angiosperm radiation revisited, an ecological explanation for Darwin's 'abominable mystery'
One of the greatest terrestrial radiations is the diversification of the flowering plants (Angiospermae) in the Cretaceous period. Early angiosperms appear to have been limited to disturbed, aquatic or extremely dry sites, suggesting that they were suppressed in most other places by the gymnosperms...
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| Published in | Ecology letters Vol. 12; no. 9; pp. 865 - 872 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford, UK
Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.09.2009
Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | One of the greatest terrestrial radiations is the diversification of the flowering plants (Angiospermae) in the Cretaceous period. Early angiosperms appear to have been limited to disturbed, aquatic or extremely dry sites, suggesting that they were suppressed in most other places by the gymnosperms that still dominated the plant world. However, fossil evidence suggests that by the end of the Cretaceous the angiosperms had spectacularly taken over the dominant position from the gymnosperms around the globe. Here, we suggest an ecological explanation for their escape from their subordinate position relative to gymnosperms and ferns. We propose that angiosperms due to their higher growth rates profit more rapidly from increased nutrient supply than gymnosperms, whereas at the same time angiosperms promote soil nutrient release by producing litter that is more easily decomposed. This positive feedback may have resulted in a runaway process once angiosperms had reached a certain abundance. Evidence for the possibility of such a critical transition to angiosperm dominance comes from recent work on large scale vegetation shifts, linking long-term field observations, large scale experiments and the use of simulation models. |
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| AbstractList | One of the greatest terrestrial radiations is the diversification of the flowering plants (Angiospermae) in the Cretaceous period. Early angiosperms appear to have been limited to disturbed, aquatic or extremely dry sites, suggesting that they were suppressed in most other places by the gymnosperms that still dominated the plant world. However, fossil evidence suggests that by the end of the Cretaceous the angiosperms had spectacularly taken over the dominant position from the gymnosperms around the globe. Here, we suggest an ecological explanation for their escape from their subordinate position relative to gymnosperms and ferns. We propose that angiosperms due to their higher growth rates profit more rapidly from increased nutrient supply than gymnosperms, whereas at the same time angiosperms promote soil nutrient release by producing litter that is more easily decomposed. This positive feedback may have resulted in a runaway process once angiosperms had reached a certain abundance. Evidence for the possibility of such a critical transition to angiosperm dominance comes from recent work on large scale vegetation shifts, linking long-term field observations, large scale experiments and the use of simulation models. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] One of the greatest terrestrial radiations is the diversification of the flowering plants (Angiospermae) in the Cretaceous period. Early angiosperms appear to have been limited to disturbed, aquatic or extremely dry sites, suggesting that they were suppressed in most other places by the gymnosperms that still dominated the plant world. However, fossil evidence suggests that by the end of the Cretaceous the angiosperms had spectacularly taken over the dominant position from the gymnosperms around the globe. Here, we suggest an ecological explanation for their escape from their subordinate position relative to gymnosperms and ferns. We propose that angiosperms due to their higher