Coexistence and Habitat Preference of Two Honeyeaters and a Sunbird on Lombok, Indonesia
On the island of Lombok, Indonesia, three nectarivorous birds partially coexist: the two closely related and very similar Lichmera honeyeaters and a sunbird (Cinnyris jugularis). We investigated how these species segregated ecologically in areas where they coexisted by evaluating foraging visits and...
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| Published in | Biotropica Vol. 43; no. 3; pp. 351 - 356 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Malden, USA
Blackwell Publishing Inc
01.05.2011
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| Abstract | On the island of Lombok, Indonesia, three nectarivorous birds partially coexist: the two closely related and very similar Lichmera honeyeaters and a sunbird (Cinnyris jugularis). We investigated how these species segregated ecologically in areas where they coexisted by evaluating foraging visits and aggressive interactions at rich and poor nectar resources in different habitats (forest and open areas) along an altitudinal gradient (800-1600 m asl). The two honeyeaters were partially segregated by altitude. In the zone of overlap, Lichmera limbata dominated the richest forest resources, while Lichmera lombokia dominated the richest resources in open land. The sunbird, C. jugularis, was only observed in open habitats and mostly at poor resource patches. In the three-species community in open habitats a dominance hierarchy was apparent with L. lombokia as the superior species and C. jugularis as the inferior species. Studies on how segregated species interact in their transition zone can help us to understand interactions between otherwise ecologically segregated species. |
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| AbstractList | On the island of Lombok, Indonesia, three nectarivorous birds partially coexist: the two closely related and very similar Lichmera honeyeaters and a sunbird (Cinnyris jugularis). We investigated how these species segregated ecologically in areas where they coexisted by evaluating foraging visits and aggressive interactions at rich and poor nectar resources in different habitats (forest and open areas) along an altitudinal gradient (800-1600masl). The two honeyeaters were partially segregated by altitude. In the zone of overlap, Lichmera limbata dominated the richest forest resources, while Lichmera lombokia dominated the richest resources in open land. The sunbird, C. jugularis, was only observed in open habitats and mostly at poor resource patches. In the three-species community in open habitats a dominance hierarchy was apparent with L. lombokia as the superior species and C. jugularis as the inferior species. Studies on how segregated species interact in their transition zone can help us to understand interactions between otherwise ecologically segregated species. On the island of Lombok, Indonesia, three nectarivorous birds partially coexist: the two closely related and very similar Lichmera honeyeaters and a sunbird (Cinnyris jugularis). We investigated how these species segregated ecologically in areas where they coexisted by evaluating foraging visits and aggressive interactions at rich and poor nectar resources in different habitats (forest and open areas) along an altitudinal gradient (800–1600 m asl). The two honeyeaters were partially segregated by altitude. In the zone of overlap, Lichmera limbata dominated the richest forest resources, while Lichmera lombokia dominated the richest resources in open land. The sunbird, C. jugularis, was only observed in open habitats and mostly at poor resource patches. In the three-species community in open habitats a dominance hierarchy was apparent with L. lombokia as the superior species and C. jugularis as the inferior species. Studies on how segregated species interact in their transition zone can help us to understand interactions between otherwise ecologically segregated species. ABSTRACT On the island of Lombok, Indonesia, three nectarivorous birds partially coexist: the two closely related and very similar Lichmera honeyeaters and a sunbird (Cinnyris jugularis). We investigated how these species segregated ecologically in areas where they coexisted by evaluating foraging visits and aggressive interactions at rich and poor nectar resources in different habitats (forest and open areas) along an altitudinal gradient (800–1600 m asl). The two honeyeaters were partially segregated by altitude. In the zone of overlap, Lichmera limbata dominated the richest forest resources, while Lichmera lombokia dominated the richest resources in open land. The sunbird, C. jugularis, was only observed in open habitats and mostly at poor resource patches. In the three‐species community in open habitats a dominance hierarchy was apparent with L. lombokia as the superior species and C. jugularis as the inferior species. Studies on how segregated species interact in their transition zone can help us to understand interactions between otherwise ecologically segregated species. |
