Sensitivity of plasma BRAFmutant and NRASmutant cell-free DNA assays to detect metastatic melanoma in patients with low RECIST scores and non-RECIST disease progression

• Published in: Molecular oncology Vol. 10; no. 1; pp. 157 - 165
• Main Authors: Chang, Gregory A., Tadepalli, Jyothirmayee S., Shao, Yongzhao, Zhang, Yilong, Weiss, Sarah, Robinson, Eric, Spittle, Cindy, Furtado, Manohar, Shelton, Dawne N., Karlin-Neumann, George, Pavlick, Anna, Osman, Iman, Polsky, David
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier B.V 01.01.2016; John Wiley & Sons, Inc; John Wiley and Sons Inc
• Subjects: Binomial distribution; Biomarker; Biomarkers; Biomarkers, Tumor - blood; BRAF; Cancer therapies; Cell-Free System; Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA); Critical path; Data analysis; Data collection; Deoxyribonucleic acid; Disease Progression; DNA; DNA, Neoplasm - blood; Editing; GTP Phosphohydrolases - genetics; Humans; Immune checkpoint; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase - blood; Laboratories; Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); Melanoma; Melanoma - blood; Melanoma - pathology; Membrane Proteins - genetics; Metastases; Metastasis; Mutation; Neoplasm Metastasis; NMR; NRAS; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Patients; Plasma; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf - genetics; Statistical analysis; Tumors; United States > US; NRAS; Biomarker; BRAF; Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA); Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); Melanoma
• DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.09.005
• ISSN: 1574-7891

Melanoma lacks a clinically useful blood-based biomarker of disease activity to help guide patient management. To determine whether measurements of circulating, cell-free, tumor-associated BRAFmutant and NRASmutant DNA (ctDNA) have a higher sensitivity than LDH to detect metastatic disease prior to treatment initiation and upon disease progression we studied patients with unresectable stage IIIC/IV metastatic melanoma receiving treatment with BRAF inhibitor therapy or immune checkpoint blockade and at least 3 plasma samples obtained during their treatment course. Levels of BRAFmutant and NRASmutant ctDNA were determined using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assays. Among patients with samples available prior to treatment initiation ctDNA and LDH levels were elevated in 12/15 (80%) and 6/20 (30%) (p = 0.006) patients respectively. In patients with RECIST scores <5 cm prior to treatment initiation, ctDNA levels were elevated in 5/7 (71%) patients compared to LDH which was elevated in 1/13 (8%) patients (p = 0.007). Among all disease progression events the modified bootstrapped sensitivities for ctDNA and LDH were 82% and 40% respectively, with a median difference in sensitivity of 42% (95% confidence interval, 27%–58%; P < 0.001). In addition, ctDNA levels were elevated in 13/16 (81%) instances of non-RECIST disease progression, including 10/12 (83%) instances of new brain metastases. In comparison LDH was elevated 8/16 (50%) instances of non-RECIST disease progression, including 6/12 (50%) instances of new brain metastases. Overall, ctDNA had a higher sensitivity than LDH to detect disease progression, including non-RECIST progression events. ctDNA has the potential to be a useful biomarker for monitoring melanoma disease activity. •The sensitivity of ctDNA assays to detect metastatic melanoma were compared to LDH.•31 patients with unresectable stage IIIC/IV melanoma were studied.•Droplet digital PCR assays detecting BRAF and NRAS mutations were used.•ctDNA is more sensitive than LDH in detecting metastatic disease.•ctDNA is a sensitive indicator of disease progression, including brain metastases.