Involvement of the modifier gene of a human Mendelian disorder in a negative selection process
Identification of modifier genes and characterization of their effects represent major challenges in human genetics. SAA1 is one of the few modifiers identified in humans: this gene influences the risk of renal amyloidosis (RA) in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), a Mendelian autoinf...
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Published in | PloS one Vol. 4; no. 10; p. e7676 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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30.10.2009
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Abstract | Identification of modifier genes and characterization of their effects represent major challenges in human genetics. SAA1 is one of the few modifiers identified in humans: this gene influences the risk of renal amyloidosis (RA) in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), a Mendelian autoinflammatory disorder associated with mutations in MEFV. Indeed, the SAA1 alpha homozygous genotype and the p.Met694Val homozygous genotype at the MEFV locus are two main risk factors for RA.
HERE, WE INVESTIGATED ARMENIAN FMF PATIENTS AND CONTROLS FROM TWO NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES: Armenia, where RA is frequent (24%), and Karabakh, where RA is rare (2.5%). Sequencing of MEFV revealed similar frequencies of p.Met694Val homozygotes in the two groups of patients. However, a major deficit of SAA1 alpha homozygotes was found among Karabakhian patients (4%) as compared to Armenian patients (24%) (p = 5.10(-5)). Most importantly, we observed deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in the two groups of patients, and unexpectedly, in opposite directions, whereas, in the two control populations, genotype distributions at this locus were similar and complied with (HWE).
The excess of SAA1alpha homozygotes among Armenian patients could be explained by the recruitment of patients with severe phenotypes. In contrast, a population-based study revealed that the deficit of alpha/alpha among Karabakhian patients would result from a negative selection against carriers of this genotype. This study, which provides new insights into the role of SAA1 in the pathophysiology of FMF, represents the first example of deviations from HWE and selection involving the modifier gene of a Mendelian disorder. |
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AbstractList | Background
Identification of modifier genes and characterization of their effects represent major challenges in human genetics. SAA1 is one of the few modifiers identified in humans: this gene influences the risk of renal amyloidosis (RA) in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), a Mendelian autoinflammatory disorder associated with mutations in MEFV. Indeed, the SAA1 α homozygous genotype and the p.Met694Val homozygous genotype at the MEFV locus are two main risk factors for RA.
Methodology/Principal Findings
Here, we investigated Armenian FMF patients and controls from two neighboring countries: Armenia, where RA is frequent (24%), and Karabakh, where RA is rare (2.5%). Sequencing of MEFV revealed similar frequencies of p.Met694Val homozygotes in the two groups of patients. However, a major deficit of SAA1 α homozygotes was found among Karabakhian patients (4%) as compared to Armenian patients (24%) (p = 5.10−5). Most importantly, we observed deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in the two groups of patients, and unexpectedly, in opposite directions, whereas, in the two control populations, genotype distributions at this locus were similar and complied with (HWE).
Conclusions/Significance
The excess of SAA1α homozygotes among Armenian patients could be explained by the recruitment of patients with severe phenotypes. In contrast, a population-based study revealed that the deficit of α/α among Karabakhian patients would result from a negative selection against carriers of this genotype. This study, which provides new insights into the role of SAA1 in the pathophysiology of FMF, represents the first example of deviations from HWE and selection involving the modifier gene of a Mendelian disorder. Identification of modifier genes and characterization of their effects represent major challenges in human genetics. SAA1 is one of the few modifiers identified in humans: this gene influences the risk of renal amyloidosis (RA) in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), a Mendelian autoinflammatory disorder associated with mutations in MEFV. Indeed, the SAA1 [alpha] homozygous genotype and the p.Met694Val homozygous genotype at the MEFV locus are two main risk factors for RA. Here, we investigated Armenian FMF patients and controls from two neighboring countries: Armenia, where RA is frequent (24%), and Karabakh, where RA is rare (2.5%). Sequencing of MEFV revealed similar frequencies of p.Met694Val homozygotes in the two groups of patients. However, a major deficit of SAA1 [alpha] homozygotes was found among Karabakhian patients (4%) as compared to Armenian patients (24%) (p = 5.10.sup.-5). Most importantly, we observed deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in the two groups of patients, and unexpectedly, in opposite directions, whereas, in the two control populations, genotype distributions at this locus were similar and complied with (HWE). The excess of SAA1[alpha] homozygotes among Armenian patients could be explained by the recruitment of patients with severe phenotypes. In contrast, a population-based study revealed that the deficit of [alpha]/[alpha] among Karabakhian patients would result from a negative selection against carriers of this genotype. This study, which provides new insights into the role of SAA1 in the pathophysiology of FMF, represents the first example of deviations from HWE and selection involving the modifier gene of a Mendelian disorder. Background: Identification of modifier genes and characterization of their effects represent major challenges in human genetics. SAA1 is one of the few modifiers identified in humans: this gene influences the risk of renal amyloidosis (RA) in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), a Mendelian