Temperature effects on fish production across a natural thermal gradient
Global warming is widely predicted to reduce the biomass production of top predators, or even result in species loss. Several exceptions to this expectation have been identified, however, and it is vital that we understand the underlying mechanisms if we are to improve our ability to predict future...
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| Published in | Global change biology Vol. 22; no. 9; pp. 3206 - 3220 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.09.2016
Wiley John Wiley and Sons Inc |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Global warming is widely predicted to reduce the biomass production of top predators, or even result in species loss. Several exceptions to this expectation have been identified, however, and it is vital that we understand the underlying mechanisms if we are to improve our ability to predict future trends. Here, we used a natural warming experiment in Iceland and quantitative theoretical predictions to investigate the success of brown trout as top predators across a stream temperature gradient (4–25 °C). Brown trout are at the northern limit of their geographic distribution in this system, with ambient stream temperatures below their optimum for maximal growth, and above it in the warmest streams. A five‐month mark‐recapture study revealed that population abundance, biomass, growth rate, and production of trout all increased with stream temperature. We identified two mechanisms that contributed to these responses: (1) trout became more selective in their diet as stream temperature increased, feeding higher in the food web and increasing in trophic position; and (2) trophic transfer through the food web was more efficient in the warmer streams. We found little evidence to support a third potential mechanism: that external subsidies would play a more important role in the diet of trout with increasing stream temperature. Resource availability was also amplified through the trophic levels with warming, as predicted by metabolic theory in nutrient‐replete systems. These results highlight circumstances in which top predators can thrive in warmer environments and contribute to our knowledge of warming impacts on natural communities and ecosystem functioning. |
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| AbstractList | Global warming is widely predicted to reduce the biomass production of top predators, or even result in species loss. Several exceptions to this expectation have been identified, however, and it is vital that we understand the underlying mechanisms if we are to improve our ability to predict future trends. Here, we used a natural warming experiment in Iceland and quantitative theoretical predictions to investigate the success of brown trout as top predators across a stream temperature gradient (4-25 °C). Brown trout are at the northern limit of their geographic distribution in this system, with ambient stream temperatures below their optimum for maximal growth, and above it in the warmest streams. A five-month mark-recapture study revealed that population abundance, biomass, growth rate, and production of trout all increased with stream temperature. We identified two mechanisms that contributed to these responses: (1) trout became more selective in their diet as stream temperature increased, feeding higher in the food web and increasing in trophic position; and (2) trophic transfer through the food web was more efficient in the warmer streams. We found little evidence to support a third potential mechanism: that external subsidies would play a more important role in the diet of trout with increasing stream temperature. Resource availability was also amplified through the trophic levels with warming, as predicted by metabolic theory in nutrient-replete systems. These results highlight circumstances in which top predators can thrive in warmer environments and contribute to our knowledge of warming impacts on natural communities and ecosystem functioning. Global warming is widely predicted to reduce the biomass production of top predators, or even result in species loss. Several exceptions to this expectation have been identified, however, and it is vital that we understand the underlying mechanisms if we are to improve our ability to predict future trends. Here, we used a natural warming experiment in Iceland and quantitative theoretical predictions to investigate the success of brown trout as top predators across a stream temperature gradient (4–25 °C). Brown trout are at the northern limit of their geographic distribution in this system, with ambient stream temperatures below their optimum for maximal growth, and above it in the warmest streams. A five‐month mark‐recapture study revealed that population abundance, biomass, growth rate, and production of trout all increased with stream temperature. We identified two mechanisms that contributed to these responses: (1) trout became more selective in their diet as stream temperature increased, feeding higher in the food web and increasing in trophic position; and (2) trophic transfer through the food web was more efficient in the warmer streams. We found little evidence to support a third potential mechanism: that external subsidies would play a more important role in the diet of trout with increasing stream temperature. Resource availability was also amplified through the trophic levels with warming, as predicted by metabolic theory in nutrient‐replete systems. These results highlight circumstances in which top predators can thrive in warmer environments and contribute to our knowledge of warming impacts on natural communities and ecosystem functioning. Global warming is widely predicted to reduce the biomass production of top predators, or even result in species loss. Several exceptions to this expectation have been identified, however, and it is vital that we understand the underlying mechanisms if we are to improve our ability to predict future trends. Here, we used a natural warming experiment in Iceland and quantitative theoretical predictions to investigate the success of brown trout as top predators across a stream temperature gradient (4-25 °C). Brown trout are at the northern limit of their geographic distribution in this system, with ambient stream temperatures below their optimum for maximal growth, and above