong GWK, Chan AYW. 2013. Aconite poisoning following the consumption of herbal soup [abstract]. Clin Toxicol 51: 268. Poon WT, Lai CK, Ching CK, et al. 2006. Aconite poisoning in camouflage. Hong Kong Med J 12: 456-459. Chan TYK. 1997. Monitoring the safety of herbal medicines. Drug Saf 17: 209-215. Dong JY, Li L. 2000. Studies on the diterpene alkaloids of Aconitum geniculatum Flet. J Yunnan Univ 22: 220-222. World Health Organization. 2004. WHO Guidelines for the Regulation of Herbal Medicines in the South-East Asia Region. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia: New Delhi. Ding LS, Chen YZ, Li BG. 1991. Alkaloids of Aconitum vilmorinianum var. pat entipilum. Acta Bot Sin 33: 807-809. Zhou G, Tang L, Zhou X, Wang T, Kou Z, Wang Z. 2015. A review on phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the processed lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux. J Ethnopharmacol 160: 173-193. Chan TYK. 1994. Aconitine poisoning: a global perspective. Vet Hum Toxicol 36: 326-328. World Health Organization. 2003. WHO Guidelines on Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACP) for Medicinal Plants. WHO: Geneva. Khan IA. 2006. Issues related to botanicals. Life Sci 78: 2033-2038. Chan TYK, Chan JCN, Tomlinson B, Critchley JAJH. 1993. Chinese herbal medicines revisited: a Hong Kong perspective. Lancet 342: 1532-1534. Hao XJ, Chen SY, Zhou J. 1985. Geniconitine, a new diterpenoid alkaloid from roots of Aconitum geniculatum Fletcher. Acta Bot Sin 27: 504-509. 2015; 160 2006; 30 1991; 17 1996; 39 2012; 223 2006; 78 2013; 44 2006; 12 1984; 26 1995; 37 2010 1991; 33 2000; 22 2007 2004 2003 2005; 27 2012; 35 1998; 23 1985; 27 1981; 42 1993; 342 2007; 29 2002; 25 2009; 57 2015; 29 2013; 51 2003; 25 1994; 36 1997; 17 1999; 30 2005; 2 2008; 20 2003; 61 2014; 6 2012; 21 |
| References_xml | – reference: Tsoi OL, Yuen KY, Leung J, Lam R. 2012. A six-year review of adverse events related to yunaconitine and crassicauline A (2006-2011) in Hong Kong [abstract]. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 21(Suppl. 3): 222. – reference: Hao XJ, Chen SY, Zhou J. 1985. Geniconitine, a new diterpenoid alkaloid from roots of Aconitum geniculatum Fletcher. Acta Bot Sin 27: 504-509. – reference: Lu GH, Li ZB, Yuan L, Chen DL, Jian XX, Wang FP. 1999. Studies on the chemical constituents of Kangding Monkshood Root (Aconitum tatsinenense). Chin Tradit Herb Drugs 30: 164-167. – reference: Wang ZH, Ma ZP, He Y, Zhang JZ. 2005. Separation of toxic Aconitum alkaloids (II). Forensic Sci Technol 2: 3-5. – reference: Guo J, Yang XD, Liu LH, Mei SX, Zhao JF, Li L. 2003. Diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum tuguancunense. J Yunnan Univ 25: 50-52. – reference: Lai CK, Poon WT, Chan YW. 2006. Hidden aconite poisoning: identification of yunaconitine and related Aconitum alkaloids in urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 30: 426-433. – reference: World Health Organization. 2004. WHO Guidelines for the Regulation of Herbal Medicines in the South-East Asia Region. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia: New Delhi. – reference: Khan IA. 2006. Issues related to botanicals. Life Sci 78: 2033-2038. – reference: Zhao QL, Wu HY, Yang S, Yang XD, Zhao JF, Li L. 2008. Studies on the diterpene alkaloids of Aconitum macrorhynchum. Nat Prod Res Dev 20: 636-638. – reference: Wang FP, Fang QC. 1981. Alkaloids from roots of Aconitum crassicaule. Planta Med 42: 375-379. – reference: Chen SPL, Ng SW, Poon WT, et al. 2012. Aconite poisoning over 5 years: a case series in Hong Kong and lessons towards herbal safety. Drug Saf 35: 575-587. – reference: Chan TYK. 1995. Anticholinergic poisoning due to Chinese herbal medicines. Vet Hum Toxicol 37: 156-157. – reference: Wang JL, Shen XL, Chen QH, Qi G, Wang W, Wang FP. 2009. Structure-analgesic activity relationship studies on the C(18)- and C(19)-diterpenoid alkaloids. Chem Pharm Bull 57: 801-807. – reference: Poon WT, Lai CK, Ching CK, et al. 2006. Aconite poisoning in camouflage. Hong Kong Med J 12: 456-459. – reference: Chan TYK. 2002. Incidence of herb-induced aconitine poisoning in Hong Kong: impact of publicity measures to promote awareness among the herbalists and the public. Drug Saf 25: 823-828. – reference: World Health Organization. 