Text quality metrics for visual display units:: II. An experimental survey
This paper discusses several experiments aimed at evaluating the image quality of visual display units (VDUs). A number of quality metrics are presented, i.e. scaled preference, based on numerical ratings and paired comparisons; search velocity in a letter-search task; and two metrics derived from e...
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| Published in | Displays Vol. 18; no. 1; pp. 45 - 64 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford
Elsevier B.V
01.01.1997
Elsevier |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0141-9382 1872-7387 |
| DOI | 10.1016/S0141-9382(97)00004-8 |
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| Abstract | This paper discusses several experiments aimed at evaluating the image quality of visual display units (VDUs). A number of quality metrics are presented, i.e. scaled preference, based on numerical ratings and paired comparisons; search velocity in a letter-search task; and two metrics derived from eye movement recordings. The former two metrics are found to be practical. The latter metrics, which are hard to determine, turn out to correspond with search velocity. With varying luminance contrast the scaled preference correlates closely with search velocity. With increasing resolution, however, this is true up to a moderate bandwidth, beyond which search velocity and the eye movement metrics saturate, while scaled preference continues to increase. Small quality differences across various commercially available VDUs are reflected by both search velocity and visual comfort. The results are consistent within subjects. Scaling differences across subjects can be understood by allowing for a subject-dependent weighting of underlying perceptual attributes like sharpness and brightness contrast. It is shown that visual comfort and performance are supplementary metrics that are both useful for modelling VDU image quality. |
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| AbstractList | This paper discusses several experiments aimed at evaluating the image quality of visual display units (VDUs). A number of quality metrics are presented, i.e. scaled preference, based on numerical ratings and paired comparisons; search velocity in a letter-search task; and two metrics derived from eye movement recordings. The former two metrics are found to be practical. The latter metrics, which are hard to determine, turn out to correspond with search velocity. With varying luminance contrast the scaled preference correlates closely with search velocity. With increasing resolution, however, this is true up to a moderate bandwidth, beyond which search velocity and the eye movement metrics saturate, while scaled preference continues to increase. Small quality differences across various commercially available VDUs are reflected by both search velocity and visual comfort. The results are consistent within subjects. Scaling differences across subjects can be understood by allowing for a subject-dependent weighting of underlying perceptual attributes like sharpness and brightness contrast. It is shown that visual comfort and performance are supplementary metrics that are both useful for modelling VDU image quality. |
| Author | Boschman, Martin C. Roufs, Jacques A.J. |
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| Keywords | Visual comfort Visual performance VDU Bandwidth Scaling Luminance contrast Eye movements Performance evaluation Image quality Experimental result Measurement method Eye movement Display Image contrast |
