Testing an Alternative Method for Estimating the Length of Fungal Hyphae Using Photomicrography and Image Processing
This study aimed to develop and test an unbiased and rapid methodology to estimate the length of external arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) hyphae in soil. The traditional visual gridline intersection (VGI) method, which consists in a direct visual examination of the intersections of hyphae with g...
Saved in:
| Published in | PloS one Vol. 11; no. 6; p. e0157017 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Public Library of Science
10.06.2016
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | This study aimed to develop and test an unbiased and rapid methodology to estimate the length of external arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) hyphae in soil. The traditional visual gridline intersection (VGI) method, which consists in a direct visual examination of the intersections of hyphae with gridlines on a microscope eyepiece after aqueous extraction, membrane-filtration, and staining (e.g., with trypan blue), was refined. For this, (i) images of the stained hyphae were taken by using a digital photomicrography technique to avoid the use of the microscope and the method was referred to as "digital gridline intersection" (DGI) method; and (ii), the images taken in (i) were processed and the hyphal length was measured by using ImageJ software, referred to as the "photomicrography-ImageJ processing" (PIP) method. The DGI and PIP methods were tested using known grade lengths of possum fur. Then they were applied to measure the hyphal lengths in soils with contrasting phosphorus (P) fertility status. Linear regressions were obtained between the known lengths (Lknown) of possum fur and the values determined by using either the DGI (LDGI) (LDGI = 0.37 + 0.97 × Lknown, r2 = 0.86) or PIP (LPIP) methods (LPIP = 0.33 + 1.01 × Lknown, r2 = 0.98). There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences between the LDGI and LPIP values. While both methods provided accurate estimation (slope of regression being 1.0), the PIP method was more precise, as reflected by a higher value of r2 and lower coefficients of variation. The average hyphal lengths (6.5-19.4 m g-1) obtained by the use of these methods were in the range of those typically reported in the literature (3-30 m g-1). Roots growing in P-deficient soil developed 2.5 times as many hyphae as roots growing in P-rich soil (17.4 vs 7.2 m g-1). These tests confirmed that the use of digital photomicrography in conjunction with either the grid-line intersection principle or image processing is a suitable method for the measurement of AMF hyphal lengths in soils for comparative investigations. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | This study aimed to develop and test an unbiased and rapid methodology to estimate the length of external arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) hyphae in soil. The traditional visual gridline intersection (VGI) method, which consists in a direct visual examination of the intersections of hyphae with gridlines on a microscope eyepiece after aqueous extraction, membrane-filtration, and staining (e.g., with trypan blue), was refined. For this, (i) images of the stained hyphae were taken by using a digital photomicrography technique to avoid the use of the microscope and the method was referred to as "digital gridline intersection" (DGI) method; and (ii), the images taken in (i) were processed and the hyphal length was measured by using ImageJ software, referred to as the "photomicrography-ImageJ processing" (PIP) method. The DGI and PIP methods were tested using known grade lengths of possum fur. Then they were applied to measure the hyphal lengths in soils with contrasting phosphorus (P) fertility status. Linear regressions were obtained between the known lengths (L.sub.known) of possum fur and the values determined by using either the DGI (L.sub.DGI) (L.sub.DGI = 0.37 + 0.97 x L.sub.known, r.sup.2 = 0.86) or PIP (L.sub.PIP) methods (L.sub.PIP = 0.33 + 1.01 x L.sub.known, r.sup.2 = 0.98). There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences between the L.sub.DGI and L.sub.PIP values. While both methods provided accurate estimation (slope of regression being 1.0), the PIP method was more precise, as reflected by a higher value of r.sup.2 and lower coefficients of variation. The average hyphal lengths (6.5-19.4 m g.sup.-1) obtained by the use of these methods were in the range of those typically reported in the literature (3-30 m g.sup.-1). Roots growing in P-deficient soil developed 2.5 times as many hyphae as roots growing in P-rich soil (17.4 vs 7.2 m g.sup.