The Enigma of Soil Animal Species Diversity Revisited: The Role of Small-Scale Heterogeneity

"The enigma of soil animal species diversity" was the title of a popular article by J. M. Anderson published in 1975. In that paper, Anderson provided insights on the great richness of species found in soils, but emphasized that the mechanisms contributing to the high species richness belo...

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Published inPloS one Vol. 5; no. 7; p. e11567
Main Authors Nielsen, Uffe N., Osler, Graham H. R., Campbell, Colin D., Neilson, Roy, Burslem, David F. R. P., van der Wal, René
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Public Library of Science 13.07.2010
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects
Acari
Animal species
Animals
Bacteria
Biodiversity
Biological diversity
Collembola
Ecology
Ecology/Community Ecology and Biodiversity
Ecology/Ecosystem Ecology
Ecosystem
Ecosystems
Fauna
Heterogeneity
Hypotheses
Influence
Markvetenskap
Microbial activity
Microorganisms
Mites
Nematoda
Nematodes
Oribatida
Plant communities
Roundworms
Small scale
Soil
Soil fauna
Soil investigations
Soil properties
Soil Science
Species diversity
Species richness
Sustainable development
United Kingdom > UK
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1932-6203
1932-6203
DOI10.1371/journal.pone.0011567

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Abstract "The enigma of soil animal species diversity" was the title of a popular article by J. M. Anderson published in 1975. In that paper, Anderson provided insights on the great richness of species found in soils, but emphasized that the mechanisms contributing to the high species richness belowground were largely unknown. Yet, exploration of the mechanisms driving species richness has focused, almost exclusively, on above-ground plant and animal communities, and nearly 35 years later we have several new hypotheses but are not much closer to revealing why soils are so rich in species. One persistent but untested hypothesis is that species richness is promoted by small-scale environmental heterogeneity. To test this hypothesis we manipulated small-scale heterogeneity in soil properties in a one-year field experiment and investigated the impacts on the richness of soil fauna and evenness of the microbial communities. We found that heterogeneity substantially increased the species richness of oribatid mites, collembolans and nematodes, whereas heterogeneity had no direct influence on the evenness of either the fungal, bacterial or archaeal communities or on species richness of the large and mobile mesostigmatid mites. These results suggest that the heterogeneity-species richness relationship is scale dependent. Our results provide direct evidence for the hypothesis that small-scale heterogeneity in soils increase species richness of intermediate-sized soil fauna. The concordance of mechanisms between above and belowground communities suggests that the relationship between environmental heterogeneity and species richness may be a general property of ecological communities.
AbstractList "The enigma of soil animal species diversity" was the title of a popular article by J. M. Anderson published in 1975. In that paper, Anderson provided insights on the great richness of species found in soils, but emphasized that the mechanisms contributing to the high species richness belowground were largely unknown. Yet, exploration of the mechanisms driving species richness has focused, almost exclusively, on above-ground plant and animal communities, and nearly 35 years later we have several new hypotheses but are not much closer to revealing why soils are so rich in species. One persistent but untested hypothesis is that species richness is promoted by small-scale environmental heterogeneity.BACKGROUND"The enigma of soil animal species diversity" was the title of a popular article by J. M. Anderson published in 1975. In that paper, Anderson provided insights on the great richness of species found in soils, but emphasized that the mechanisms contributing to the high species richness belowground were largely unknown. Yet, exploration of the mechanisms driving species richness has focused, almost exclusively, on above-ground plant and animal communities, and nearly 35 years later we have several new hypotheses but are not much closer to revealing why soils are so rich in species. One persistent but untested hypothesis is that species richness is promoted by small-scale environmental heterogeneity.To test this hypothesis we manipulated small-scale heterogeneity in soil properties in a one-year field experiment and investigated the impacts on the richness of soil fauna and evenness of the microbial communities. We found that heterogeneity substantially increased the species richness of oribatid mites, collembolans and nematodes, whereas heterogeneity had no direct influence on the evenness of either the fungal, bacterial or archaeal communities or on species richness of the large and mobile mesostigmatid mites. These results suggest that the heterogeneity-species richness relationship is scale dependent.METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGSTo test this hypothesis we manipulated small-scale heterogeneity in soil properties in a one-year field experiment and investigated the impacts on the richness of soil fauna and evenness of the microbial communities. We found that heterogeneity substantially increased the species richness of oribatid mites, collembolans and nematodes, whereas heterogeneity had no direct influence on the evenness of either the fungal, bacterial or archaeal communities or on species richness of the large and mobile mesostigmatid mites. These results suggest that the heterogeneity-species richness relationship is scale dependent.Our results provide direct evidence for the hypothesis that small-scale heterogeneity in soils increase species richness of intermediate-sized soil fauna. The concordance of mechanisms between above and belowground communities suggests that the relationship between environmental heterogeneity and species richness may be a general property of ecological communities.CONCLUSIONSOur results provide direct evidence for the hypothesis that small-scale heterogeneity in soils increase species richness of intermediate-sized soil fauna. The concordance of mechanisms between above and belowground communities suggests that the relationship between environmental heterogeneity and species richness may be a general property of ecological communities.
