detectability of the colour pattern in the aposematic firebug, Pyrrhocoris apterus: an image‐based experiment with human ‘predators’
Crypsis and aposematism are often regarded as two opposite protective strategies. However, there is large variation in prey appearance within both strategies. In this article, we investigated the conspicuousness of the aposematic red‐and‐black firebug, Pyrrhocoris apterus, by presenting images of na...
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| Published in | Biological journal of the Linnean Society Vol. 105; no. 4; pp. 806 - 816 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Oxford, UK
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.04.2012
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| Abstract | Crypsis and aposematism are often regarded as two opposite protective strategies. However, there is large variation in prey appearance within both strategies. In this article, we investigated the conspicuousness of the aposematic red‐and‐black firebug, Pyrrhocoris apterus, by presenting images of natural and digitally manipulated phenotypes in their natural habitat on a computer screen to human ‘predators’, and comparing the detection times. We asked whether the natural colour pattern can be made more or less conspicuous by rearranging the spatial distribution of colour elements. Hence, we created a phenotype in which the black colour elements were moved to the body outline to test for a possible disruptive effect. In the ‘black’ and ‘red’ manipulations, we removed one of the two colours, creating two uniform colour variants. We found that some of our manipulations increased, but none reduced, the detection time significantly; this indicates that the naturally coloured firebug is highly conspicuous. The detection time varied among backgrounds and there was a significant relationship between detection time and chromatic similarity between the bug and the background for the natural and black phenotypes. Although background colour composition has an important effect on the signal, we argue that the coloration of P. apterus has evolved for high conspicuousness. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 105, 806–816. |
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| AbstractList | Crypsis and aposematism are often regarded as two opposite protective strategies. However, there is large variation in prey appearance within both strategies. In this article, we investigated the conspicuousness of the aposematic red‐and‐black firebug, Pyrrhocoris apterus, by presenting images of natural and digitally manipulated phenotypes in their natural habitat on a computer screen to human ‘predators’, and comparing the detection times. We asked whether the natural colour pattern can be made more or less conspicuous by rearranging the spatial distribution of colour elements. Hence, we created a phenotype in which the black colour elements were moved to the body outline to test for a possible disruptive effect. In the ‘black’ and ‘red’ manipulations, we removed one of the two colours, creating two uniform colour variants. We found that some of our manipulations increased, but none reduced, the detection time significantly; this indicates that the naturally coloured firebug is highly conspicuous. The detection time varied among backgrounds and there was a significant relationship between detection time and chromatic similarity between the bug and the background for the natural and black phenotypes. Although background colour composition has an important effect on the signal, we argue that the coloration of P. apterus has evolved for high conspicuousness. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 105, 806–816. Crypsis and aposematism are often regarded as two opposite protective strategies. However, there is large variation in prey appearance within both strategies. In this article, we investigated the conspicuousness of the aposematic red-and-black firebug, Pyrrhocoris apterus, by presenting images of natural and digitally manipulated phenotypes in their natural habitat on a computer screen to human predators, and comparing the detection times. We asked whether the natural colour pattern can be made more or less conspicuous by rearranging the spatial distribution of colour elements. Hence, we created a phenotype in which the black colour elements were moved to the body outline to test for a possible disruptive effect. In the black and red manipulations, we removed one of the two colours, creating two uniform colour variants. We found that some of our manipulations increased, but none reduced, the detection time significantly; this indicates that the naturally coloured firebug is highly conspicuous. The detection time varied among backgrounds and there was a significant relationship between detection time and chromatic similarity between the bug and the background for the natural and black phenotypes. Although background colour composition has an important effect on the signal, we argue that the coloration of P. apterus has evolved for high conspicuousness. Crypsis and aposematism are often regarded as two opposite protective strategies. However, there is large variation in prey appearance within both strategies. In this article, we investigated the conspicuousness of the aposematic red-and-black firebug, Pyrrhocoris apterus, by presenting images of natural and digitally manipulated phenotypes in their natural habitat on a computer screen to human 'predators', and comparing the detection times. We asked whether the natural colour pattern can be made more or less conspicuous by rearranging the spatial distribution of colour elements. Hence, we created a phenotype in which the black colour elements were moved to the body outline to test for a possible disruptive effect. In the 'black' and 'red' manipulations, we removed one of the two colours, creating two uniform colour variants. We found that some of our manipulations increased, but none reduced, the detection time significantly; this indicates that the naturally coloured firebug is highly conspicuous. The detection time varied among backgrounds and there was a significant relationship between detection time and chromatic similarity between the bug and the background for the natural and black phenotypes. Although background colour composition has an important effect on the signal, we argue that the coloration of P.apterus has evolved for high conspicuousness.[copy 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 105, 806-816. |
| Author | BOHLIN, TITTI MERILAITA, SAMI TULLBERG, BIRGITTA S EXNEROVÁ, ALICE ŠTYS, PAVEL GAMBERALE‐STILLE, GABRIELLA |
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| References_xml | – reference: Endler JA. 1988. Frequency-dependent predation, crypsis and aposematic coloration. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 319: 505-523. – reference: Remold H. 1963. Scent-glands of land bugs, their physiology and biological function. Nature 198: 764-768. – reference: Exnerová A, Štys P, Kristin A, Volf O, Pudil M. 2003b. Birds as predators of true bugs (Heteroptera) in different habitats. Biologia (Bratislava) 58: 253-264. – reference: Sandre SL, Tammaru T, Mänd T. 2007. Size-dependent colouration in larvae of Orgyia antiqua (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae): a trade-off between warning effect and detectability. European Journal of Entomology 104: 745-752. – reference: Blount JD, Speed MP, Ruxton GD, Stephens PA. 2009. Warning displays may function as honest signals of toxicity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276: 871-877. – reference: Hazel WN. 2002. The environmental and genetic control of seasonal polyphenism in larval color and its adaptive significance in a swallowtail butterfly. Evolution 56: 342-348. – reference: McIver JD, Lattin JD. 1990. Evidence for aposematism in the plant bug Lopidea nigridea Uhler (Hemiptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 40: 99-112. – reference: Cott HC. 1940. Adaptive coloration in animals. London: Methuen. – reference: Tullberg BS, Merilaita S, Wiklund C. 2005. Aposematism and crypsis combined as a result of distance dependence: functional versatility of the colour pattern in the swallowtail butterfly larva. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 272: 1315-1321. – reference: Darst CR, Cummings ME, Cannatella DC. 2006. A mechanism for diversity in warning signals: conspicuousness versus toxicity in poison frogs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103: 5852-5857. – reference: Endler JA, Mappes J. 2004. 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| SubjectTerms | Aposematism color crypsis distance dependent habitats human subjects humans natural backgrounds phenotype predation predators prey coloration Pyrrhocoris apterus warning coloration |
| Title | detectability of the colour pattern in the aposematic firebug, Pyrrhocoris apterus: an image‐based experiment with human ‘predators’ |
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