| Author | Carstensen, Daniel W. Olesen, Jens M. Sweeny, Redmond Ehlers, Bodil |
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| Keywords | Nectariniidae Wallacea Tropical zone island community Lichmera limbata Habitat selection Coexistence Island Vertebrata Meliphagidae Ecological segregation Lichmera lombokia Aves Cinnyris jugularis Community |
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| References | Altshuler, D. L. 2006. Flight performance and competitive displacement of hummingbirds across elevational gradients. Am. Nat. 167: 216-229. Gill, F. B., and L. L. Wolf. 1975b. Foraging strategies and energetics of East-African sunbirds at mistletoe flowers. Am. Nat. 109: 491-510. Gill, F. B., and L. L. Wolf. 1975a. Economics of feeding territoriality in Golden-winged sunbird. Ecology 56: 333-345. Snow, B. K., and D. W. Snow. 1972. Feeding niches of hummingbirds in a Trinidad valley. J. Anim. Ecol. 41: 471-485. Poulsen, M. K., and F. R. Lambert. 2000. Altitudinal distribution and habitat preferences of forest birds on Halmahera and Buru, Indonesia: Implications for conservation of Moluccan avifaunas. Ibis 142: 566-586. Feinsinger, P., and R. K. Colwell. 1978. Community organization among Neotropical nectar-feeding birds. Am. Zool. 18: 779-795. Cody, M. L., and H. Walter. 1976. Habitat selection and interspecific interactions among Mediterranean Sylviid warblers. Oikos 27: 210-238. Grant, V., and E. J. Temeles. 1992. Foraging ability of Rufous Hummingbird on hummingbird flowers and hawkmoth flowers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 9400-9404. Stiles, F. G., and L. L. Wolf. 1970. Hummingbird territoriality at a tropical flowering tree. Auk 87: 467-491. Coates, B. J., and K. D. Bishop. 1997. A guide to the birds of Wallacea: Sulawezi, the Moluccas and Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Dove Publications, Totnes, U.K. Remsen, J. V. Jr., and W. S. Graves IV. 1995. Distribution patterns and zoogeography of Atlapetes brush-finches (Emberizinae) of the Andes. Auk 112: 210-224. McFarland, D. C. 1986. The organization of a honeyeater community in an unpredictable environment. Austr. J. Ecol. 11: 107-120. Feinsinger, P. 1976. Organization of a tropical guild of nectarivorous birds. Ecol. Monogr. 46: 257-291. Diamond, J. M. 1973. Distributional ecology of New Guinea birds. Science 179: 759-769. Lack, D. 1971. Ecological isolation in birds. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Lack, D. 1973. The numbers of species of hummingbirds in the West Indies. Evolution 27: 326-337. Mees, G. F. 2006. Avifauna of hlores (Lesser Sunda islands). Zool. Med. 80 (3): 1-261. Brown, J. H. 1971. Mechanisms of competitive exclusion between two species of chipmunks. Ecology 52: 305-311. Pimm, S. L., and J. W. Pimm. 1982. Resource use, competition, and resource availability in Hawaiian honeycreepers. Ecology 63: 1468-1480. Sherry, T. W., and R. T. Holmes. 1988. Habitat selection by breeding American Redstarts in response to a dominant competitor, the Least Flycatcher. Auk 105: 350-364. Mayr, E., and J. Diamond. 2002. The birds of Northern Melanesia, speciation, ecology, and biogeography. Oxford University Press, New York, New York. Huxley, J. S. 1942. Evolution: The modern synthesis. Allen & Unwin, London, U.K. Cotton, P. A. 1998. Temporal partitioning of a floral resource by territorial hummingbirds. Ibis 140: 647-653. Kodric-Brown, A., J. H. Brown, G. S. Byers, and D. F. Gori. 1984. Organization of a tropical island community of hummingbirds and flowers. Ecology 65: 1358-1368. Ricklefs, R. E., and E. Bermingham. 2002. The concept of the taxon cycle in biogeography. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 11: 353-361. Terborgh, J., and J. S. Weske. 1975. Role of competition in distribution of Andean birds. Ecology 56: 562-576. Ford, H. A. 1979. Interspecific competition in Australian honeyeaters - depletion of common resources. Austr. J. Ecol. 4: 145-164. Hutchinson, G. E. 1959. Homage to Santa Rosalia or why are there so many kinds of animals. Am. Nat. 93: 145-159. Ford, H. A., and D. C. Paton. 