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| References | J.D. Gould, L.A. Alfaro, R. Finn, B. Haupt, A. Minuto, Reading from CRT displays can be as fast as reading from paper, Human Factors 29 (1987) 497–517. M.C. Boschman, VDU-user performance test developed by IPO, ISO TC159/SC4/WG2 document N282, 1994. H.L. van Trees, Detection, Estimation and Linear Modulation Theory, John Wiley, New York, 1968. S. Yamamoto, Y. Kuto, A method of evaluating VDT screen layout by eye movement analysis, Ergonomics 35 (1992) 591–606. J.A.J. Roufs, M.C. Boschman, Visual comfort and performance, in: J.A.J. Roufs (Ed.), The Man–Machine Interface, Vol. 15 of: Vision and Visual Dysfunction (J.R. Cronly-Dillon, general ed.), Macmillan Press, London, 1991, pp. 24–40. J.A.J. Roufs, M.C. Boschman, Text quality metrics for visual display units: I. Methodological aspects, Displays 17 (1997), this issue. ISO Visual display terminals (VDTs) used for office tasks – Ergonomic requirements, Part 3: Visual display requirements, 1993. J.P. Guilford, Psychometric Methods, 2nd edn., McGraw–Hill, New York, 1954. J.E. Sheedy, I.L. Bailey, Using visual acuity to measure display legibility, Soc. for Information Display, Int. Symp. Digest of Technical Papers 25, SID, Santa Anna, CA, 1994. H. Bouma, F.F. Leopold, A set of matrix characters in a special 7×8 array, IPO Annual Progress Report Vol. 4,, Institute for Perception Research (IPO), Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 1969, pp. 115–119. D.S. Travis, T.F.M. Stewart, Statistical methods for testing the visual quality of displays, Displays 17 (1997), this issue. F.L. van Nes, A new character set for Teletext with improved legibility, in: Int. Display Research Conf., October 1985, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 1985, pp. 114–117. F.R. Brigham, Statistical methods for testing the conformance of products to user performance standards, Behaviour and Information Technology 8 (1989) 279–283. W.S. Torgerson, Theory and Methods of Scaling, John Wiley, New York, 1958. H.D. Crane, C.M. Steele, Accurate three-dimensional eyetracker, Applied Optics 17 (1978) 691–705. M.T. Wasan, Parametric Estimation, McGraw–Hill, New York, 1970. G.P.J. Spenkelink, K. Besuijen, J. Brok, An instrument for the measurement of the visual quality of displays, Behaviour and Information Technology 12 (1993) 249–260. J.A.J. Roufs, Perceptual image quality: Concept and measurement, Philips J. Res. 47 (1992) 63–80. H.L. Snyder, Image quality, in: M. Helander, Handbook of Human–Computer Interaction, North Holland, Amsterdam, 1988, pp. 437–474. D. Travis, M.C. Boschman, F.L. van Nes, Proposed test-procedure for ISO 9241-3, ISO TC159/SC4/WG2 document N329, 1995. SAS SAS/STAT User Guide, Version 6, 4th edn., SAS Institute, Cary, NC, 1993. M.L. Matthews, The influence of colour on CRT reading performance and subjective comfort under operational conditions, Applied Ergonomics 18 (1987) 323–328. S.M. Luria, D.F. Neri, C. Schlichting, Performance and preference with various VDT phosphors, Applied Ergonomics 20 (1989) 33–38. A program for the analysis of difference scaling results (V2.1), Forthcoming Manual 145, Institute for Perception Research (IPO), Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 1997. C. Chatfield, A.J. Collins, Introduction to Multivariate Analysis, Chapman and Hall, London, 1980. J.A.J. Roufs, H. Bouma, Towards linking perception research and image quality, Proc. SID 21 (1980) 247–270. A program for the analysis of ordinal category scaling results (V2.1), Manual 145, Institute for Perception Research (IPO), Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 1997. M.L. Matthews, J.V. Lovasik, K. Mertins, Visual performance and subjective discomfort in prolonged viewing of chromatic displays, Human Factors 31 (1989) 259–271. J.E. Sheedy, M. McCarthy, Reading performance and visual comfort with scale to grey compared with black-and-white scanned print, Displays 15 (1994) 27–30. A.J. Ahumada, C.H. Null, Image quality: A multidimensional problem, in: A.B. Watson (Ed.), Digital Images and Human Vision, MIT Press, London, 1993, pp. 141–148. J.P.H. Reulen, Latency of visual evoked saccadic eye movements. Saccadic latency and the facilitation model, Biological Cybernetics 50 (1984) 251–262. L.L. Thurstone, A law of comparative judgement, Psychological Rev. 34 (1927) 273–286. M.D. McNeese, L. Katz, Legibility evaluation of a large-screen display system under medium ambient illumination, Proc. SID 28 (1987) 59–65. J.B. Kruskal, Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: A numerical method, Psychometrica 29 (1964) 115–129. M.C. Boschman E.C. Poulton, Quantitative subjective assessments are almost always biased, sometimes misleading, Brit. J. Psychol. 