-1). These tests confirmed that the use of digital photomicrography in conjunction with either the grid-line intersection principle or image processing is a suitable method for the measurement of AMF hyphal lengths in soils for comparative investigations. This study aimed to develop and test an unbiased and rapid methodology to estimate the length of external arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) hyphae in soil. The traditional visual gridline intersection (VGI) method, which consists in a direct visual examination of the intersections of hyphae with gridlines on a microscope eyepiece after aqueous extraction, membrane-filtration, and staining (e.g., with trypan blue), was refined. For this, (i) images of the stained hyphae were taken by using a digital photomicrography technique to avoid the use of the microscope and the method was referred to as "digital gridline intersection" (DGI) method; and (ii), the images taken in (i) were processed and the hyphal length was measured by using ImageJ software, referred to as the "photomicrography-ImageJ processing" (PIP) method. The DGI and PIP methods were tested using known grade lengths of possum fur. Then they were applied to measure the hyphal lengths in soils with contrasting phosphorus (P) fertility status. Linear regressions were obtained between the known lengths (Lknown) of possum fur and the values determined by using either the DGI (LDGI) (LDGI = 0.37 + 0.97 × Lknown, r2 = 0.86) or PIP (LPIP) methods (LPIP = 0.33 + 1.01 × Lknown, r2 = 0.98). There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences between the LDGI and LPIP values. While both methods provided accurate estimation (slope of regression being 1.0), the PIP method was more precise, as reflected by a higher value of r2 and lower coefficients of variation. The average hyphal lengths (6.5-19.4 m g-1) obtained by the use of these methods were in the range of those typically reported in the literature (3-30 m g-1). Roots growing in P-deficient soil developed 2.5 times as many hyphae as roots growing in P-rich soil (17.4 vs 7.2 m g-1). These tests confirmed that the use of digital photomicrography in conjunction with either the grid-line intersection principle or image processing is a suitable method for the measurement of AMF hyphal lengths in soils for comparative investigations.This study aimed to develop and test an unbiased and rapid methodology to estimate the length of external arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) hyphae in soil. The traditional visual gridline intersection (VGI) method, which consists in a direct visual examination of the intersections of hyphae with gridlines on a microscope eyepiece after aqueous extraction, membrane-filtration, and staining (e.g., with trypan blue), was refined. For this, (i) images of the stained hyphae were taken by using a digital photomicrography technique to avoid the use of the microscope and the method was referred to as "digital gridline intersection" (DGI) method; and (ii), the images taken in (i) were processed and the hyphal length was measured by using ImageJ software, referred to as the "photomicrography-ImageJ processing" (PIP) method. The DGI and PIP methods were tested using known grade lengths of possum fur. Then they were applied to measure the hyphal lengths in soils with contrasting phosphorus (P) fertility status. Linear regressions were obtained between the known lengths (Lknown) of possum fur and the values determined by using either the DGI (LDGI) (LDGI = 0.37 + 0.97 × Lknown, r2 = 0.86) or PIP (LPIP) methods (LPIP = 0.33 + 1.01 × Lknown, r2 = 0.98). There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences between the LDGI and LPIP values. While both methods provided accurate estimation (slope of regression being 1.0), the PIP method was more precise, as reflected by a higher value of r2 and lower coefficients of variation. The average hyphal lengths (6.5-19.4 m g-1) obtained by the use of these methods were in the range of those typically reported in the literature (3-30 m g-1). Roots growing in P-deficient soil developed 2.5 times as many hyphae as roots growing in P-rich soil (17.4 vs 7.2 m g-1). These tests confirmed that the use of digital photomicrography in conjunction with either the grid-line intersection principle or image processing is a suitable method for the measurement of AMF hyphal lengths in soils for comparative investigations. This study aimed to develop and test an unbiased and rapid methodology to estimate the length of external arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) hyphae