1982. Partitioning of nectar sources in an Australian honeyeater community. Austr. J. Ecol. 7: 149-159. Carlquist, S. 1965. Island life: A natural history of the islands of the world. Natural History Press, Garden City, Kansas. Trainor, C. R. 2002b. Status and habitat associations of birds on Lembata Island, Wallacea, Indonesia, with reference to a simple technique for avifaunal survey on small islands. Bird Conserv. Int. 12: 365-381. Mees, G. F. 1964. Notes on two small collections of birds from New Guinea. Zool. Verh. 66: 1-37. Dalsgaard, B., M. M. A. González, J. M. Olesen, J. Ollerton, A. Timmermann, L. H. Andersen, and A. G. Tossas. 2009. Plant-hummingbird interactions in the West Indies: Floral specialisation gradients associated with environment and hummingbird size. Oecologia 159: 757-766. Leyequien, E., W. F. de Boer, and A. Cleef. 2007. Influence of body size on coexistence of bird species. Ecol. Res. 22: 735-741. Carstensen, D. W., and J. M. Olesen. 2009. Wallacea and its nectarivorous birds: Nestedness and modules. J. Biogeogr. 36: 1540-1550. Temeles, E. J., C. R. Koulouris, S. E. Sander, and W. J. Kress. 2009. Effect of flower shape and size on foraging performance and trade-offs in a tropical hummingbird. Ecology 90: 1147-1161. MacArthur, R. H. 1958. Population ecology of some warblers of northeastern coniferous forests. Ecology 39: 599-619. Ripley, S. D. 1959. Competition between sunbird and honeyeater species in the Moluccan islands. Am. Nat. 93: 127-132. Carpenter, L. F. 1978. A spectrum of nectar-eater communities. Am. Zool. 18: 809-819. Colwell, R. K. 1973. Competition and coexistence in a simple tropical community. Am. Nat. 107: 737-760. Lack, D. 1976. Island biology. Blackwell, Oxford, U.K. Trainor, C. R. 2002a. Birds of Gunung Tambora, Sumbawa, Indonesia: Effects of altitude, the 1815 cataclysmic volcanic eruption and trade. 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| References_xml | – reference: Feinsinger, P., and R. K. Colwell. 1978. Community organization among Neotropical nectar-feeding birds. Am. Zool. 18: 779-795. – reference: Pimm, S. L., and J. W. Pimm. 1982. Resource use, competition, and resource availability in Hawaiian honeycreepers. Ecology 63: 1468-1480. – reference: Snow, B. K., and D. W. Snow. 1972. Feeding niches of hummingbirds in a Trinidad valley. J. Anim. Ecol. 41: 471-485. – reference: Gill, F. B., and L. L. Wolf. 1975b. Foraging strategies and energetics of East-African sunbirds at mistletoe flowers. Am. Nat. 109: 491-510. – reference: Terborgh, J., and J. S. Weske. 1975. Role of competition in distribution of Andean birds. Ecology 56: 562-576. – reference: Poulsen, M. K., and F. R. Lambert. 2000. Altitudinal distribution and habitat preferences of forest birds on Halmahera and Buru, Indonesia: Implications for conservation of Moluccan avifaunas. Ibis 142: 566-586. – reference: Carlquist, S. 1965. Island life: A natural history of the islands of the world. Natural History Press, Garden City, Kansas. – reference: Mayr, E., and J. Diamond. 2002. The birds of Northern Melanesia, speciation, ecology, and biogeography. Oxford University Press, New York, New York. – reference: MacArthur, R. H. 1958. Population ecology of some warblers of northeastern coniferous forests. Ecology 39: 599-619. – reference: Ford, H. A. 1979. Interspecific competition in Australian honeyeaters - depletion of common resources. Austr. J. Ecol. 4: 145-164. – reference: Grant, V., and E. J. Temeles. 1992. Foraging ability of Rufous Hummingbird on hummingbird flowers and hawkmoth flowers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 9400-9404. – reference: Sherry, T. W., and R. T. Holmes. 1988. Habitat selection by breeding American Redstarts in response to a dominant competitor, the Least Flycatcher. Auk 105: 350-364. – reference: Altshuler, D. L. 2006. Flight performance and competitive displacement of hummingbirds across elevational gradients. Am. Nat. 167: 216-229. – reference: Coates, B. J., and K. D. Bishop. 1997. A guide to the birds of Wallacea: Sulawezi, the Moluccas and Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Dove Publications, Totnes, U.K. – reference: Dalsgaard, B., M. M. A. González, J. M. Olesen, J. Ollerton, A. Timmermann, L. H. Andersen, and A. G. Tossas. 2009. Plant-hummingbird interactions in the West Indies: Floral specialisation gradients associated with environment and hummingbird size. Oecologia 159: 757-766. – reference: Kodric-Brown, A., J. H. Brown, G. S. Byers, and D. F. Gori. 1984. Organization of a tropical island community of hummingbirds and flowers. Ecology 65: 1358-1368. – reference: Mees, G. F. 1964. Notes on two small collections of birds from New Guinea. Zool. Verh. 66: 1-37. – reference: Mees, G. F. 2006. Avifauna of hlores (Lesser Sunda islands). Zool. Med. 80 (3): 1-261. – reference: Feinsinger, P. 1976. Organization of a tropical guild of nectarivorous birds. Ecol. Monogr. 46: 257-291. – reference: Cody, M. L., and H. Walter. 