Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Carvacrol against Black Mold Disease Agent Alternaria alternata in Goji Berries

• Published in: Journal of fungi (Basel) Vol. 10; no. 6; p. 402
• Main Authors: Wang, Junjie, Zhou, Yueli, Wang, Peng, Zhao, Lunaike, Zhang, Huaiyu, Qu, Huan, Xu, Fei
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01.06.2024; MDPI
• Subjects: Alternaria alternata; Antifungal activity; Berries; Biosynthesis; Carvacrol; Cell membranes; China; Decay fungi; Diseases; Fruit industry; Fruit rot; Fruits; Gene expression; goji berry; Kinases; Metabolism; Minimum inhibitory concentration; Mold; Molds (Fungi); Molecular modelling; mycotoxin; Mycotoxins; Oils & fats; Pathogens; Scanning electron microscopy; Tenuazonic acid; transcriptomic analysis; Transcriptomics; China; Japan; transcriptomic analysis; mycotoxin; Alternaria alternata; carvacrol; goji berry
• DOI: 10.3390/jof10060402
• ISSN: 2309-608X

, as a main decay fungus of goji berry, can produce mycotoxins such as alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tenuazonic acid (TeA). Carvacrol (CVR) has exhibited a broad-spectrum antifungal activity in vitro. We assumed that CVR can also be applied to control rot on goji berries and mycotoxins produced by the pathogens. To investigate whether CVR impacts the accumulation of mycotoxins and cell membrane damage of , the antifungal activity of CVR on the fungal growth and mycotoxin production was evaluated in this study. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CVR against was 0.12 µL/mL. Meanwhile, the destruction of plasma membrane integrity, cytoplasmic leakage, intracellular oxidative damage, and inhibitory effect in vivo were also observed in treated with CVR. Moreover, CVR significantly reduced the accumulation of AOH, AME, and TeA. Transcriptomic profiling was performed by means of comparative RNA-Seq analysis to research the gene expression level of , which attested to significant changes in nitrogen metabolism, carbon utilization, fatty acid oxidation, and antioxidant enzymes in CVR-treated . This study suggests a new understanding of the molecular mechanism of response to CVR treatment in , indicating that CVR is a novel antifungal agent with the potential to be applied to various fungi.