in soil. The traditional visual gridline intersection (VGI) method, which consists in a direct visual examination of the intersections of hyphae with gridlines on a microscope eyepiece after aqueous extraction, membrane-filtration, and staining (e.g., with trypan blue), was refined. For this, (i) images of the stained hyphae were taken by using a digital photomicrography technique to avoid the use of the microscope and the method was referred to as “digital gridline intersection” (DGI) method; and (ii), the images taken in (i) were processed and the hyphal length was measured by using ImageJ software, referred to as the “photomicrography–ImageJ processing” (PIP) method. The DGI and PIP methods were tested using known grade lengths of possum fur. Then they were applied to measure the hyphal lengths in soils with contrasting phosphorus (P) fertility status. Linear regressions were obtained between the known lengths (Lknown) of possum fur and the values determined by using either the DGI (LDGI) (LDGI = 0.37 + 0.97 × Lknown, r2 = 0.86) or PIP (LPIP) methods (LPIP = 0.33 + 1.01 × Lknown, r2 = 0.98). There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences between the LDGI and LPIP values. While both methods provided accurate estimation (slope of regression being 1.0), the PIP method was more precise, as reflected by a higher value of r2 and lower coefficients of variation. The average hyphal lengths (6.5–19.4 m g–1) obtained by the use of these methods were in the range of those typically reported in the literature (3–30 m g–1). Roots growing in P-deficient soil developed 2.5 times as many hyphae as roots growing in P-rich soil (17.4 vs 7.2 m g–1). These tests confirmed that the use of digital photomicrography in conjunction with either the grid–line intersection principle or image processing is a suitable method for the measurement of AMF hyphal lengths in soils for comparative investigations. This study aimed to develop and test an unbiased and rapid methodology to estimate the length of external arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) hyphae in soil. The traditional visual gridline intersection (VGI) method, which consists in a direct visual examination of the intersections of hyphae with gridlines on a microscope eyepiece after aqueous extraction, membrane-filtration, and staining (e.g., with trypan blue), was refined. For this, (i) images of the stained hyphae were taken by using a digital photomicrography technique to avoid the use of the microscope and the method was referred to as “digital gridline intersection” (DGI) method; and (ii), the images taken in (i) were processed and the hyphal length was measured by using ImageJ software, referred to as the “photomicrography–ImageJ processing” (PIP) method. The DGI and PIP methods were tested using known grade lengths of possum fur. Then they were applied to measure the hyphal lengths in soils with contrasting phosphorus (P) fertility status. Linear regressions were obtained between the known lengths (L known ) of possum fur and the values determined by using either the DGI (L DGI ) (L DGI = 0.37 + 0.97 × L known , r 2 = 0.86) or PIP (L PIP ) methods (L PIP = 0.33 + 1.01 × L known , r 2 = 0.98). There were no significant ( P > 0.05) differences between the L DGI and L PIP values. While both methods provided accurate estimation (slope of regression being 1.0), the PIP method was more precise, as reflected by a higher value of r 2 and lower coefficients of variation. The average hyphal lengths (6.5–19.4 m g –1 ) obtained by the use of these methods were in the range of those typically reported in the literature (3–30 m g –1 ). Roots growing in P-deficient soil developed 2.5 times as many hyphae as roots growing in P-rich soil (17.4 vs 7.2 m g –1 ). These tests confirmed that the use of digital photomicrography in conjunction with either the grid–line intersection principle or image processing is a suitable method for the measurement of AMF hyphal lengths in soils for comparative investigations. This study aimed to develop and test an unbiased and rapid methodology to estimate the length of external arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) hyphae in soil. The traditional visual gridline intersection (VGI) method, which consists in a direct visual examination of the intersections of hyphae with gridlines on a microscope eyepiece after aqueous extraction, membrane-filtration, and staining (e.g., with trypan blue), was refined. For this, (i) images of the stained hyphae were taken by using a digital photomicrography technique to avoid the use of the microscope and the method