2007. WHO Guidelines for Assessing Quality of Herbal Medicines with Reference to Contaminants and Residues. WHO: Geneva. – reference: World Health Organization. 2003. WHO Guidelines on Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACP) for Medicinal Plants. WHO: Geneva. – reference: Chan TYK, Wong RSM, Mak TWL, Chan JCM, Wong GWK, Chan AYW. 2013. Aconite poisoning following the consumption of herbal soup [abstract]. Clin Toxicol 51: 268. – reference: Zhu DY, Bai DL, Tang XC. 1996. Recent studies on traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Drug Dev Res 39: 147-157. – reference: Chan TYK. 1994. Aconitine poisoning: a global perspective. Vet Hum Toxicol 36: 326-328. – reference: Ma XQ, Jiang SH, Zhu DY. 1998. Diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum bulleyanum Diels. China J Chin Mater Med 23: 679-703. – reference: Chan TYK, Tam HP, Lai CK, Chan AYW. 2005. A multidisciplinary approach to the toxicologic problems associated with the use of herbal medicines. Ther Drug Monit 27: 53-57. – reference: Chan TYK. 2012. Contributory factors in herb-induced fatal aconite poisoning. Forensic Sci Int 223: 40-43. – reference: Chan TYK, Chan JCN, Tomlinson B, Critchley JAJH. 1993. Chinese herbal medicines revisited: a Hong Kong perspective. Lancet 342: 1532-1534. – reference: Chan TYK. 2015. Incidence and causes of Aconitum alkaloid poisoning in Hong Kong from 1989 to 2010. Phytother Res 29: 1107-1111. – reference: Chen DL, Jian XX, Chen QH, Wang FP. 2003. New C19-diterpenoid alkaloids from the roots of Aconitum transsecutum. Acta Chim Sin 61: 901-906. – reference: Dong JY, Li L. 2000. Studies on the diterpene alkaloids of Aconitum geniculatum Flet. J Yunnan Univ 22: 220-222. – reference: Li YM, Gong Y, Jiang YP, Yang Q, Li L. 2013. Diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum episcopale. Chin Tradit Herb Drugs 44: 951-954. – reference: Ding LS, Chen YZ, Li BG. 1991. Alkaloids of Aconitum vilmorinianum var. pat entipilum. Acta Bot Sin 33: 807-809. – reference: Yang S, Yang XD, Yang J, Zhao JF, Li L. 2007. Chemical constituents of Aconitum habaense. J Yunnan Univ 29: 283-286. – reference: Wang R, Ni JM, Hu ZY, Zhao RN. 1991. Diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum sungpanense. J Lanzhou Med Coll 17: 201-204. – reference: Zhou G, Tang L, Zhou X, Wang T, Kou Z, Wang Z. 2015. A review on phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the processed lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux. J Ethnopharmacol 160: 173-193. – reference: Chan TYK. 1997. Monitoring the safety of herbal medicines. Drug Saf 17: 209-215. – reference: Chen DH, Sung WL. 1984. Alkaloidal constituents of the root of Aconitum pseudogeniculatum. Acta Bot Sin 26: 82-84. – reference: Chan TYK. 2014. Aconitum alkaloid poisoning related to the culinary uses of aconite roots. Toxins 6: 2605-2611. – volume: 342 start-page: 1532 year: 1993 end-page: 1534 article-title: Chinese herbal medicines revisited: a Hong Kong perspective publication-title: Lancet – volume: 36 start-page: 326 year: 1994 end-page: 328 article-title: Aconitine poisoning: a global perspective publication-title: Vet Hum Toxicol – volume: 44 start-page: 951 year: 2013 end-page: 954 