growth rates profit more rapidly from increased nutrient supply than gymnosperms, whereas at the same time angiosperms promote soil nutrient release by producing litter that is more easily decomposed. This positive feedback may have resulted in a runaway process once angiosperms had reached a certain abundance. Evidence for the possibility of such a critical transition to angiosperm dominance comes from recent work on large scale vegetation shifts, linking long-term field observations, large scale experiments and the use of simulation models. One of the greatest terrestrial radiations is the diversification of the flowering plants (Angiospermae) in the Cretaceous period. Early angiosperms appear to have been limited to disturbed, aquatic or extremely dry sites, suggesting that they were suppressed in most other places by the gymnosperms that still dominated the plant world. However, fossil evidence suggests that by the end of the Cretaceous the angiosperms had spectacularly taken over the dominant position from the gymnosperms around the globe. Here, we suggest an ecological explanation for their escape from their subordinate position relative to gymnosperms and ferns. We propose that angiosperms due to their higher growth rates profit more rapidly from increased nutrient supply than gymnosperms, whereas at the same time angiosperms promote soil nutrient release by producing litter that is more easily decomposed. This positive feedback may have resulted in a runaway process once angiosperms had reached a certain abundance. Evidence for the possibility of such a critical transition to angiosperm dominance comes from recent work on large scale vegetation shifts, linking long-term field observations, large scale experiments and the use of simulation models.One of the greatest terrestrial radiations is the diversification of the flowering plants (Angiospermae) in the Cretaceous period. Early angiosperms appear to have been limited to disturbed, aquatic or extremely dry sites, suggesting that they were suppressed in most other places by the gymnosperms that still dominated the plant world. However, fossil evidence suggests that by the end of the Cretaceous the angiosperms had spectacularly taken over the dominant position from the gymnosperms around the globe. Here, we suggest an ecological explanation for their escape from their subordinate position relative to gymnosperms and ferns. We propose that angiosperms due to their higher growth rates profit more rapidly from increased nutrient supply than gymnosperms, whereas at the same time angiosperms promote soil nutrient release by producing litter that is more easily decomposed. This positive feedback may have resulted in a runaway process once angiosperms had reached a certain abundance. Evidence for the possibility of such a critical transition to angiosperm dominance comes from recent work on large scale vegetation shifts, linking long-term field observations, large scale experiments and the use of simulation models. AbstractOne of the greatest terrestrial radiations is the diversification of the flowering plants (Angiospermae) in the Cretaceous period. Early angiosperms appear to have been limited to disturbed, aquatic or extremely dry sites, suggesting that they were suppressed in most other places by the gymnosperms that still dominated the plant world. However, fossil evidence suggests that by the end of the Cretaceous the angiosperms had spectacularly taken over the dominant position from the gymnosperms around the globe. Here, we suggest an ecological explanation for their escape from their subordinate position relative to gymnosperms and ferns. We propose that angiosperms due to their higher growth rates profit more rapidly from increased nutrient supply than gymnosperms, whereas at the same time angiosperms promote soil nutrient release by producing litter that is more easily decomposed. This positive feedback may have resulted in a runaway process once angiosperms had reached a certain abundance. Evidence for the possibility of such a critical transition to angiosperm dominance comes from recent work on large scale vegetation shifts, linking long-term field observations, large scale experiments and the use of simulation models. |