was referred to as "digital gridline intersection" (DGI) method; and (ii), the images taken in (i) were processed and the hyphal length was measured by using ImageJ software, referred to as the "photomicrography-ImageJ processing" (PIP) method. The DGI and PIP methods were tested using known grade lengths of possum fur. Then they were applied to measure the hyphal lengths in soils with contrasting phosphorus (P) fertility status. Linear regressions were obtained between the known lengths (Lknown) of possum fur and the values determined by using either the DGI (LDGI) (LDGI = 0.37 + 0.97 Lknown, r2 = 0.86) or PIP (LPIP) methods (LPIP = 0.33 + 1.01 Lknown, r2 = 0.98). There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences between the LDGI and LPIP values. While both methods provided accurate estimation (slope of regression being 1.0), the PIP method was more precise, as reflected by a higher value of r2 and lower coefficients of variation. The average hyphal lengths (6.5-19.4 m g-1) obtained by the use of these methods were in the range of those typically reported in the literature (3-30 m g-1). Roots growing in P-deficient soil developed 2.5 times as many hyphae as roots growing in P-rich soil (17.4 vs 7.2 m g-1). These tests confirmed that the use of digital photomicrography in conjunction with either the grid-line intersection principle or image processing is a suitable method for the measurement of AMF hyphal lengths in soils for comparative investigations. This study aimed to develop and test an unbiased and rapid methodology to estimate the length of external arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) hyphae in soil. The traditional visual gridline intersection (VGI) method, which consists in a direct visual examination of the intersections of hyphae with gridlines on a microscope eyepiece after aqueous extraction, membrane-filtration, and staining (e.g., with trypan blue), was refined. For this, (i) images of the stained hyphae were taken by using a digital photomicrography technique to avoid the use of the microscope and the method was referred to as “digital gridline intersection” (DGI) method; and (ii), the images taken in (i) were processed and the hyphal length was measured by using ImageJ software, referred to as the “photomicrography–ImageJ processing” (PIP) method. The DGI and PIP methods were tested using known grade lengths of possum fur. Then they were applied to measure the hyphal lengths in soils with contrasting phosphorus (P) fertility status. Linear regressions were obtained between the known lengths (L known ) of possum fur and the values determined by using either the DGI (L DGI ) (L DGI = 0.37 + 0.97 × L known , r 2 = 0.86) or PIP (L PIP ) methods (L PIP = 0.33 + 1.01 × L known , r 2 = 0.98). There were no significant ( P > 0.05) differences between the L DGI and L PIP values. While both methods provided accurate estimation (slope of regression being 1.0), the PIP method was more precise, as reflected by a higher value of r 2 and lower coefficients of variation. The average hyphal lengths (6.5–19.4 m g –1 ) obtained by the use of these methods were in the range of those typically reported in the literature (3–30 m g –1 ). Roots growing in P-deficient soil developed 2.5 times as many hyphae as roots growing in P-rich soil (17.4 vs 7.2 m g –1 ). These tests confirmed that the use of digital photomicrography in conjunction with either the grid–line intersection principle or image processing is a suitable method for the measurement of AMF hyphal lengths in soils for comparative investigations. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Shen, Qinhua Kirschbaum, Miko U F Hedley, Mike J Camps Arbestain, Marta |
| AuthorAffiliation | USDA Forest Service, UNITED STATES 1 New Zealand Biochar Research Centre, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand 2 Landcare Research, Private Bag 11–052, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 New Zealand Biochar Research Centre, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand – name: USDA Forest Service, UNITED STATES – name: 2 Landcare Research, Private Bag 11–052, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Qinhua orcidid: 0000-0001-8767-6852 surname: Shen fullname: Shen, Qinhua organization: New Zealand Biochar Research Centre, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand – sequence: 2 givenname: Miko U F surname: Kirschbaum fullname: Kirschbaum, Miko U F organization: Landcare Research, Private Bag 11-052, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand – sequence: 3 givenname: Mike J surname: Hedley fullname: Hedley, Mike J