it in the warmest streams. A five-month mark-recapture study revealed that population abundance, biomass, growth rate, and production of trout all increased with stream temperature. We identified two mechanisms that contributed to these responses: (1) trout became more selective in their diet as stream temperature increased, feeding higher in the food web and increasing in trophic position; and (2) trophic transfer through the food web was more efficient in the warmer streams. We found little evidence to support a third potential mechanism: that external subsidies would play a more important role in the diet of trout with increasing stream temperature. Resource availability was also amplified through the trophic levels with warming, as predicted by metabolic theory in nutrient-replete systems. These results highlight circumstances in which top predators can thrive in warmer environments and contribute to our knowledge of warming impacts on natural communities and ecosystem functioning.Global warming is widely predicted to reduce the biomass production of top predators, or even result in species loss. Several exceptions to this expectation have been identified, however, and it is vital that we understand the underlying mechanisms if we are to improve our ability to predict future trends. Here, we used a natural warming experiment in Iceland and quantitative theoretical predictions to investigate the success of brown trout as top predators across a stream temperature gradient (4-25 °C). Brown trout are at the northern limit of their geographic distribution in this system, with ambient stream temperatures below their optimum for maximal growth, and above it in the warmest streams. A five-month mark-recapture study revealed that population abundance, biomass, growth rate, and production of trout all increased with stream temperature. We identified two mechanisms that contributed to these responses: (1) trout became more selective in their diet as stream temperature increased, feeding higher in the food web and increasing in trophic position; and (2) trophic transfer through the food web was more efficient in the warmer streams. We found little evidence to support a third potential mechanism: that external subsidies would play a more important role in the diet of trout with increasing stream temperature. Resource availability was also amplified through the trophic levels with warming, as predicted by metabolic theory in nutrient-replete systems. These results highlight circumstances in which top predators can thrive in warmer environments and contribute to our knowledge of warming impacts on natural communities and ecosystem functioning. Global warming is widely predicted to reduce the biomass production of top predators, or even result in species loss. Several exceptions to this expectation have been identified, however, and it is vital that we understand the underlying mechanisms if we are to improve our ability to predict future trends. Here, we used a natural warming experiment in Iceland and quantitative theoretical predictions to investigate the success of brown trout as top predators across a stream temperature gradient (4-25 degrees C). Brown trout are at the northern limit of their geographic distribution in this system, with ambient stream temperatures below their optimum for maximal growth, and above it in the warmest streams. A five-month mark-recapture study revealed that population abundance, biomass, growth rate, and production of trout all increased with stream temperature. We identified two mechanisms that contributed to these responses: (1) trout became more selective in their diet as stream temperature increased, feeding higher in the food web and increasing in trophic position; and (2) trophic transfer through the food web was more efficient in the warmer streams. We found little evidence to support a third potential mechanism: that external subsidies would play a more important role in the diet of trout with increasing stream temperature. Resource availability was also amplified through the trophic levels with warming, as predicted by metabolic theory in nutrient-replete systems. These results highlight circumstances in which top predators can thrive in warmer environments and contribute to our knowledge of warming impacts on natural communities and ecosystem functioning. Global warming is widely predicted to reduce the biomass production of top predators, or even result in species loss. Several exceptions to this expectation have been identified, however, and it is vital that we understand the underlying mechanisms if we are to improve our ability to predict future trends. Here, we used a natural warming experiment in Iceland and quantitative theoretical predictions to investigate the success of brown trout as top predators across a stream temperature gradient (4-25 degree C). Brown trout are at the northern limit of their geographic distribution in this system, with ambient stream temperatures below their optimum for maximal growth, and above it in the warmest streams. A five-month mark-recapture study revealed that population abundance, biomass, growth rate, and production of trout all increased with stream temperature. We identified two mechanisms that contributed to these responses: (1) trout became more selective in their diet as stream temperature increased, feeding higher in the food web and increasing in trophic position; and (2) trophic transfer through the food web was more efficient in the warmer streams. We found little evidence to support a third potential mechanism: that external subsidies would play a more important role in the diet of trout with increasing stream temperature. Resource availability was also amplified through the trophic levels with warming, as predicted by metabolic theory in nutrient-replete systems. These results highlight circumstances in which top predators can thrive in warmer environments and contribute to our knowledge of warming impacts on natural communities and ecosystem functioning. |