68 (1977) 409–425 J.D. Gould, L. Alfaro, V. Barnes, R. Finn, N. Grischkowsky, A. Minuto, Reading is slower for CRT displays than for paper: Attempts to isolate single-variable explanation, Human Factors 29 (1987) 269–299. G.C. Jorna, H.L. Snyder, Image quality determines differences in reading performance and perceived image quality with CRT and hard-copy displays, Human Factors 33 (1991) 459–469. H. Bouma, Visual reading processes and the quality of text displays, in: E. Grandjean, E. Vigliani (Eds.), Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proc. Int. Workshop, Milan, 1980, Taylor and Francis, London, 1980, pp. 101–114. G.E. Legge, D.G. Pelli, G.S. Rubin, M.M. Schleske, Psychophysics of reading – I. Normal vision. Vision Research 25 (1985) 239–252. J.A.J. Roufs, M.A.M. Leermakers, M.C. Boschman, Criteria for the subjective quality of visual display units, in: B. Knave, P.-G. Widebäck, (Eds.), Work With Display Units '86, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1987, pp. 412–417 (Selected papers from the international scientific conference on Work With Display Units, Stockholm Sweden, 12–15 May 1986). D. Travis, T.F.M. Stewart, C. Mackay, Evaluating image quality, Displays 13 (1992) 139–146. B. Escalante-Ramı́rez, J.B. Martens, H. de Ridder, Multidimensional characterization of the perceptual quality of noise-reduced computed tomography images. J. Visual Commun. and Image Representation 6 (1995) 317–334. |
| References_xml | – reference: J.P. Guilford, Psychometric Methods, 2nd edn., McGraw–Hill, New York, 1954. – reference: D. Travis, M.C. Boschman, F.L. van Nes, Proposed test-procedure for ISO 9241-3, ISO TC159/SC4/WG2 document N329, 1995. – reference: S.M. Luria, D.F. Neri, C. Schlichting, Performance and preference with various VDT phosphors, Applied Ergonomics 20 (1989) 33–38. – reference: J.B. Kruskal, Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: A numerical method, Psychometrica 29 (1964) 115–129. – reference: M.C. Boschman, VDU-user performance test developed by IPO, ISO TC159/SC4/WG2 document N282, 1994. – reference: : A program for the analysis of ordinal category scaling results (V2.1), Manual 145, Institute for Perception Research (IPO), Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 1997. – reference: G.E. Legge, D.G. Pelli, G.S. Rubin, M.M. Schleske, Psychophysics of reading – I. Normal vision. Vision Research 25 (1985) 239–252. – reference: J.A.J. Roufs, Perceptual image quality: Concept and measurement, Philips J. Res. 47 (1992) 63–80. – reference: J.A.J. Roufs, M.C. Boschman, Text quality metrics for visual display units: I. Methodological aspects, Displays 17 (1997), this issue. – reference: H.L. Snyder, Image quality, in: M. Helander, Handbook of Human–Computer Interaction, North Holland, Amsterdam, 1988, pp. 437–474. – reference: J.A.J. Roufs, M.A.M. Leermakers, M.C. Boschman, Criteria for the subjective quality of visual display units, in: B. Knave, P.-G. Widebäck, (Eds.), Work With Display Units '86, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1987, pp. 412–417 (Selected papers from the international scientific conference on Work With Display Units, Stockholm Sweden, 12–15 May 1986). – reference: M.C. Boschman, – reference: J.D. Gould, L.A. Alfaro, R. Finn, B. Haupt, A. Minuto, Reading from CRT displays can be as fast as reading from paper, Human Factors 29 (1987) 497–517. – reference: C. Chatfield, A.J. Collins, Introduction to Multivariate Analysis, Chapman and Hall, London, 1980. – reference: H.D. Crane, C.M. Steele, Accurate three-dimensional eyetracker, Applied Optics 17 (1978) 691–705. – reference: M.L. Matthews, J.V. Lovasik, K. Mertins, Visual performance and subjective discomfort in prolonged viewing of chromatic displays, Human Factors 31 (1989) 259–271. – reference: J.A.J. Roufs, M.C. Boschman, Visual comfort and performance, in: J.A.J. Roufs (Ed.), The Man–Machine Interface, Vol. 15 of: Vision and Visual Dysfunction (J.R. Cronly-Dillon, general ed.), Macmillan Press, London, 1991, pp. 24–40. – reference: D. Travis, T.F.M. Stewart, C. Mackay, Evaluating image quality, Displays 13 (1992) 139–146. – reference: : A program for the analysis of