organization: New Zealand Biochar Research Centre, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand – sequence: 4 givenname: Marta surname: Camps Arbestain fullname: Camps Arbestain, Marta organization: New Zealand Biochar Research Centre, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27284995$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNqNkl1v0zAUhiM0xLbCP0BgiRu4aHHir_gGqZo2VqloE2zcWk58nGRK7RI7E_33uF1BK9rF5Atbx895z-dpduS8gyx7m-NZTkT--c6Pg9P9bJ3MM5wzgXPxIjvJJSmmvMDk6NH7ODsN4Q5jRkrOX2XHhShKKiU7yeINhNi5BmmH5n2EJBm7e0DfILbeIOsHdJ6Ald5BsQW0BNfEFnmLLkbX6B5dbtatBnQbtsR166NfdfXgm0Gv203SNWix0g2g68HXELbU6-yl1X2AN_t7kt1enN-cXU6XV18XZ_Pl1DBZxqkkNRO1zjErOMfalEICECJsSQ0XmgG1mLKKMEJkARJb0BUl0oC2OZO8IpPs_YPuuvdB7RsWVC4k45xyRhOxeCCM13dqPaRCh43yulM7gx8apYfY1T0oC5hwZkxV15wa4LoglFemsFxwiaVJWl_20cZqBaYGFwfdH4ge_riuVY2_V1TigqTZTLKPe4HB_xrTXNSqCzX0vXbgx5R3iUvOMH0OKiTnJZf5tsQP_6FPN2JPpYmC6pz1KcV6K6rmlFHBpNyFnT1BpWMgzTwtou2S_cDh04FDYiL8jo0eQ1CLH9-fz179PGTfPe71vyb_XWzyB7Fi-1E |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2016 Public Library of Science 2016 Shen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2016 Shen et al 2016 Shen et al |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: COPYRIGHT 2016 Public Library of Science – notice: 2016 Shen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: 2016 Shen et al 2016 Shen et al |
| DBID | CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM IOV ISR 3V. 7QG 7QL 7QO 7RV 7SN 7SS 7T5 7TG 7TM 7U9 7X2 7X7 7XB 88E 8AO 8C1 8FD 8FE 8FG 8FH 8FI 8FJ 8FK ABJCF ABUWG AEUYN AFKRA ARAPS ATCPS AZQEC BBNVY BENPR BGLVJ BHPHI C1K CCPQU D1I DWQXO FR3 FYUFA GHDGH GNUQQ H94 HCIFZ K9. KB. KB0 KL. L6V LK8 M0K M0S M1P M7N M7P M7S NAPCQ P5Z P62 P64 PATMY PDBOC PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PJZUB PKEHL PPXIY PQEST PQGLB PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS PTHSS PYCSY RC3 7X8 5PM DOA |
| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0157017 |
| DatabaseName | Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed Opposing Viewpoints (Gale in Context) Gale In Context: Science ProQuest Central (Corporate) Animal Behavior Abstracts Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B) Biotechnology Research Abstracts Nursing & Allied Health Database Ecology Abstracts Entomology Abstracts (Full archive) Immunology Abstracts Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts Nucleic Acids Abstracts Virology and AIDS Abstracts Agricultural Science Collection Health & Medical Collection ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) Medical Database (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Pharma Collection Public Health Database Technology Research Database ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Technology Collection ProQuest Natural Science Collection Hospital Premium Collection Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) Materials Science & Engineering Collection (ProQuest) ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest One Sustainability ProQuest Central UK/Ireland Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection ProQuest Central Essentials Biological Science Collection ProQuest Central Technology Collection Natural Science Collection Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Materials Science Collection ProQuest Central Korea Engineering Research Database Health Research Premium Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Central Student AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) Materials Science Database Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition) Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic ProQuest Engineering Collection Biological Sciences Agricultural Science Database ProQuest Health & Medical Collection Medical Database Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C) Biological Science Database Engineering Database Nursing & Allied Health Premium Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts Environmental Science Database Materials Science Collection ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China Engineering Collection (ProQuest) Environmental Science Collection Genetics Abstracts MEDLINE - Academic PubMed Central (Full Participant titles) DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals |
| DatabaseTitle | MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) Agricultural Science Database Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest Central Student ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection ProQuest Central Essentials Nucleic Acids Abstracts SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest Central China Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Sustainability Health Research Premium Collection Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts Natural Science Collection Health & Medical Research Collection Biological Science Collection ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni) Engineering Collection Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection Engineering Database Virology and AIDS Abstracts ProQuest Biological Science Collection ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition Agricultural Science Collection ProQuest Hospital Collection ProQuest Technology Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) Biological Science Database Ecology Abstracts ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni) Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts Environmental Science Collection Entomology Abstracts Nursing & Allied Health Premium ProQuest Health & Medical Complete ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition Environmental Science Database ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source (Alumni) Engineering Research Database ProQuest One Academic Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) Technology Collection Technology Research Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) Materials Science Collection ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Community College ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest Natural Science Collection ProQuest Pharma Collection ProQuest Central ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection Genetics Abstracts ProQuest Engineering Collection Biotechnology Research Abstracts Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central Korea Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B) Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C) Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts Materials Science Database ProQuest Materials Science Collection ProQuest Public Health ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source ProQuest SciTech Collection Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database ProQuest Medical Library Animal Behavior Abstracts Materials Science & Engineering Collection Immunology Abstracts ProQuest Central (Alumni) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | MEDLINE - Academic Agricultural Science Database MEDLINE Engineering Research Database |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website – sequence: 2 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 3 dbid: EIF name: MEDLINE url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 4 dbid: 8FG name: ProQuest Technology Collection url: https://search.proquest.com/technologycollection1 sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Sciences (General) Agriculture Biology |
| DocumentTitleAlternate | Measuring Fungal Hyphal Length |
| EISSN | 1932-6203 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 1795664654 oai_doaj_org_article_fe0365ddbcc64de6a2346bd2f676909d PMC4902305 4085160851 A454759905 27284995 |
| Genre | Journal Article |
| GeographicLocations | New Zealand |
| GeographicLocations_xml | – name: New Zealand |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: ; |
| GroupedDBID | --- 123 29O 2WC 53G 5VS 7RV 7X2 7X7 7XC 88E 8AO 8C1 8CJ 8FE 8FG 8FH 8FI 8FJ A8Z AAFWJ AAUCC AAWOE ABDBF ABIVO ABJCF ABUWG ACGFO ACIHN ACIWK ACPRK ACUHS ADBBV ADRAZ AEAQA AENEX AEUYN AFKRA AFPKN AFRAH AHMBA ALIPV ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AOIJS APEBS ARAPS ATCPS BAWUL BBNVY BCNDV BENPR BGLVJ BHPHI BKEYQ BPHCQ BVXVI BWKFM CCPQU CGR CS3 CUY CVF D1I D1J D1K DIK DU5 E3Z EAP EAS EBD ECM EIF EMOBN ESX EX3 F5P FPL FYUFA GROUPED_DOAJ GX1 HCIFZ HH5 HMCUK HYE IAO IEA IGS IHR IHW INH INR IOV IPNFZ IPY ISE ISR ITC K6- KB. KQ8 L6V LK5 LK8 M0K M1P M48 M7P M7R M7S M~E NAPCQ NPM O5R O5S OK1 OVT P2P P62 PATMY PDBOC PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PJZUB PPXIY PQGLB PQQKQ PROAC PSQYO PTHSS PV9 PYCSY RIG RNS RPM RZL SV3 TR2 UKHRP WOQ WOW ~02 ~KM BBORY PMFND 3V. 7QG 7QL 7QO 7SN 7SS 7T5 7TG 7TM 7U9 7XB 8FD 8FK AZQEC C1K DWQXO FR3 GNUQQ H94 K9. KL. M7N P64 PKEHL PQEST PQUKI PRINS RC3 7X8 5PM PUEGO - 02 AAPBV ABPTK ADACO BBAFP KM |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-d598t-93c57ca1052660ad879ee337f84d67a5e4f045b353392e90feab439deaf1596b3 |
| IEDL.DBID | M48 |
| ISSN | 1932-6203 |
| IngestDate | Sun May 01 00:10:38 EDT 2022 Wed Aug 27 01:21:32 EDT 2025 Thu Aug 21 18:21:39 EDT 2025 Tue Aug 05 11:24:19 EDT 2025 Thu Jul 10 19:12:05 EDT 2025 Fri Jul 25 11:26:12 EDT 2025 Tue Jun 17 21:35:54 EDT 2025 Tue Jun 10 20:10:44 EDT 2025 Fri Jun 27 03:30:36 EDT 2025 Fri Jun 27 03:55:18 EDT 2025 Mon Jul 21 05:38:07 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 6 |