| Author | Scheffer, Marten Berendse, Frank |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: Berendse, Frank – sequence: 2 fullname: Scheffer, Marten |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=21846598$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19572916$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Keywords | Heathland and moor heathlands gymnosperms Biological evolution Ecology Cretaceous Peat bog Adaptive radiation plant-soil feedbacks Stagnant water Angiospermae Gymnospermae bogs evolutionary radiation Spermatophyta Plant marsh community Soil plant relation Angiosperms |
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The tortoise and the hare: ecology of angiosperm dominance and gymnosperm persistence. Biol. J. Lin. Soc., 36, 227-249. Cornwell, W.K., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Amatangelo, K., Dorrepaal, E., Eviner, V.T., Godoy, O. et al. (2008). Plant species traits are the predominant control on litter decomposition rates within biomes worldwide. Ecol. Lett., 11, 1065-1071. Doyle, J.A. (2001). Significance of molecular phylogenetic analyses for paleobotanical investigations on the origin of angiosperms. Palaeobotanist, 50, 167-188. Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.P. & Hunt, R. (2007). Comparative Plant Ecology: A Functional Approach to Common British Species, 2nd edn. Castlepoint Press, Dalbeattie. Verhoeven, J.T.A. & Liefveld, W.M. (1997). The ecological significance of organochemical compounds in Sphagnum. Act. Bot. Neerl., 46, 117-130. Crane, P.R., Friis, E.M. & Pedersen, K.R. (1995). The origin and early diversification of angiosperms. Nature, 374, 27-33. Berendse, F. (1994b). Litter decomposability - a neglected component of plant fitness. J. Ecol., 82, 187-190. Feild, T.S., Arens, N.C., Doyle, J.A., Dawson, T.E. & Donoghue, M.J. (2004). Dark and disturbed: a new image of early angiosperm ecology. Paleobiology, 30, 82-107. Van Breemen, N. (1995). How sphagnum bogs down other plants. Trends Ecol. Evol., 10, 270-275. Van Vuuren, M.M.I., Berendse, F. & De Visser, W. (1993). Species and site differences in the decomposition of litters and roots from wet heathlands. Can. J. Bot., 71, 167-173. Bakker, R.T. (1978). Dinosaur feeding behaviour and the origin of flowering plants. Nature, 274, 661-663. Limpens, J., Berendse, F. & Klees, H. (2003). N deposition affects N availability in interstitial water, growth of Sphagnum and invasion of vascular plants in bog vegetation. New Phytol., 157, 339-347. Parton, W., Silver, W.L., Burke, I.C., Grassens, L., Harmon, M.E., Currie, W.S. et al. (2007). Global-scale similarities in nitrogen release patterns during long-term decomposition. Science, 315, 361-364. Doyle, J.A. & Donoghue, M.J. (1993). Phylogenies and angiosperm diversification. Paleobiology, 19, 141-167. Friis, E.M., Pedersen, K.R. & Crane, P.R. (2006). Cretaceous angiosperm flowers: innovation and evolution in plant reproduction. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 232, 251-293. Scheffer, M., Carpenter, S.R., Foley, J.A., Folke, C. & Walker, B. (2001). Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature, 413, 591-596. Crepet, W.L. & Niklas, K.J. (2009). Darwin's second "abominable mystery": Why are there so many angiosperm species? Am. J. Bot., 96, 366-381. Alvin, K.L. (1982). Cheirolepidiaceae: biology, structure and paleoecology. Rev. Paleobot. Palyn., 37, 55-70. Mohr, B.A.R. & Eklund, H. (2003). Araripia florifera, a magnoliid angiosperm from the lower Cretaceous Crato Formation (Brazil). Rev. Paleobot. Palynol., 126, 279-292. Barrett, P.M. & Willis, K.J. (2001). Did dinosaurs invent flowers? Dinosaur-angiosperm coevolution revisited. Biol. Rev., 76, 411-447. Limpens, J., Berendse, F. & Klees, H. (2004). How P affects the impact of N deposition on Sphagnum and vascular plants in bogs. Ecosystems, 7, 793-804. Berendse, F. (1990). Organic matter accumulation and nitrogen mineralization during secondary succession in heathland ecosystems. J. Ecol., 78, 413-427. Berendse, F. (1998). Effects of dominant plant species on soils during succession in nutrient-poor ecosystems. Biogeochemistry, 42, 73-88. Kristensen, H.L., McCarty, G.W. & Meisinger, J.J. (2000). Effects of soil structure disturbance on mineralization of organic soil nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 64, 371-378. Verhoeven, J.T.A., Koerselman, W. & Meuleman, A.F.M. (1996). Nitrogen- or phosphorus-limited growth in herbaceous, wet vegetation: relations with atmospheric inputs and management regimes. TREE, 11, 494-497. Aerts, R. & Berendse, F. (1988). The effect of increased nutrient availability on vegetation dynamics in wet heathlands. Vegetatio, 76, 63-69. Sun, G., Dilcher, D.L. & Zheng, S. (2008). A review of recent advances in the study of early angiosperms from northeastern China. Paleoworld, 17, 166-171. Hill, C.R. (1996). A plant with flower-like organs from the Wealden of the Weald (Lower Cretaceous), southern England. Cret. Res., 17, 27-38. Bartsch, I. & Moore, T.R. (1985). A preliminary investigation of primary production and decomposition in four peatlands near Schefferville, Quebec. Can. J. Bot., 63, 1241-1248. Doyle, J.A., Endress, P.K. & Upchurch, G.R. Jr (2008). Early Cretaceous monocots: a phylogenetic evaluation. Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B, Historia Naturalis, 64, 59-87. Davies, J.T., Barraclough, T.G., Chase, M.W., Soltis, P.S., Soltis, D.E. & Savolainen, V. (2004). Darwin's abominable mystery: Insights from a supertree of the angiosperms. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 1904-1909. Axelrod, D.I. (1970). Mesozoic paleogeography and early angiosperm history. Bot. Rev., 36, 277-319. Scheffer, M. & Carpenter, S.R. (2003). Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation. TREE, 18, 648-656. Wing, S.L. & Boucher, L.D. (1998). Ecological aspects of the Cretaceous flowering plant radiation. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet Sci., 26, 379-421. Stewart, W.N. & Rothwell, G.W. (1993). Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Grime, J.P. (2002). Plant Strategies, Vegetation Processes, and Ecosystem Properties, 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester. Lupia, R., Lidgard, S. & Crane, P.R. (1999). Comparing palynological abundance and diversity: implications for biotic replacement during the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation. Paleobiology, 25, 305-340. Friedman, W.E. (2009). The meaning of Darwin's "abominable mystery". Am. J. Bot., 96, 5-21. Van Nes, E.H. & Scheffer, M. (2005). A strategy to improve the contribution of complex simulation models to ecological theory. Ecol. Model., 185, 153-164. Díaz, S., Hodgson, J.G., Thompson, K., Cabido, M., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Jalili, A. et al. (2004). The plant traits that drive ecosystems: evidence from three continents. J. Veg. Sci., 15, 295-304. Regal, P.J. (1977). Ecology and evolution of flowering plant dominance. Science, 196, 622-629. Berg, B., Berg, M., Bottner, P., Box, E., Breymeyer, A., Calvo de Anta, R. et al. (1993). Litter mass loss in pine forests of Europe and eastern United States as compared to actual evapotranspiration on a European scale. Biogeochemistry, 20, 127-153. Müller, P.E. (1879). Studier över Skovjord, som bidrag til skordyrkningens theori. I. Om bögemuld od bögermor paa sand og ler. Tidsskr. Skovbrug, 3, 1-124. Mulcahy, D.L. (1979). The rise of the angiosperms: a genecological factor. Science, 206, 20-23. Verhoeven, J.T.A. & Toth, E.. (1995). Decomposition of Carex and Sphagnum litter in fens: effects of litter quality and inhibition by living tissue homogenates. Soil Biol. Biochem., 27, 271-275. Mohr, B.A.R. & Friis, E.M. (2000). Early angiosperms from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation (Brazil), a preliminary report. Int. J. Plant Sci. Suppl., 161, S155-S167. Heil, G. & Diemont, W.H. (1984). Raised nutrient levels change heathland into grassland. Vegetatio, 53, 113-120. 