difference scaling results (V2.1), Forthcoming Manual 145, Institute for Perception Research (IPO), Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 1997. – reference: J.E. Sheedy, M. McCarthy, Reading performance and visual comfort with scale to grey compared with black-and-white scanned print, Displays 15 (1994) 27–30. – reference: L.L. Thurstone, A law of comparative judgement, Psychological Rev. 34 (1927) 273–286. – reference: J.D. Gould, L. Alfaro, V. Barnes, R. Finn, N. Grischkowsky, A. Minuto, Reading is slower for CRT displays than for paper: Attempts to isolate single-variable explanation, Human Factors 29 (1987) 269–299. – reference: D.S. Travis, T.F.M. Stewart, Statistical methods for testing the visual quality of displays, Displays 17 (1997), this issue. – reference: H. Bouma, Visual reading processes and the quality of text displays, in: E. Grandjean, E. Vigliani (Eds.), Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proc. Int. Workshop, Milan, 1980, Taylor and Francis, London, 1980, pp. 101–114. – reference: W.S. Torgerson, Theory and Methods of Scaling, John Wiley, New York, 1958. – reference: SAS SAS/STAT User Guide, Version 6, 4th edn., SAS Institute, Cary, NC, 1993. – reference: ISO Visual display terminals (VDTs) used for office tasks – Ergonomic requirements, Part 3: Visual display requirements, 1993. – reference: F.R. Brigham, Statistical methods for testing the conformance of products to user performance standards, Behaviour and Information Technology 8 (1989) 279–283. – reference: J.A.J. Roufs, H. Bouma, Towards linking perception research and image quality, Proc. SID 21 (1980) 247–270. – reference: H.L. van Trees, Detection, Estimation and Linear Modulation Theory, John Wiley, New York, 1968. – reference: M.T. Wasan, Parametric Estimation, McGraw–Hill, New York, 1970. – reference: A.J. Ahumada, C.H. Null, Image quality: A multidimensional problem, in: A.B. Watson (Ed.), Digital Images and Human Vision, MIT Press, London, 1993, pp. 141–148. – reference: F.L. van Nes, A new character set for Teletext with improved legibility, in: Int. Display Research Conf., October 1985, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 1985, pp. 114–117. – reference: B. Escalante-Ramı́rez, J.B. Martens, H. de Ridder, Multidimensional characterization of the perceptual quality of noise-reduced computed tomography images. J. Visual Commun. and Image Representation 6 (1995) 317–334. – reference: J.E. Sheedy, I.L. Bailey, Using visual acuity to measure display legibility, Soc. for Information Display, Int. Symp. Digest of Technical Papers 25, SID, Santa Anna, CA, 1994. – reference: G.P.J. Spenkelink, K. Besuijen, J. Brok, An instrument for the measurement of the visual quality of displays, Behaviour and Information Technology 12 (1993) 249–260. – reference: E.C. Poulton, Quantitative subjective assessments are almost always biased, sometimes misleading, Brit. J. Psychol. 68 (1977) 409–425 – reference: J.P.H. Reulen, Latency of visual evoked saccadic eye movements. Saccadic latency and the facilitation model, Biological Cybernetics 50 (1984) 251–262. – reference: S. Yamamoto, Y. Kuto, A method of evaluating VDT screen layout by eye movement analysis, Ergonomics 35 (1992) 591–606. – reference: G.C. Jorna, H.L. Snyder, Image quality determines differences in reading performance and perceived image quality with CRT and hard-copy displays, Human Factors 33 (1991) 459–469. – reference: M.D. McNeese, L. Katz, Legibility evaluation of a large-screen display system under medium ambient illumination, Proc. SID 28 (1987) 59–65. – reference: M.L. Matthews, The influence of colour on CRT reading performance and subjective comfort under operational conditions, Applied Ergonomics 18 (1987) 323–328. – reference: H. Bouma, F.F. Leopold, A set of matrix characters in a special 7×8 array, IPO Annual Progress Report Vol. 4,, Institute for Perception Research (IPO), Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 1969, pp. 115–119. |
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| Title | Text quality metrics for visual display units:: II. An experimental survey |
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