| Language | English |
| License | This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Creative Commons Attribution License |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-d598t-93c57ca1052660ad879ee337f84d67a5e4f045b353392e90feab439deaf1596b3 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Conceived and designed the experiments: QHS MUFK MJH MCA. Performed the experiments: QHS. Analyzed the data: QHS MUFK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MCA MJH. Wrote the paper: QHS MUFK MJH MCA. |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8767-6852 |
| OpenAccessLink | http://journals.scholarsportal.info/openUrl.xqy?doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0157017 |
| PMID | 27284995 |
| PQID | 1795664654 |
| PQPubID | 1436336 |
| ParticipantIDs | plos_journals_1795664654 doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_fe0365ddbcc64de6a2346bd2f676909d pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_4902305 proquest_miscellaneous_1808650405 proquest_miscellaneous_1796686914 proquest_journals_1795664654 gale_infotracmisc_A454759905 gale_infotracacademiconefile_A454759905 gale_incontextgauss_ISR_A454759905 gale_incontextgauss_IOV_A454759905 pubmed_primary_27284995 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2016-06-10 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2016-06-10 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 06 year: 2016 text: 2016-06-10 day: 10 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | United States |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: United States – name: San Francisco – name: San Francisco, CA USA |
| PublicationTitle | PloS one |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | PLoS One |
| PublicationYear | 2016 |
| Publisher | Public Library of Science Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Public Library of Science – name: Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| SSID | ssj0053866 |
| Score | 2.3343656 |
| Snippet | This study aimed to develop and test an unbiased and rapid methodology to estimate the length of external arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) hyphae in soil.... |
| SourceID | plos doaj pubmedcentral proquest gale pubmed |
| SourceType | Open Website Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database |
| StartPage | e0157017 |
| SubjectTerms | Agriculture Animals Arbuscular mycorrhizas Automation Biochemistry Biology Biology and Life Sciences Biomass Calibration Coefficient of variation Digital imaging Engineering and Technology Fertility Fungi Hair - microbiology Hyphae Hyphae - growth & development Image processing Image Processing, Computer-Assisted - methods Image Processing, Computer-Assisted - standards Line intersections Membrane filtration Methods Micrography Microscopy Mycorrhizae - growth & development Phosphorus Photography Photomicrography Photomicrography - methods Photomicrography - standards Physiological aspects Plant Roots - microbiology Research and Analysis Methods Roots Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted Slopes Soil Soil fertility Soil investigations Soil Microbiology - standards Soil sciences Soils Statistics as Topic - methods Statistics as Topic - standards Test procedures Trichosurus - microbiology |
| SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals dbid: DOA link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Lb9NAEF6hnHpBtDxa2qIFIQEHt473Ye8xrRqliAKCFvVm7TNBKnZUO0j8-87Y26hGBS5cPRPHmdd-68x-Q8jrTKs0CMESpqRJuFNFUghjEy0KK5TShe3-0T37KGcX_P2luLwz6gt7wnp64N5wh8FDjRXOGWsld17qjHFpXBawNzNVDqsvrHm3m6m-BkMWSxkPyrF8fBj9crCsK38AC2Ce4oCyjqR_XYpHy6u6uQ9n_t4ueWf9mT4iDyNwpJP-gTfJA19tkc2Ymg19G_mj3z0m7TkyZ1Rzqis6uYov_H56etYNi6aAUukJKCBUBSUAgPSDr-btgtaBTiH34Vtmv5YL7WnXT0A_L-oWzy5fR3ZruK-jpz-gENF4zAC0npCL6cn58SyJwxUSJ1TRJopZkVs9Rr4XmWpX5Mp7xvJQcCdzLTwPgPYMAzioMg8O9doAeHFeB0BA0rCnZFSBObcJhSUOx8R4Y1TgzBmViyCFzoS2cEXyHXKEli6XPX9GiYzW3QXwcxn9XP7LzzvkFfqpRM6KCpti5nrVNOXpp2_lBEnJILBS8Selr18GSm-iUqjBn1bHgwjwY5ALa6C5N9CEzLMD8TbGTBmjqymhuAE6RoY6-ORtHN0vfrkW402x0a3y9arTkbKQavw3nQL2oQKqLzzBsz4017bNcsAbSoEkHwTtwPhDSfV90dGKc4X7UfH8f3hrl2wAspTYUzdO98iovV75fUBvrXnRJeoNtVhEfg priority: 102 providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – databaseName: ProQuest Technology Collection dbid: 8FG link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1Lb9QwELZgERIcEF2gLRRkEBJwSJuXnfiEFtRliyggaFFvkZ9ZpJKETRap_56ZrHchqPSambw8D39xxt8Q8jyWInSMJUEiuApSI_IgZ0oHkuWaCSFz3f_RPf7IZ6fp-zN25hfcWl9Wuc6JfaI2tcY18gNwHEAeyP71uvkZYNco_LvqW2hcJzcimGmwpCufvltnYohlzv12uSSLDrx19pu6svswDWYhtinrqfo3CXnUnNftZWjz36LJv2ah6V1yx8NHOlnZe4tcs9WY3J6UC0-hYcfk5qq95MWYbPnAbelLzy796h7pTpBXoyqprOjk3C8H_rL0uG8lTQHD0kNQQCALSgAP6Qdbld2c1o5OITPA3WcXzVxa2lcb0M_zusOdzQvPfQ3XNfToB6Qp6jchgNZ9cjo9PHk7C3zrhcAwkXeBSDTLtIyQDYaH0uSZsDZJMpenhmeS2dQBFlQJgEURWzC3lQqgjbHSAT7iKnlARhUM8w6hMAFiExmrlHBpYpTImONMxkxqOMLTXfIGLVA0K3aNAvmu-wP1oix8-BTOwkzLjFFa89RYLuMk5crEDit0Q2F2yTO0X4GMFhWWzJRy2bbF0advxQQpy8DtQvY_pa9fBkovvJKrwc5a-m0K8DLIlDXQ3BtoQlzqgXgHfanwXtcWfzwYzlz71-XipxsxXhTL4CpbL3sd8HIuoqt0cvhKZZCb4Qm2Vy67Gds4AzQiBEiygTMPBn8oqb7Pe9LxVODXKnt49aM_IrcAUXKspYvCPTLqFkv7GFBbp570ofkb7xhCwg priority: 102 providerName: ProQuest |