1976. Habitat selection and interspecific interactions among Mediterranean Sylviid warblers. Oikos 27: 210-238. – reference: Trainor, C. R. 2002b. Status and habitat associations of birds on Lembata Island, Wallacea, Indonesia, with reference to a simple technique for avifaunal survey on small islands. Bird Conserv. Int. 12: 365-381. – reference: Hutchinson, G. E. 1959. Homage to Santa Rosalia or why are there so many kinds of animals. Am. Nat. 93: 145-159. – reference: Colwell, R. K. 1973. Competition and coexistence in a simple tropical community. Am. Nat. 107: 737-760. – reference: Ricklefs, R. E., and E. Bermingham. 2002. The concept of the taxon cycle in biogeography. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 11: 353-361. – reference: Lack, D. 1973. The numbers of species of hummingbirds in the West Indies. Evolution 27: 326-337. – reference: Huxley, J. S. 1942. Evolution: The modern synthesis. Allen & Unwin, London, U.K. – reference: Lack, D. 1976. Island biology. Blackwell, Oxford, U.K. – reference: Gill, F. B., and L. L. Wolf. 1975a. Economics of feeding territoriality in Golden-winged sunbird. Ecology 56: 333-345. – reference: Remsen, J. V. Jr., and W. S. Graves IV. 1995. Distribution patterns and zoogeography of Atlapetes brush-finches (Emberizinae) of the Andes. Auk 112: 210-224. – reference: Cotton, P. A. 1998. Temporal partitioning of a floral resource by territorial hummingbirds. Ibis 140: 647-653. – reference: Leyequien, E., W. F. de Boer, and A. Cleef. 2007. Influence of body size on coexistence of bird species. Ecol. Res. 22: 735-741. – reference: McFarland, D. C. 1986. The organization of a honeyeater community in an unpredictable environment. Austr. J. Ecol. 11: 107-120. – reference: Temeles, E. J., C. R. Koulouris, S. E. Sander, and W. J. Kress. 2009. Effect of flower shape and size on foraging performance and trade-offs in a tropical hummingbird. Ecology 90: 1147-1161. – reference: Ford, H. A., and D. C. Paton. 1982. Partitioning of nectar sources in an Australian honeyeater community. Austr. J. Ecol. 7: 149-159. – reference: Stiles, F. G., and L. L. Wolf. 1970. Hummingbird territoriality at a tropical flowering tree. Auk 87: 467-491. – reference: Carstensen, D. W., and J. M. Olesen. 2009. Wallacea and its nectarivorous birds: Nestedness and modules. J. Biogeogr. 36: 1540-1550. – reference: Diamond, J. M. 1973. Distributional ecology of New Guinea birds. Science 179: 759-769. – reference: Ripley, S. D. 1959. Competition between sunbird and honeyeater species in the Moluccan islands. Am. Nat. 93: 127-132. – reference: Trainor, C. R. 2002a. Birds of Gunung Tambora, Sumbawa, Indonesia: Effects of altitude, the 1815 cataclysmic volcanic eruption and trade. Forktail 18: 49-61. – reference: Lack, D. 1971. Ecological isolation in birds. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. – reference: Brown, J. H. 1971. Mechanisms of competitive exclusion between two species of chipmunks. Ecology 52: 305-311. – reference: Carpenter, L. F. 1978. A spectrum of nectar-eater communities. Am. Zool. 18: 809-819. – volume: 27 start-page: 210 year: 1976 end-page: 238 article-title: Habitat selection and interspecific interactions among Mediterranean Sylviid warblers publication-title: Oikos – volume: 140 start-page: 647 year: 1998 end-page: 653 article-title: Temporal partitioning of a floral resource by territorial hummingbirds publication-title: Ibis – volume: 4 start-page: 145 year: 1979 end-page: 164 article-title: Interspecific competition in Australian honeyeaters – depletion of common resources publication-title: Austr. J. 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| Snippet | On the island of Lombok, Indonesia, three nectarivorous birds partially coexist: the two closely related and very similar Lichmera honeyeaters and a sunbird... ABSTRACT On the island of Lombok, Indonesia, three nectarivorous birds partially coexist: the two closely related and very similar Lichmera honeyeaters and a... |
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| SubjectTerms | Altitude Animal, plant and microbial ecology Applied ecology Aves Biological and medical sciences Birds Cinnyris jugularis Coexistence Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife Dominance ecological segregation Forest ecology Forest habitats Forest resources Forests Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects Habitat Habitat preferences habitats Hummingbirds Indonesia island community Islands Lichmera limbata Lichmera lombokia Meliphagidae Nectar Nectariniidae Population ecology Species Synecology Trees Tropical Biology Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution Wallacea |
| Title | Coexistence and Habitat Preference of Two Honeyeaters and a Sunbird on Lombok, Indonesia |
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