Exercise for brain health: From cells to circuits

Exercise has been central to human brain evolution. Genus Homo was a nomadic species that constantly explored novel environments, which requires the encoding of new spatial and contextual patterns and the consolidation and recall of details to localize potential food and avoid danger, functions asso...

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Published inProgress in brain research Vol. 295; pp. 83 - 134
Main Authors Vivar, Carmen, Orihuela, Lazaro P., Apostol, Grego
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Netherlands Elsevier B.V 2025
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Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0079-6123
1875-7855
1875-7855
DOI10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.05.006

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Abstract Exercise has been central to human brain evolution. Genus Homo was a nomadic species that constantly explored novel environments, which requires the encoding of new spatial and contextual patterns and the consolidation and recall of details to localize potential food and avoid danger, functions associated with the hippocampus. Interestingly, no primates other than humans run long distances over extended periods using aerobic metabolism, a capacity described as endurance running (ER). It has been hypothesized that ER capacity may have had relevant effects on the evolution of brain structure and cognition in the genus Homo. Paradoxically, modern humans have become sedentary and no longer need to run for food or survival. The lack of exercise in the population has increased the risk of brain disorders. Studies in human and animal models show that exercise elicits functional and structural changes throughout the brain, which may serve as a mechanism to counteract the changes induced by aging and reduced physical activity. Here, we describe the cortico-hippocampal circuitry and summarize evidence from human and animal models of aging-induced and exercise-induced changes in cortical and subcortical areas that provide polymodal information and modulatory inputs to the hippocampus, respectively. We discuss how exercise-induced plasticity in the cortico-hippocampal circuit may improve brain health.
AbstractList Exercise has been central to human brain evolution. Genus Homo was a nomadic species that constantly explored novel environments, which requires the encoding of new spatial and contextual patterns and the consolidation and recall of details to localize potential food and avoid danger, functions associated with the hippocampus. Interestingly, no primates other than humans run long distances over extended periods using aerobic metabolism, a capacity described as endurance running (ER). It has been hypothesized that ER capacity may have had relevant effects on the evolution of brain structure and cognition in the genus Homo. Paradoxically, modern humans have become sedentary and no longer need to run for food or survival. The lack of exercise in the population has increased the risk of brain disorders. Studies in human and animal models show that exercise elicits functional and structural changes throughout the brain, which may serve as a mechanism to counteract the changes induced by aging and reduced physical activity. Here, we describe the cortico-hippocampal circuitry and summarize evidence from human and animal models of aging-induced and exercise-induced changes in cortical and subcortical areas that provide polymodal information and modulatory inputs to the hippocampus, respectively. We discuss how exercise-induced plasticity in the cortico-hippocampal circuit may improve brain health.
Exercise has been central to human brain evolution. Genus Homo was a nomadic species that constantly explored novel environments, which requires the encoding of new spatial and contextual patterns and the consolidation and recall of details to localize potential food and avoid danger, functions associated with the hippocampus. Interestingly, no primates other than humans run long distances over extended periods using aerobic metabolism, a capacity described as endurance running (ER). It has been hypothesized that ER capacity may have had relevant effects on the evolution of brain structure and cognition in the genus Homo. Paradoxically, modern humans have become sedentary and no longer need to run for food or survival. The lack of exercise in the population has increased the risk of brain disorders. Studies in human and animal models show that exercise elicits functional and structural changes throughout the brain, which may serve as a mechanism to counteract the changes induced by aging and reduced physical activity. Here, we describe the cortico-hippocampal circuitry and summarize evidence from human and animal models of aging-induced and exercise-induced changes in cortical and subcortical areas that provide polymodal information and modulatory inputs to the hippocampus, respectively. We discuss how exercise-induced plasticity in the cortico-hippocampal circuit may improve brain health.Exercise has been central to human brain evolution. Genus Homo was a nomadic species that constantly explored novel environments, which requires the encoding of new spatial and contextual patterns and the consolidation and recall of details to localize potential food and avoid danger, functions associated with the hippocampus. Interestingly, no primates other than humans run long distances over extended periods using aerobic metabolism, a capacity described as endurance running (ER). It has been hypothesized that ER capacity may have had relevant effects on the evolution of brain structure and cognition in the genus Homo. Paradoxically, modern humans have become sedentary and no longer need to run for food or survival. The lack of exercise in the population has increased the risk of brain disorders. Studies in human and animal models show that exercise elicits functional and structural changes throughout the brain, which may serve as a mechanism to counteract the changes induced by aging and reduced physical activity. Here, we describe the cortico-hippocampal circuitry and summarize evidence from human and animal models of aging-induced and exercise-induced changes in cortical and subcortical areas that provide polymodal information and modulatory inputs to the hippocampus, respectively. We discuss how exercise-induced plasticity in the cortico-hippocampal circuit may improve brain health.
Author Orihuela, Lazaro P.
Vivar, Carmen
Apostol, Grego
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Keywords Postrhinal cortex
Exercise
Entorhinal cortex
Endurance running
Aging
Perirhinal cortex
Parahippocampal cortex
Neuromodulation
Hippocampus
Language English
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Snippet Exercise has been central to human brain evolution. Genus Homo was a nomadic species that constantly explored novel environments, which requires the encoding...
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SubjectTerms Aging
Aging - physiology
Animals
Brain - physiology
Endurance running
Entorhinal cortex
Exercise
Exercise - physiology
Hippocampus
Hippocampus - physiology
Humans
Neuromodulation
Neuronal Plasticity - physiology
Parahippocampal cortex
Perirhinal cortex
Postrhinal cortex
Title Exercise for brain health: From cells to circuits
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.05.006
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40769645
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3237448664
Volume 295
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