Impact of Human Waste Management on the estimation of Ancient Maya Population
The population of ancient Maya has been estimated traditionally by multiplying the number of discovered household mounds and the assumed number of persons per household in a given transect of an archaeological site. This approach is foundationally weak as both key parameters are subject to wide vari...
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| Published in | Estudios de cultura maya Vol. 51; pp. 111 - 128 |
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| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
UNAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas
2018
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| Abstract | The population of ancient Maya has been estimated traditionally by multiplying the number of discovered household mounds and the assumed number of persons per household in a given transect of an archaeological site. This approach is foundationally weak as both key parameters are subject to wide variations over the time course of several centuries. The ubiquitous outcome of this approach is that ancient Maya is nearly always construed to have a very large population base, especially during the Classic period. What is largely omitted in prior studies is the proof of sustainability of such calculated population size in commensuration with, among other things, effective management of human wastes. The waste disposal situation in ancient Tikal is aggravated by the generally flat terrain and the lack of natural drainage channels. The only means of waste disposal would have been by manual labourers conveying the wastes collected daily to dump in cesspools at some distance from high-density human settlements. There was a notable absence of draft animals and wheeled machines including transport vehicles, which could have facilitated such means of waste disposal. The problematic issue of human waste management would certainly have limited the practical size of population cluster in ancient Tikal. |
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| AbstractList | The population of ancient Maya has been estimated traditionally by multiplying the number of discovered household mounds and the assumed number of persons per household in a given transect of an archaeological site. This approach is foundationally weak as both key parameters are subject to wide variations over the time course of several centuries. The ubiquitous outcome of this approach is that ancient Maya is nearly always construed to have a very large population base, especially during the Classic period. What is largely omitted in prior studies is the proof of sustainability of such calculated population size in commensuration with, among other things, effective management of human wastes. The waste disposal situation in ancient Tikal is aggravated by the generally flat terrain and the lack of natural drainage channels. The only means of waste disposal would have been by manual labourers conveying the wastes collected daily to dump in cesspools at some distance from high-density human settlements. There was a notable absence of draft animals and wheeled machines including transport vehicles, which could have facilitated such means of waste disposal. The problematic issue of human waste management would certainly have limited the practical size of population cluster in ancient Tikal.
Resume: La population des anciens Mayas est traditionnellement estimée en multipliant le nombre de monticules résidentiels découverts par le nombre supposé de personnes par foyer dans un transect donné d'un site archéologique. Cette approche est fondamentalement faible puisque les deux paramètres clefs sont sujets à de grandes variations au cours des siècles. Les résultats d’un tel mode de calcul conduit systématiquement à une estimation de la population des anciens Mayas très élevée, en particulier pendant la période Classique. Ce qui est largement omis dans les études antérieures, c’est la démonstration de la viabilité d’une telle population, surtout quand celle-ci est confrontée à des paramètres tels que le traitement effectif des déchets humains, par exemple. A Tikal, ce problème d’élimination des déchets représente un défi particulièrement difficile si l’on y considère l’absence de relief et de canaux naturels de drainage. L’unique moyen de se débarrasser de ces déchets aurait été le recours à une main-d’œuvre chargée du transport quotidien et manuel ainsi que de l’enfouissement de ces détritus dans des dépotoirs situés à une certaine distance de cette zone très fortement peuplée. De plus, rappelons qu’aucun animal de trait ou machine à roues n’étaient utilisés à cette époque, ce qui auraient pu faciliter cette tâche. La problématique du traitement des déchets humains aurait sans doute limité la taille pratique des groupes de population dans l’ancienne cité de Tikal.
Resumen: La población de los antiguos mayas tradicionalmente se ha estimado multiplicando el número de montículos residenciales descubiertos por el número asumido de personas por hogar en un transecto dado de un sitio arqueológico. Este enfoque es fundamentalmente débil ya que ambos parámetros clave están sujetos a grandes variaciones a lo largo del tiempo por varios siglos. El resultado omnipresente de este enfoque es que los antiguos mayas son casi siempre interpretados con una gran base poblacional, especialmente durante el período Clásico. Lo que se omite en estudios previos es la demostración de la sostenibilidad de dicho cálculo teniendo en cuenta, entre otras cosas, el manejo efectivo de los desechos humanos. La eliminación de residuos en la antigua Tikal se agravó por el terreno generalmente llano y la falta de canales naturales de drenaje. Los únicos medios de eliminación de desechos habrían sido mediante trasporte a pie de trabajadores manuales, que trasladarían los desechos recolectados diariamente para verterlos en fosas sépticas a cierta distancia de los asentamientos humanos altamente poblados. Hubo una notable ausencia de animales de tiro y vehículos con ruedas, incluidos los medios de transporte, que podrían haber facilitado tales vías de eliminación. La problemática del manejo de los residuos humanos ciertamente habría limitado el tamaño práctico de los grupos de población en la antigua Tikal. The population of ancient Maya has been estimated traditionally by multiplying the number of discovered household mounds and the assumed number of persons per household in a given transect of an archaeological site. This approach is foundationally weak as both key parameters are subject to wide variations over the time course of several centuries. The ubiquitous outcome of this approach is that ancient Maya is nearly always construed to have a very large population base, especially during the Classic period. What is largely omitted in prior studies is the proof of sustainability of such calculated population size in commensuration with, among other things, effective management of human wastes. The waste disposal situation in ancient Tikal is aggravated by the generally flat terrain and the lack of natural drainage channels. The only means of waste disposal would have been by manual labourers conveying the wastes collected daily to dump in cesspools at some distance from high-density human settlements. There was a notable absence of draft animals and wheeled machines including transport vehicles, which could have facilitated such means of waste disposal. The problematic issue of human waste management would certainly have limited the practical size of population cluster in ancient Tikal. |
| Author | Wong, Alfred |
| AuthorAffiliation | Friends of Aboriginal Health |
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| SubjectTerms | aguas residuales Anthropology Archaeology eaux usées manejo de desechos Maya población population sewage Tikal traitement de déchets waste management |
| Title | Impact of Human Waste Management on the estimation of Ancient Maya Population |
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