| Title | Testing an Alternative Method for Estimating the Length of Fungal Hyphae Using Photomicrography and Image Processing |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27284995 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1795664654 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1796686914 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1808650405 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC4902305 https://doaj.org/article/fe0365ddbcc64de6a2346bd2f676909d http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157017 |
| Volume | 11 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3Nb9MwFLe27sIFMb42GJVBSMAhVb5sxweEuqmlQ3RMY0W9RXbstEglKW2K2IW_nfdStyKo28WH-MVJnt-zf46ff4-Q16GSfs5Y5EWSay82MvESpjNPsSRjUqokq3d0hxd8MIo_jdl4j2xytjoFLncu7TCf1Ggx6_z-efMBHP59nbVBBJubOvOysB2Y3gRY2T45gLlJYE6DYbzdVwDvrncvEbV4PPQjd5jutlYckf92uG7NZ-VyFxb9P6Tynzmq_4Dcd-CSdtfWcEj2bPGQHDr3XdK3jmP63SNSXSO7RjGhqqDdmfsp-MvSYZ1QmgKSpT0QQDgLQgAS6WdbTKopLXPah_EBnjK4mU-VpXXMAb2clhWeb144Bmxo19DzHzBYUXcUAaQek1G_d3028FwCBs8wmVSejDImMhUgJwz3lUmEtDaKRJ7EhgvFbJwDItQRQEYZWuh0qzQAHGNVDiiJ6-gJaRWgziNCYRrEVDJWa5nHkdFSsJwzFTKVwRUeH5NT1HQ6X3NspMh6XV8oF5PUOVGaW5hvmTE6y3hsLFdhFHNtwhzjdH1pjskr7KcUeS0KDJyZqNVymZ5_-ZZ2kbgMjM9ntwl9vWoIvXFCeQn9mSl3WAE-BvmyGpInDUnwzqxRfYQ2k24MO4UBEBA0stjBnRs72l39cluNjWIwXGHLVS3DecJlcJdMAmtVBiM0vMHTtWludRsKwCRSQo1oGG1D-c2a4vu0ph6PJa5Z2bO7P_o5uQe4kmNEXeCfkFa1WNkXgN0q3Sb7YiygTM4CLPsf2-TgtHdxedWu_4a0a3fF8k_vL6sKSNk |
| linkProvider | Scholars Portal |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3fb9MwELZGEQIeECs_NhhgEAh4yJYmsRM_IFRgpWXtQNChvQU7dlKkkZQmBfWf4m_kLnULQWNve81d3cQ-331O7r4j5LEnhZsy5ju-4MoJtIiciKnEkSxKmBAySuovuqND3j8K3h2z4w3ya1ULg2mVK59YO2pdJPiOfA8MB5AHsn-9nH53sGsUfl1dtdBYmsWBWfyEI1v5YvAG1veJ5_X2x6_7ju0q4GgmosoRfsLCRHaQ6IS7UkehMMb3wzQKNA8lM0EKMEf5gIOEZ-BJjFQQtbWRKYR-rnwY9wK5GIAYD3tR7-3K84Pv4NyW5_lhZ89aw-60yM0uhN3QxbZodWuAdQBoTU-K8jR0-2-S5l9Rr3edXLNwlXaX9rVJNkzeJle72cxSdpg2ubRsZ7lok03rKEr6zLJZP79BqjHyeOQZlTntntjXjz8MHdWtqylgZroPCgicQQngKB2aPKsmtEhpDzwR_Ht_MZ1IQ-vsBvphUlRYST2zXNswrqaDb-AWqS16AK2b5OhcFuUWaeUwzVuEQsDFpjVGKZEGvlYiZCln0mMygSs82CavcAXi6ZLNI0Z-7fpCMctiu13j1EBkZ1qrJOGBNlx6fsCV9lLMCHaF3iaPcP1iZNDIMUUnk_OyjAfvP8ddpEgDM3fZ_5Q-fWwoPbVKaQHrnEhbFgEPg8xcDc2dhib4gaQh3kJbiq3VlfGfHQO_XNnX6eKHazEOiml3uSnmtQ7nEReds3QiOBUziAVwB7eXJrueWy8E9CMESMKGMTcmvynJv05qkvNA4OmY3Tn71h-Qy_3xaBgPB4cHd8kVQLMc8_g67g5pVbO5uQeIsVL3621KyZfz9gu_AUClf0Y |
| linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1bb9MwFLZGEQgeEBuXDQYYBAIesqZJ7MQPCJVtVcsuTLChvQXf0iKNpDQpqH-NX8c5qVsIGnvba3zqJvbncz4nx98h5HkghZ8xFnqh4MqLjEi8hCntSZZoJoRMdP1F9-CQ90-i96fsdIX8WpyFwbTKhU-sHbUpNL4jbwNwgHmg-lc7c2kRRzu9t-PvHlaQwi-ti3Iac4js2dlP2L6VbwY7MNcvgqC3e7zd91yFAc8wkVSeCDWLteyg6An3pUliYW0YxlkSGR5LZqMMKI8KgROJwMJTWakgghsrM6ABXIXQ7xVyNQ7jBNdYsr1MLwE_wrk7qhfGnbZDxta4yO0WhODYxxJpdZmAZTBojc-K8jym-2_C5l8RsHeb3HLUlXbnWFslKzZfIze7w4mT77Br5Nq8tOVsjaw6p1HSV07Z-vUdUh2jpkc-pDKn3TP3KvKHpQd1GWsK_JnuggGSaDACakr3bT6sRrTIaA-8Evx7fzYeSUvrTAd6NCoqPFU9cbrb0K-hg2_gIqk7AAFWd8nJpUzKPdLKYZjXCYXgiwVsrFIii0KjRMwyzmTApIYrPNog73AG0vFc2SNFre36QjEZpm7pppmFKM-MUVrzyFgugzDiygQZZgf7wmyQZzh_Kapp5IjLoZyWZTr48DntolwaQN5n_zP69LFh9NIZZQXMs5buiAQ8DKp0NSw3G5bgE3SjeR2xlDrUlemf1QO_XODr_Oany2bsFFPwcltMaxvOEy46F9kksENmEBfgDu7PIbsc2yAGJiQEtMQNMDcGv9mSfx3VgueRwJ0ye3DxrT8h18EjpPuDw72H5AYQW44pfR1_k7SqydQ-AvJYqcf1KqXky2W7hd-ooINH |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Testing+an+Alternative+Method+for+Estimating+the+Length+of+Fungal+Hyphae+Using+Photomicrography+and+Image+Processing&rft.jtitle=PloS+one&rft.au=Shen%2C+Qinhua&rft.au=Kirschbaum%2C+Miko+U.+F&rft.au=Hedley%2C+Mike+J&rft.au=Camps+Arbestain%2C+Marta&rft.date=2016-06-10&rft.pub=Public+Library+of+Science&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0157017&rft.externalDocID=A454759905 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1932-6203&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1932-6203&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1932-6203&client=summon |