2001; 50 1984; 65 2004; 7 1993; 20 1997; 46 1988; 76 1976 1985; 63 2003; 18 1995; 374 2003; 157 1998; 42 1970; 36 2004; 30 2005; 181 1984; 53 2009; 96 2005; 185 1990 1995; 27 1993; 71 2000; 161 1981 2008; 64 2003; 126 1989; 36 2001; 413 2004; 101 1998; 26 2004; 41 1982; 37 1990; 78 1994b; 82 1996; 17 2002; 5 1979; 206 1995; 10 2000; 64 1999; 25 2008; 17 1978; 274 1997 2007 1995 2008; 11 1977; 43 1993 2002 2006; 232 1996; 11 1993; 19 1879; 3 2007; 315 2004; 15 1994a; 71 1977; 196 2001; 76 e_1_2_8_28_1 e_1_2_8_26_1 e_1_2_8_49_1 Müller P.E. (e_1_2_8_43_1) 1879; 3 e_1_2_8_3_1 e_1_2_8_5_1 e_1_2_8_7_1 e_1_2_8_9_1 e_1_2_8_20_1 e_1_2_8_22_1 e_1_2_8_45_1 Mohr B. (e_1_2_8_41_1) 2002; 5 e_1_2_8_60_1 e_1_2_8_17_1 e_1_2_8_19_1 e_1_2_8_13_1 e_1_2_8_36_1 e_1_2_8_59_1 e_1_2_8_15_1 e_1_2_8_38_1 e_1_2_8_57_1 Doyle J.A. (e_1_2_8_23_1) 1976 Grime J.P. (e_1_2_8_29_1) 2007 e_1_2_8_32_1 e_1_2_8_55_1 e_1_2_8_11_1 e_1_2_8_34_1 e_1_2_8_53_1 e_1_2_8_51_1 e_1_2_8_30_1 Stewart W.N. (e_1_2_8_52_1) 1993 e_1_2_8_25_1 e_1_2_8_46_1 Retallack G. (e_1_2_8_47_1) 1981 e_1_2_8_27_1 e_1_2_8_48_1 Doyle J.A. (e_1_2_8_24_1) 2008; 64 De Smidt J.T. (e_1_2_8_50_1) 1995 e_1_2_8_2_1 e_1_2_8_4_1 e_1_2_8_6_1 e_1_2_8_8_1 e_1_2_8_42_1 e_1_2_8_44_1 e_1_2_8_40_1 e_1_2_8_18_1 e_1_2_8_39_1 e_1_2_8_14_1 e_1_2_8_35_1 e_1_2_8_37_1 e_1_2_8_58_1 Crane P.R. (e_1_2_8_16_1) 1990 Doyle J.A. (e_1_2_8_21_1) 2001; 50 e_1_2_8_10_1 e_1_2_8_31_1 e_1_2_8_56_1 e_1_2_8_12_1 e_1_2_8_33_1 e_1_2_8_54_1 |
| References_xml | – reference: Bakker, R.T. (1978). Dinosaur feeding behaviour and the origin of flowering plants. Nature, 274, 661-663. – reference: Friedman, W.E. (2009). The meaning of Darwin's "abominable mystery". Am. J. Bot., 96, 5-21. – reference: Bartsch, I. & Moore, T.R. (1985). A preliminary investigation of primary production and decomposition in four peatlands near Schefferville, Quebec. Can. J. Bot., 63, 1241-1248. – reference: Feild, T.S., Arens, N.C., Doyle, J.A., Dawson, T.E. & Donoghue, M.J. (2004). Dark and disturbed: a new image of early angiosperm ecology. Paleobiology, 30, 82-107. – reference: Van Breemen, N. (1995). How sphagnum bogs down other plants. Trends Ecol. Evol., 10, 270-275. – reference: Bond, W.J. (1989). The tortoise and the hare: ecology of angiosperm dominance and gymnosperm persistence. Biol. J. Lin. Soc., 36, 227-249. – reference: Mulcahy, D.L. (1979). The rise of the angiosperms: a genecological factor. Science, 206, 20-23. – reference: Müller, P.E. (1879). Studier över Skovjord, som bidrag til skordyrkningens theori. I. Om bögemuld od bögermor paa sand og ler. Tidsskr. Skovbrug, 3, 1-124. – reference: Matson, P.A.. & Boone, R.D. (1984). Natural disturbance and nitrogen mineralization: wave-form dieback of mountain hemlock in the Oregon Cascades. Ecology, 65, 1511-1516. – reference: Barrett, P.M. & Willis, K.J. (2001). Did dinosaurs invent flowers? Dinosaur-angiosperm coevolution revisited. Biol. Rev., 76, 411-447. – reference: Berendse, F. (1994a). Competition between plant populations at low and high nutrient supplies. Oikos, 71, 253-260. – reference: Verhoeven, J.T.A., Koerselman, W. & Meuleman, A.F.M. (1996). Nitrogen- or phosphorus-limited growth in herbaceous, wet vegetation: relations with atmospheric inputs and management regimes. TREE, 11, 494-497. – reference: Doyle, J.A., Endress, P.K. & Upchurch, G.R. Jr (2008). Early Cretaceous monocots: a phylogenetic evaluation. Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B, Historia Naturalis, 64, 59-87. – reference: Mohr, B.A.R. & Eklund, H. (2003). Araripia florifera, a magnoliid angiosperm from the lower Cretaceous Crato Formation (Brazil). Rev. Paleobot. Palynol., 126, 279-292. – reference: Stewart, W.N. & Rothwell, G.W. (1993). Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. – reference: Berendse, F. (1990). Organic matter accumulation and nitrogen mineralization during secondary succession in heathland ecosystems. J. Ecol., 78, 413-427. – reference: Díaz, S., Hodgson, J.G., Thompson, K., Cabido, M., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Jalili, A. et al. (2004). The plant traits that drive ecosystems: evidence from three continents. J. Veg. Sci., 15, 295-304. – reference: Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.P. & Hunt, R. (2007). Comparative Plant Ecology: A Functional Approach to Common British Species, 2nd edn. Castlepoint Press, Dalbeattie. – reference: Van Nes, E.H. & Scheffer, M. (2005). A strategy to improve the contribution of complex simulation models to ecological theory. Ecol. Model., 185, 153-164. – reference: Heil, G. & Diemont, W.H. (1984). Raised nutrient levels change heathland into grassland. Vegetatio, 53, 113-120. – reference: Tomassen, H.B.M., Smolders, A.J.P., Limpens, J., Lamers, L.P.M. & Roelofs, J.G.M. (2004). Expansion of invasive species on ombrotrophic bogs: desiccation or high N deposition levels? J. Appl. Ecol., 41, 139-150. – reference: Mohr, B.A.R. & Friis, E.M. (2000). Early angiosperms from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation (Brazil), a preliminary report. Int. J. Plant Sci. Suppl., 161, S155-S167. – reference: Doyle, J.A. & Donoghue, M.J. (1993). Phylogenies and angiosperm diversification. Paleobiology, 19, 141-167. – reference: Scheffer, M., Carpenter, S.R., Foley, J.A., Folke, C. & Walker, B. (2001). Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature, 413, 591-596. – reference: Wing, S.L. & Boucher, L.D. (1998). Ecological aspects of the Cretaceous flowering plant radiation. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet Sci., 26, 379-421. – reference: Friis, E.M., Pedersen, K.R. & Crane, P.R. (2006). Cretaceous angiosperm flowers: innovation and evolution in plant reproduction. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 232, 251-293. – reference: Kristensen, H.L., McCarty, G.W. & Meisinger, J.J. (2000). Effects of soil structure disturbance on mineralization of organic soil nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 64, 371-378. – reference: Scheffer, M. & Carpenter, S.R. (2003). Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation. TREE, 18, 648-656. – reference: Alvin, K.L. (1982). Cheirolepidiaceae: biology, structure and paleoecology. Rev. Paleobot. Palyn., 37, 55-70. – reference: Van Vuuren, M.M.I., Berendse, F. & De Visser, W. (1993). Species and site differences in the decomposition of litters and roots from wet heathlands. Can. J. Bot., 71, 167-173. – reference: Berg, B., Berg, M., Bottner, P., Box, E., Breymeyer, A., Calvo de Anta, R. et al. (1993). Litter mass loss in pine forests of Europe and eastern United States as compared to actual evapotranspiration on a European scale. Biogeochemistry, 20, 127-153. – reference: Doyle, J.A. (2001). Significance of molecular phylogenetic analyses for paleobotanical investigations on the origin of angiosperms. Palaeobotanist, 50, 167-188. – reference: Limpens, J., Berendse, F. & Klees, H. (2004). How P affects the impact of N deposition on Sphagnum and vascular plants in bogs. Ecosystems, 7, 793-804. – reference: Hickey, L.J. & Doyle, J.A. (1977). Early Cretaceous fossil evidence for angiosperm evolution. Bot. Rev., 43, 3-104. – reference: Crane, P.R., Friis, E.M. & Pedersen, K.R. (1995). The origin and early diversification of angiosperms. Nature, 374, 27-33. – reference: Hill, C.R. (1996). A plant with flower-like organs from the Wealden of the Weald (Lower Cretaceous), southern England. Cret. Res., 17, 27-38. – reference: Crepet, W.L. & Niklas, K.J. (2009). Darwin's second "abominable mystery": Why are there so many angiosperm species? Am. J. Bot., 96, 366-381. – reference: Magallón, S. & Castillo, A. (2009). Angiosperm diversification through time. Am. J. Bot., 96(1), 349-365. – reference: Grime, J.P. (2002). Plant Strategies, Vegetation Processes, and Ecosystem Properties, 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester. – reference: Berendse, F. (1994b). Litter decomposability - a neglected component of plant fitness. J. Ecol., 82, 187-190. – reference: Lupia, R., Lidgard, S. & Crane, P.R. (1999). Comparing palynological abundance and diversity: implications for biotic replacement during the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation. Paleobiology, 25, 305-340. – reference: Axelrod, D.I. (1970). Mesozoic paleogeography and early angiosperm history. Bot. Rev., 36, 277-319. – reference: Davies, J.T., Barraclough, T.G., Chase, M.W., Soltis, P.S., Soltis, D.E. & Savolainen, V. (2004). Darwin's abominable mystery: Insights from a supertree of the angiosperms. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 1904-1909. – reference: Sun, G., Dilcher, D.L. & Zheng, S. (2008). A review of recent advances in the study of early angiosperms from northeastern China. Paleoworld, 17, 166-171. – reference: Mohr, B. & Rydin, C. (2002). Trifurcatia flabellata n. gen. n. sp., a putative monocotyledon angiosperm from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation (Brazil). Mitt. Mus. Nat.kd. Berl., Geowiss. Reihe, 5, 335-344. – reference: Aerts, R. & Berendse, F. (1988). The effect of increased nutrient availability on vegetation dynamics in wet heathlands. Vegetatio, 76, 63-69. – reference: Regal, P.J. (1977). Ecology and evolution of flowering plant dominance. Science, 196, 622-629. – reference: Verhoeven, J.T.A. & Liefveld, W.M. (1997). The ecological significance of organochemical compounds in Sphagnum. Act. Bot. Neerl., 46, 117-130. – reference: Cornwell, W.K., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Amatangelo, K., Dorrepaal, E., Eviner, V.T., Godoy, O. et al. (2008). Plant species traits are the predominant control on litter decomposition rates within biomes worldwide. Ecol. Lett., 11, 1065-1071. – reference: Parton, W., Silver, W.L., Burke, I.C., Grassens, L., Harmon, M.E., Currie, W.S. et al. (2007). Global-scale similarities in nitrogen release patterns during long-term decomposition. Science, 315, 361-364. – reference: Limpens, J., Berendse, F. & Klees, H. (2003). N deposition affects N availability in interstitial water, growth of Sphagnum and invasion of vascular plants in bog vegetation. New Phytol., 157, 339-347. – reference: Berendse, F. (1998). Effects of dominant plant species on soils during succession in nutrient-poor ecosystems. Biogeochemistry, 42, 73-88. – reference: Verhoeven, J.T.A. & Toth, E.. (1995). 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Suppl. – volume: 18 start-page: 648 year: 2003 end-page: 656 article-title: Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation publication-title: TREE – volume: 374 start-page: 27 year: 1995 end-page: 33 article-title: The origin and early diversification of angiosperms publication-title: Nature – volume: 181 start-page: 89 year: 2005 end-page: 116 – volume: 43 start-page: 3 year: 1977 end-page: 104 article-title: Early Cretaceous fossil evidence for angiosperm evolution publication-title: Bot. Rev. – volume: 3 start-page: 1 year: 1879 end-page: 124 article-title: Studier över Skovjord, som bidrag til skordyrkningens theori. I. Om bögemuld od bögermor paa sand og ler publication-title: Tidsskr. Skovbrug – volume: 19 start-page: 141 year: 1993 end-page: 167 article-title: Phylogenies and angiosperm diversification publication-title: Paleobiology – volume: 185 start-page: 153 year: 2005 end-page: 164 article-title: A strategy to improve the contribution of complex simulation models to ecological theory publication-title: Ecol. Model. – volume: 11 start-page: 