Conclusions: Our results provide direct evidence for the hypothesis that small-scale heterogeneity in soils increase species richness of intermediate-sized soil fauna. The concordance of mechanisms between above and belowground communities suggests that the relationship between environmental heterogeneity and species richness may be a general property of ecological communities.
Background “The enigma of soil animal species diversity” was the title of a popular article by J. M. Anderson published in 1975. In that paper, Anderson provided insights on the great richness of species found in soils, but emphasized that the mechanisms contributing to the high species richness belowground were largely unknown. Yet, exploration of the mechanisms driving species richness has focused, almost exclusively, on above-ground plant and animal communities, and nearly 35 years later we have several new hypotheses but are not much closer to revealing why soils are so rich in species. One persistent but untested hypothesis is that species richness is promoted by small-scale environmental heterogeneity. Methodology/Principal Findings To test this hypothesis we manipulated small-scale heterogeneity in soil properties in a one-year field experiment and investigated the impacts on the richness of soil fauna and evenness of the microbial communities. We found that heterogeneity substantially increased the species richness of oribatid mites, collembolans and nematodes, whereas heterogeneity had no direct influence on the evenness of either the fungal, bacterial or archaeal communities or on species richness of the large and mobile mesostigmatid mites. These results suggest that the heterogeneity-species richness relationship is scale dependent. Conclusions Our results provide direct evidence for the hypothesis that small-scale heterogeneity in soils increase species richness of intermediate-sized soil fauna. The concordance of mechanisms between above and belowground communities suggests that the relationship between environmental heterogeneity and species richness may be a general property of ecological communities.
"The enigma of soil animal species diversity" was the title of a popular article by J. M. Anderson published in 1975. In that paper, Anderson provided insights on the great richness of species found in soils, but emphasized that the mechanisms contributing to the high species richness belowground were largely unknown. Yet, exploration of the mechanisms driving species richness has focused, almost exclusively, on above-ground plant and animal communities, and nearly 35 years later we have several new hypotheses but are not much closer to revealing why soils are so rich in species. One persistent but untested hypothesis is that species richness is promoted by small-scale environmental heterogeneity. To test this hypothesis we manipulated small-scale heterogeneity in soil properties in a one-year field experiment and investigated the impacts on the richness of soil fauna and evenness of the microbial communities. We found that heterogeneity substantially increased the species richness of oribatid mites, collembolans and nematodes, whereas heterogeneity had no direct influence on the evenness of either the fungal, bacterial or archaeal communities or on species richness of the large and mobile mesostigmatid mites. These results suggest that the heterogeneity-species richness relationship is scale dependent. Our results provide direct evidence for the hypothesis that small-scale heterogeneity in soils increase species richness of intermediate-sized soil fauna. The concordance of mechanisms between above and belowground communities suggests that the relationship between environmental heterogeneity and species richness may be a general property of ecological communities.
"The enigma of soil animal species diversity" was the title of a popular article by J. M. Anderson published in 1975. In that paper, Anderson provided insights on the great richness of species found in soils, but emphasized that the mechanisms contributing to the high species richness belowground were largely unknown. Yet, exploration of the mechanisms driving species richness has focused, almost exclusively, on above-ground plant and animal communities, and nearly 35 years later we have several new hypotheses but are not much closer to revealing why soils are so rich in species. One persistent but untested hypothesis is that species richness is promoted by small-scale environmental heterogeneity. To test this hypothesis we manipulated small-scale heterogeneity in soil properties in a one-year field experiment and investigated the impacts on the richness of soil fauna and evenness of the microbial communities. We found that heterogeneity substantially increased the species richness of oribatid mites, collembolans and nematodes, whereas heterogeneity had no direct influence on the evenness of either the fungal, bacterial or archaeal communities or on species richness of the large and mobile mesostigmatid mites. These results suggest that the heterogeneity-species richness relationship is scale dependent. Our results provide direct evidence for the hypothesis that small-scale heterogeneity in soils increase species richness of intermediate-sized soil fauna. The concordance of mechanisms between above and belowground communities suggests that the relationship between environmental heterogeneity and species richness may be a general property of ecological communities.
