Habitat modification alters the structure of tropical host–parasitoid food webs
A tangled web Global change has the potential to influence species interactions, but the consequences for ecosystem function and stability are hard to predict. Quantitative food webs provide a powerful tool to probe such questions, but to date they have been used mainly to describe individual commun...
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| Published in | Nature Vol. 445; no. 7124; pp. 202 - 205 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
Nature Publishing Group UK
11.01.2007
Nature Publishing Nature Publishing Group |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | A tangled web
Global change has the potential to influence species interactions, but the consequences for ecosystem function and stability are hard to predict. Quantitative food webs provide a powerful tool to probe such questions, but to date they have been used mainly to describe individual communities. A study of 48 plots in the Choco-Manabi region of Ecuador, where large-scale agriculture threatens biodiversity, now confirms that human habitat modification can dramatically affect networks of feeding interactions among species in host–parasitoid food webs. The switch from tropical rainforest to intensive agriculture has negative consequences for bees and wasps, which are important for pollination and biological pest control.
This study provides a replicated, quantitative demonstration of the consequences of human-mediated habitat modification for networks of feeding interactions among species in tropical host–parasitoid food webs.
Global conversion of natural habitats to agriculture has led to marked changes in species diversity and composition
1
. However, it is less clear how habitat modification affects interactions among species
2
. Networks of feeding interactions (food webs) describe the underlying structure of ecological communities, and might be crucially linked to their stability and function
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
. Here, we analyse 48 quantitative food webs
8
,
9
for cavity-nesting bees, wasps and their parasitoids across five tropical habitat types. We found marked changes in food-web structure
10
,
11
across the modification gradient, despite little variation in species richness. The evenness of interaction frequencies declined with habitat modification, with most energy flowing along one or a few pathways in intensively managed agricultural habitats. In modified habitats there was a higher ratio of parasitoid to host species and increased parasitism rates, with implications for the important ecosystem services, such as pollination and biological control, that are performed by host bees and wasps
12
. The most abundant parasitoid species was more specialized in modified habitats, with reduced attack rates on alternative hosts. Conventional community descriptors failed to discriminate adequately among habitats, indicating that perturbation of the structure and function of ecological communities might be overlooked in studies that do not document and quantify species interactions. Altered interaction structure therefore represents an insidious and functionally important hidden effect of habitat modification by humans. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Global conversion of natural habitats to agriculture has led to marked changes in species diversity and composition. However, it is less clear how habitat modification affects interactions among species. Networks of feeding interactions (food webs) describe the underlying structure of ecological communities, and might be crucially linked to their stability and function. Here, we analyse 48 quantitative food webs for cavity-nesting bees, wasps and their parasitoids across five tropical habitat types. We found marked changes in food-web structure across the modification gradient, despite little variation in species richness. The evenness of interaction frequencies declined with habitat modification, with most energy flowing along one or a few pathways in intensively managed agricultural habitats. In modified habitats there was a higher ratio of parasitoid to host species and increased parasitism rates, with implications for the important ecosystem services, such as pollination and biological control, that are performed by host bees and wasps. The most abundant parasitoid species was more specialized in modified habitats, with reduced attack rates on alternative hosts. Conventional community descriptors failed to discriminate adequately among habitats, indicating that perturbation of the structure and function of ecological communities might be overlooked in studies that do not document and quantify species interactions. Altered interaction structure therefore represents an insidious and functionally important hidden effect of habitat modification by humans. Global conversion of natural habitats to agriculture has led to marked changes in species diversity and composition. However, it is less clear how habitat modification affects interactions among species. Networks of feeding interactions (food webs) describe the underlying structure of ecological communities, and might be crucially linked to their stability and function. Here, we analyse 48 quantitative food webs for cavity-nesting bees, wasps and their parasitoids across five tropical habitat types. We found marked changes in food-web structure across the modification gradient, despite little variation in species richness. The evenness of interaction frequencies declined with habitat modification, with most energy flowing along one or a few pathways in intensively managed agricultural habitats. In modified habitats there was a higher ratio of parasitoid to host species and increased parasitism rates, with implications for the important ecosystem services, such as pollination and biological control, that are performed by host bees and wasps. The most abundant parasitoid species was more specialized in modified habitats, with reduced attack rates on alternative hosts. Conventional community descriptors failed to discriminate adequately among habitats, indicating that perturbation of the structure and function of ecological communities might be overlooked in studies that do not document and quantify species interactions. Altered interaction structure therefore represents an insidious and functionally important hidden effect of habitat modification by humans. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Global conversion of natural habitats to agriculture has led to marked changes in species diversity and composition. However, it is less clear how habitat modification affects interactions among species. Networks of feeding interactions (food webs) describe the underlying structure of ecological communities, and might be crucially linked to their stability and function. Here, we analyse 48 quantitative food webs for cavity-nesting bees, wasps and their parasitoids across five tropical habitat types. We found marked changes in food-web structure across the modification gradient, despite little variation in species richness. The evenness of interaction frequencies declined with habitat modification, with most energy flowing along one or a few pathways in intensively managed agricultural habitats. In modified habitats there was a higher ratio of parasitoid to host species and increased parasitism rates, with implications for the important ecosystem services, such as pollination and biological control, that are performed by host bees and wasps. The most abundant parasitoid species was more specialized in modified habitats, with reduced attack rates on alternative hosts. Conventional community descriptors failed to discriminate adequately among habitats, indicating that perturbation of the structure and function of ecological communities might be overlooked in studies that do not document and quantify species interactions. Altered interaction structure therefore represents an insidious and functionally important hidden effect of habitat modification by humans.Global conversion of natural habitats to agriculture has led to marked changes in species diversity and composition. However, it is less clear how habitat modification affects interactions among species. Networks of feeding interactions (food webs) describe the underlying structure of ecological communities, and might be crucially linked to their stability and function. Here, we analyse 48 quantitative food webs for cavity-nesting bees, wasps and their parasitoids across five tropical habitat types. We found marked changes in food-web structure across the modification gradient, despite little variation in species richness. The evenness of interaction frequencies declined with habitat modification, with most energy flowing along one or a few pathways in intensively managed agricultural habitats. In modified habitats there was a higher ratio of parasitoid to host species and increased parasitism rates, with implications for the important ecosystem services, such as pollination and biological control, that are performed by host bees and wasps. The most abundant parasitoid species was more specialized in modified habitats, with reduced attack rates on alternative hosts. Conventional community descriptors failed to discriminate adequately among habitats, indicating that perturbation of the structure and function of ecological communities might be overlooked in studies that do not document and quantify species interactions. Altered interaction structure therefore represents an insidious and functionally important hidden effect of habitat modification by humans. A tangled web Global change has the potential to influence species interactions, but the consequences for ecosystem function and stability are hard to predict. Quantitative food webs provide a powerful tool to probe such questions, but to date they have been used mainly to describe individual communities. A study of 48 plots in the Choco-Manabi region of Ecuador, where large-scale agriculture threatens biodiversity, now confirms that human habitat modification can dramatically affect networks of feeding interactions among species in host–parasitoid food webs. The switch from tropical rainforest to intensive agriculture has negative consequences for bees and wasps, which are important for pollination and biological pest control. This study provides a replicated, quantitative demonstration of the consequences of human-mediated habitat modification for networks of feeding interactions among species in tropical host–parasitoid food webs. Global conversion of natural habitats to agriculture has led to marked changes in species diversity and composition 1 . However, it is less clear how habitat modification affects interactions among species 2 . Networks of feeding interactions (food webs) describe the underlying structure of ecological communities, and might be crucially linked to their stability and function 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 . Here, we analyse 48 quantitative food webs 8 , 9 for cavity-nesting bees, wasps and their parasitoids across five tropical habitat types. We found marked changes in food-web structure 10 , 11 across the modification gradient, despite little variation in species richness. The evenness of interaction frequencies declined with habitat modification, with most energy flowing along one or a few pathways in intensively managed agricultural habitats. In modified habitats there was a higher ratio of parasitoid to host species and increased parasitism rates, with implications for the important ecosystem services, such as pollination and biological control, that are performed by host bees and wasps 12 . The most abundant parasitoid species was more specialized in modified habitats, with reduced attack rates on alternative hosts. Conventional community descriptors failed to discriminate adequately among habitats, indicating that perturbation of the structure and function of ecological communities might be overlooked in studies that do not document and quantify species interactions. Altered interaction structure therefore represents an insidious and functionally important hidden effect of habitat modification by humans. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Tylianakis, Jason M. Tscharntke, Teja Lewis, Owen T. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Jason M. surname: Tylianakis fullname: Tylianakis, Jason M. email: jason.tylianakis@canterbury.ac.nz organization: Agroecology, Georg August University, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury – sequence: 2 givenname: Teja surname: Tscharntke fullname: Tscharntke, Teja organization: Agroecology, Georg August University – sequence: 3 givenname: Owen T. surname: Lewis fullname: Lewis, Owen T. organization: Department of Zoology, University of Oxford |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=18418556$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17215842$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CODEN | NATUAS |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Springer Nature Limited 2006 2007 INIST-CNRS COPYRIGHT 2007 Nature Publishing Group Copyright Nature Publishing Group Jan 11, 2007 |
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| Keywords | Community structure Host parasite relation Insecta Trophic structure Tropical zone Trophic relation Change Perturbation Biodiversity Host selection Species diversity Parasitoid Food web Arthropoda Habitat Parasitism Invertebrata Comparative study Interspecific relation Anthropogenic factor |
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| Snippet | A tangled web
Global change has the potential to influence species interactions, but the consequences for ecosystem function and stability are hard to predict.... Global conversion of natural habitats to agriculture has led to marked changes in species diversity and composition. However, it is less clear how habitat... |
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| SubjectTerms | Agriculture agroecosystems Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Animals Applied ecology Bees - physiology Biodiversity Biological and medical sciences Biological control Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife Crops, Agricultural - metabolism Crops, Agricultural - parasitology Ecology Ecosystem services Ecuador Environmental degradation: ecosystems survey and restoration Food Chain Food webs Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects habitat destruction Habitats Host-Parasite Interactions Human Activities Humanities and Social Sciences Hymenoptera insect ecology land use change letter multidisciplinary Nesting Parasites Parasitism parasitoids Plants - metabolism Plants - parasitology Pollen - physiology Pollination Reproduction - physiology Science Science (multidisciplinary) Species diversity Species richness Synecology Tropical Climate tropical forests tropics Wasps - physiology |
| Title | Habitat modification alters the structure of tropical host–parasitoid food webs |
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