| Author | Ólafsson, Jón S. Woodward, Guy Johansson, Liselotte S. McLaughlin, Órla B. Friberg, Nikolai Demars, Benoît O. L. Ólafsson, Ólafur P. Hannesdóttir, Elísabet R. Gíslason, Gísli M. O'Gorman, Eoin J. Guðbergsson, Guðni Jackson, Michelle C. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 5 Institute of Freshwater Fisheries Keldnaholt Reykjavík 112 Iceland 2 Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Iceland Askja, Sturlugata 7 Reykjavík 101 Iceland 7 Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Silkeborg Denmark 6 Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria Hatfield 0026 Gauteng South Africa 3 The James Hutton Institute Aberdeen AB15 8QH UK 8 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR 1347 Agroécologie 17 rue Sully ‐ BP 86510 Dijon 21065 France 4 Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) Gaustadalléen 21 Oslo N‐0349 Norway 1 Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot Berkshire SL5 7PY UK |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 7 Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Silkeborg Denmark – name: 8 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR 1347 Agroécologie 17 rue Sully ‐ BP 86510 Dijon 21065 France – name: 4 Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) Gaustadalléen 21 Oslo N‐0349 Norway – name: 3 The James Hutton Institute Aberdeen AB15 8QH UK – name: 6 Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria Hatfield 0026 Gauteng South Africa – name: 1 Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot Berkshire SL5 7PY UK – name: 2 Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Iceland Askja, Sturlugata 7 Reykjavík 101 Iceland – name: 5 Institute of Freshwater Fisheries Keldnaholt Reykjavík 112 Iceland |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Eoin J. surname: O'Gorman fullname: O'Gorman, Eoin J. email: e.ogorman@imperial.ac.uk organization: Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, Berkshire, UK – sequence: 2 givenname: Ólafur P. surname: Ólafsson fullname: Ólafsson, Ólafur P. organization: Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata 7, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland – sequence: 3 givenname: Benoît O. L. surname: Demars fullname: Demars, Benoît O. L. organization: The James Hutton Institute, AB15 8QH, Aberdeen, UK – sequence: 4 givenname: Nikolai surname: Friberg fullname: Friberg, Nikolai organization: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349, Oslo, Norway – sequence: 5 givenname: Guðni surname: Guðbergsson fullname: Guðbergsson, Guðni organization: Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Keldnaholt, 112, Reykjavík, Iceland – sequence: 6 givenname: Elísabet R. surname: Hannesdóttir fullname: Hannesdóttir, Elísabet R. organization: Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata 7, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland – sequence: 7 givenname: Michelle C. surname: Jackson fullname: Jackson, Michelle C. organization: Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0026, Gauteng, South Africa – sequence: 8 givenname: Liselotte S. surname: Johansson fullname: Johansson, Liselotte S. organization: Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark – sequence: 9 givenname: Órla B. surname: McLaughlin fullname: McLaughlin, Órla B. organization: Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, Berkshire, UK – sequence: 10 givenname: Jón S. surname: Ólafsson fullname: Ólafsson, Jón S. organization: Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Keldnaholt, 112, Reykjavík, Iceland – sequence: 11 givenname: Guy surname: Woodward fullname: Woodward, Guy organization: Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, Berkshire, UK – sequence: 12 givenname: Gísli M. surname: Gíslason fullname: Gíslason, Gísli M. email: e.ogorman@imperial.ac.uk organization: Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata 7, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26936833$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed https://hal.science/hal-01604316$$DView record in HAL |
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| Copyright | 2016 The Authors. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2016 The Authors. Global Change Biology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Attribution |
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| Issue | 9 |
| Keywords | PIT tag natural experiment Salmo trutta fario Hengill freshwater Arctic mark-recapture ecosystem services |
| Language | English |
| License | Attribution http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2016 The Authors. Global Change Biology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Attribution: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
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| Notes | Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science Royal Society - No. RG140601 istex:7048557469639E0C0144991BC344F8384D058501 Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services (RESAS) ArticleID:GCB13233 Figure S1. Map of the Hengill geothermal valley. Figure S2. Length-weight relationship for brown trout. Figure S3. Scale radius to fish length relationships. Figure S4. Dietary niche width of trout and invertebrates. Figure S5. Selectivity in the feeding of trout on common prey groups. Table S1. Sample sizes for estimating dietary niche width of trout and invertebrates Table S2. Details of sampling occasions during the trout mark-recapture study Table S3. Linear regression statistics for selectivity of trout feeding Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and Environment initiative at Imperial College London ark:/67375/WNG-G7N3NC8K-G British Ecological Society - No. 4009-4884 Fisheries Society of the British Isles NERC - No. NE/L011840/1; No. NE/I009280/2 University of Iceland - No. GMG2006; No. GMG2007 Salmonid Fisheries Management Fund ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 These authors contributed equally to this work. |
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| SubjectTerms | Animals Aquatic ecosystems Arctic biomass production Climate change Diet Ecological function Ecosystem ecosystem services ecosystems fish production Food Chain Food chains freshwater Geographical distribution Global warming Hengill Iceland Life Sciences mark-recapture mark-recapture studies natural experiment PIT tag Predation Predators prediction Primary Primary s Resource availability Salmo trutta Salmo trutta fario streams subsidies Temperature Temperature effects Temperature gradients Trophic levels Trout water temperature |
| Title | Temperature effects on fish production across a natural thermal gradient |
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