Background “The enigma of soil animal species diversity” was the title of a popular article by J. M. Anderson published in 1975. In that paper, Anderson provided insights on the great richness of species found in soils, but emphasized that the mechanisms contributing to the high species richness belowground were largely unknown. Yet, exploration of the mechanisms driving species richness has focused, almost exclusively, on above-ground plant and animal communities, and nearly 35 years later we have several new hypotheses but are not much closer to revealing why soils are so rich in species. One persistent but untested hypothesis is that species richness is promoted by small-scale environmental heterogeneity. Methodology/Principal Findings To test this hypothesis we manipulated small-scale heterogeneity in soil properties in a one-year field experiment and investigated the impacts on the richness of soil fauna and evenness of the microbial communities. We found that heterogeneity substantially increased the species richness of oribatid mites, collembolans and nematodes, whereas heterogeneity had no direct influence on the evenness of either the fungal, bacterial or archaeal communities or on species richness of the large and mobile mesostigmatid mites. These results suggest that the heterogeneity-species richness relationship is scale dependent. Conclusions Our results provide direct evidence for the hypothesis that small-scale heterogeneity in soils increase species richness of intermediate-sized soil fauna. The concordance of mechanisms between above and belowground communities suggests that the relationship between environmental heterogeneity and species richness may be a general property of ecological communities.
Audience Academic
Author Nielsen, Uffe N.
Osler, Graham H. R.
van der Wal, René
Neilson, Roy
Campbell, Colin D.
Burslem, David F. R. P.
AuthorAffiliation 2 School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
3 Aberdeen Centre for Environmental Sustainability, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
4 Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
Dalhousie University, Canada
5 Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
1 The Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 4 Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
– name: 5 Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
– name: 2 School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
– name: Dalhousie University, Canada
– name: 3 Aberdeen Centre for Environmental Sustainability, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
– name: 1 The Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Uffe N.
  surname: Nielsen
  fullname: Nielsen, Uffe N.
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Graham H. R.
  surname: Osler
  fullname: Osler, Graham H. R.
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Colin D.
  surname: Campbell
  fullname: Campbell, Colin D.
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Roy
  surname: Neilson
  fullname: Neilson, Roy
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  givenname: David F. R. P.
  surname: Burslem
  fullname: Burslem, David F. R. P.
– sequence: 6
  givenname: René
  surname: van der Wal
  fullname: van der Wal, René
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20644639$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
https://res.slu.se/id/publ/43642$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright COPYRIGHT 2010 Public Library of Science
2010 Nielsen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Nielsen et al. 2010
Copyright_xml – notice: COPYRIGHT 2010 Public Library of Science
– notice: 2010 Nielsen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
– notice: Nielsen et al. 2010
CorporateAuthor Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet
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Conceived and designed the experiments: UNN GHRO CC DB RvdW. Performed the experiments: UNN GHRO CC RN DB RvdW. Analyzed the data: UNN. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: UNN GHRO CC RN DB RvdW. Wrote the paper: UNN. Performed the extractions and identification of soil mites and collembolans: UNN. Helped with field work: GHRO CC DB RvdW. Discussed the results and provided comments on the manuscript: GHRO CC RN DB RvdW.
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SSID ssj0053866
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Snippet "The enigma of soil animal species diversity" was the title of a popular article by J. M. Anderson published in 1975. In that paper, Anderson provided insights...
Background "The enigma of soil animal species diversity" was the title of a popular article by J. M. Anderson published in 1975. In that paper, Anderson...
Background “The enigma of soil animal species diversity” was the title of a popular article by J. M. Anderson published in 1975. In that paper, Anderson...
Conclusions: Our results provide direct evidence for the hypothesis that small-scale heterogeneity in soils increase species richness of intermediate-sized...
Background “The enigma of soil animal species diversity” was the title of a popular article by J. M. Anderson published in 1975. In that paper, Anderson...
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StartPage e11567
SubjectTerms Acari
Animal species
Animals
Bacteria
Biodiversity
Biological diversity
Collembola
Ecology
Ecology/Community Ecology and Biodiversity
Ecology/Ecosystem Ecology
Ecosystem
Ecosystems
Fauna
Heterogeneity
Hypotheses
Influence
Markvetenskap
Microbial activity
Microorganisms
Mites
Nematoda
Nematodes
Oribatida
Plant communities
Roundworms
Small scale
Soil
Soil fauna
Soil investigations
Soil properties
Soil Science
Species diversity
Species richness
Sustainable development
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Title The Enigma of Soil Animal Species Diversity Revisited: The Role of Small-Scale Heterogeneity
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20644639
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1291896389
https://www.proquest.com/docview/733997081
https://www.proquest.com/docview/754552553
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC2903492
https://res.slu.se/id/publ/43642
https://doaj.org/article/30ee71f4fad14f62b656bb6cb5fdb9f5
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011567
Volume 5
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