article-title: Diterpenoid alkaloids from publication-title: Chin Tradit Herb Drugs – volume: 61 start-page: 901 year: 2003 end-page: 906 article-title: New C19‐diterpenoid alkaloids from the roots of publication-title: Acta Chim Sin – volume: 30 start-page: 426 year: 2006 end-page: 433 article-title: Hidden aconite poisoning: identification of yunaconitine and related alkaloids in urine by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry publication-title: J Anal Toxicol – volume: 22 start-page: 220 year: 2000 end-page: 222 article-title: Studies on the diterpene alkaloids of Flet publication-title: J Yunnan Univ – volume: 2 start-page: 3 year: 2005 end-page: 5 article-title: Separation of toxic alkaloids (II) publication-title: Forensic Sci Technol – volume: 37 start-page: 156 year: 1995 end-page: 157 article-title: Anticholinergic poisoning due to Chinese herbal medicines publication-title: Vet Hum Toxicol – volume: 21 start-page: 222 issue: Suppl. 3 year: 2012 article-title: A six‐year review of adverse events related to yunaconitine and crassicauline A (2006–2011) in Hong Kong [abstract] publication-title: Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf – year: 2007 – year: 2003 – volume: 27 start-page: 504 year: 1985 end-page: 509 article-title: Geniconitine, a new diterpenoid alkaloid from roots of Fletcher publication-title: Acta Bot Sin – volume: 33 start-page: 807 year: 1991 end-page: 809 article-title: Alkaloids of publication-title: Acta Bot Sin – volume: 51 start-page: 268 year: 2013 article-title: Aconite poisoning following the consumption of herbal soup [abstract] publication-title: Clin Toxicol – volume: 25 start-page: 823 year: 2002 end-page: 828 article-title: Incidence of herb‐induced aconitine poisoning in Hong Kong: impact of publicity measures to promote awareness among the herbalists and the public publication-title: Drug Saf – volume: 26 start-page: 82 year: 1984 end-page: 84 article-title: Alkaloidal constituents of the root of publication-title: Acta Bot Sin – volume: 35 start-page: 575 year: 2012 end-page: 587 article-title: Aconite poisoning over 5 years: a case series in Hong Kong and lessons towards herbal safety publication-title: Drug Saf – volume: 17 start-page: 201 year: 1991 end-page: 204 article-title: Diterpenoid alkaloids from publication-title: J Lanzhou Med Coll – volume: 29 start-page: 1107 year: 2015 end-page: 1111 article-title: Incidence and causes of alkaloid poisoning in Hong Kong from 1989 to 2010 publication-title: Phytother Res – year: 2010 – volume: 57 start-page: 801 year: 2009 end-page: 807 article-title: Structure–analgesic activity 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| Snippet | Aconitum alkaloid poisoning can occur after drinking decoction and soup made from non‐toxic herbs contaminated by aconite roots. In the present review, the... Aconitum alkaloid poisoning can occur after drinking decoction and soup made from non-toxic herbs contaminated by aconite roots. In the present review, the... |
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| SubjectTerms | aconite poisoning aconite roots Aconitine - analogs & derivatives Aconitine - poisoning Aconitum Aconitum - chemistry Aconitum - poisoning Aconitum alkaloids Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over alkaloidosis alkaloids Alkaloids - chemistry Alkaloids - poisoning China cross contamination drinking Drug Contamination Drugs, Chinese Herbal - chemistry Drugs, Chinese Herbal - poisoning Female gastrointestinal system herbs Humans Male Middle Aged Plant Roots - poisoning quality control roots soups Young Adult |
| Title | Aconitum Alkaloid Poisoning Because of Contamination of Herbs by Aconite Roots |
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