494 year: 1996 end-page: 497 article-title: Nitrogen‐ or phosphorus‐limited growth in herbaceous, wet vegetation: relations with atmospheric inputs and management regimes publication-title: TREE – volume: 50 start-page: 167 year: 2001 end-page: 188 article-title: Significance of molecular phylogenetic analyses for paleobotanical investigations on the origin of angiosperms publication-title: Palaeobotanist – volume: 7 start-page: 793 year: 2004 end-page: 804 article-title: How P affects the impact of N deposition on and vascular plants in bogs publication-title: Ecosystems – volume: 20 start-page: 127 year: 1993 end-page: 153 article-title: Litter mass loss in pine forests of Europe and eastern United States as compared to actual evapotranspiration on a European scale publication-title: Biogeochemistry – volume: 46 start-page: 117 year: 1997 end-page: 130 article-title: The ecological significance of organochemical compounds in publication-title: Act. Bot. Neerl. – volume: 78 start-page: 413 year: 1990 end-page: 427 article-title: Organic matter accumulation and nitrogen mineralization during secondary succession in heathland ecosystems publication-title: J. Ecol. – volume: 315 start-page: 361 year: 2007 end-page: 364 article-title: Global‐scale similarities in nitrogen release patterns during long‐term decomposition publication-title: Science – volume: 10 start-page: 270 year: 1995 end-page: 275 article-title: How sphagnum bogs down other plants publication-title: Trends Ecol. Evol. – volume: 64 start-page: 371 year: 2000 end-page: 378 article-title: Effects of soil structure disturbance on mineralization of organic soil nitrogen publication-title: Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. – volume: 196 start-page: 622 year: 1977 end-page: 629 article-title: Ecology and evolution of flowering plant dominance publication-title: Science – year: 1993 – volume: 82 start-page: 187 year: 1994b end-page: 190 article-title: Litter decomposability – a neglected component of plant fitness publication-title: J. Ecol. – volume: 27 start-page: 271 year: 1995 end-page: 275 article-title: Decomposition of and litter in fens: effects of litter quality and inhibition by living tissue homogenates publication-title: Soil Biol. Biochem. – start-page: 269 year: 1997 end-page: 290 – start-page: 27 year: 1981 end-page: 77 – volume: 36 start-page: 277 year: 1970 end-page: 319 article-title: Mesozoic paleogeography and early angiosperm history publication-title: Bot. 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| Snippet | One of the greatest terrestrial radiations is the diversification of the flowering plants (Angiospermae) in the Cretaceous period. Early angiosperms appear to... AbstractOne of the greatest terrestrial radiations is the diversification of the flowering plants (Angiospermae) in the Cretaceous period. Early angiosperms... |
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| SubjectTerms | Angiospermae Angiosperms Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Biological and medical sciences bogs Coniferophyta crato formation brazil Cretaceous decomposition diversification Ecology Ecosystem ecosystems Evolutionary biology evolutionary radiation Ferns ferns and fern allies Flowering plants Fossils Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Growth rate gymnosperms heathlands Ideas and s Litter litter quality Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Magnoliopsida - physiology n deposition nitrogen mineralization Nutrient release Paleobotany physiology Plant cytology, morphology, systematics, chorology and evolution Plant ecology Plant evolution plant-soil feedbacks Prehistoric era simulation models Soil nutrients sphagnum Synecology Terrestrial ecosystems vascular plants Vegetation wet heathlands Wetlands |
| Title | angiosperm radiation revisited, an ecological explanation for Darwin's 'abominable mystery' |
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