autoinflammatory disorder associated with mutations in MEFV. Indeed, the SAA1 alpha homozygous genotype and the p.Met694Val homozygous genotype at the MEFV locus are two main risk factors for RA.Methodology/principal findings: HERE, WE INVESTIGATED ARMENIAN FMF PATIENTS AND CONTROLS FROM TWO NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES: Armenia, where RA is frequent (24%), and Karabakh, where RA is rare (2.5%). Sequencing of MEFV revealed similar frequencies of p.Met694Val homozygotes in the two groups of patients. However, a major deficit of SAA1 alpha homozygotes was found among Karabakhian patients (4%) as compared to Armenian patients (24%) (p = 5.10(-5)). Most importantly, we observed deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in the two groups of patients, and unexpectedly, in opposite directions, whereas, in the two control populations, genotype distributions at this locus were similar and complied with (HWE).Conclusions/significance: The excess of SAA1alpha homozygotes among Armenian patients could be explained by the recruitment of patients with severe phenotypes. In contrast, a population-based study revealed that the deficit of alpha/alpha among Karabakhian patients would result from a negative selection against carriers of this genotype. This study, which provides new insights into the role of SAA1 in the pathophysiology of FMF, represents the first example of deviations from HWE and selection involving the modifier gene of a Mendelian disorder. BACKGROUNDIdentification of modifier genes and characterization of their effects represent major challenges in human genetics. SAA1 is one of the few modifiers identified in humans: this gene influences the risk of renal amyloidosis (RA) in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), a Mendelian autoinflammatory disorder associated with mutations in MEFV. Indeed, the SAA1 alpha homozygous genotype and the p.Met694Val homozygous genotype at the MEFV locus are two main risk factors for RA. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGSHERE, WE INVESTIGATED ARMENIAN FMF PATIENTS AND CONTROLS FROM TWO NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES: Armenia, where RA is frequent (24%), and Karabakh, where RA is rare (2.5%). Sequencing of MEFV revealed similar frequencies of p.Met694Val homozygotes in the two groups of patients. However, a major deficit of SAA1 alpha homozygotes was found among Karabakhian patients (4%) as compared to Armenian patients (24%) (p = 5.10(-5)). Most importantly, we observed deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in the two groups of patients, and unexpectedly, in opposite directions, whereas, in the two control populations, genotype distributions at this locus were similar and complied with (HWE). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCEThe excess of SAA1alpha homozygotes among Armenian patients could be explained by the recruitment of patients with severe phenotypes. In contrast, a population-based study revealed that the deficit of alpha/alpha among Karabakhian patients would result from a negative selection against carriers of this genotype. This study, which provides new insights into the role of SAA1 in the pathophysiology of FMF, represents the first example of deviations from HWE and selection involving the modifier gene of a Mendelian disorder. Background Identification of modifier genes and characterization of their effects represent major challenges in human genetics. SAA1 is one of the few modifiers identified in humans: this gene influences the risk of renal amyloidosis (RA) in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), a Mendelian autoinflammatory disorder associated with mutations in MEFV. Indeed, the SAA1 [alpha] homozygous genotype and the p.Met694Val homozygous genotype at the MEFV locus are two main risk factors for RA. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we investigated Armenian FMF patients and controls from two neighboring countries: Armenia, where RA is frequent (24%), and Karabakh, where RA is rare (2.5%). Sequencing of MEFV revealed similar frequencies of p.Met694Val homozygotes in the two groups of patients. However, a major deficit of SAA1 [alpha] homozygotes was found among Karabakhian patients (4%) as compared to Armenian patients (24%) (p = 5.10.sup.-5). Most importantly, we observed deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in the two groups of patients, and unexpectedly, in opposite directions, whereas, in the two control populations, genotype distributions at this locus were similar and complied with (HWE). Conclusions/Significance The excess of SAA1[alpha] homozygotes among Armenian patients could be explained by the recruitment of patients with severe phenotypes. In contrast, a population-based study revealed that the deficit of [alpha]/[alpha] among Karabakhian patients would result from a negative selection against carriers of this genotype. This study, which provides new insights into the role of SAA1 in the pathophysiology of FMF, represents the first example of deviations from HWE and selection involving the modifier gene of a Mendelian disorder. Identification of modifier genes and characterization of their effects represent major challenges in human genetics. SAA1 is one of the few modifiers identified in humans: this gene influences the risk of renal amyloidosis (RA) in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), a Mendelian autoinflammatory disorder associated with mutations in MEFV. Indeed, the SAA1 alpha homozygous genotype and the p.Met694Val homozygous genotype at the MEFV locus are two main risk factors for RA. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED ARMENIAN FMF PATIENTS AND CONTROLS FROM TWO NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES: Armenia, where RA is frequent (24%), and Karabakh, where RA is rare (2.5%). Sequencing of MEFV revealed similar frequencies of p.Met694Val homozygotes in the two groups of patients. However, a major deficit of SAA1 alpha homozygotes was found among Karabakhian patients (4%) as compared to Armenian patients (24%) (p = 5.10(-5)). Most importantly, we observed deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in the two groups of patients, and unexpectedly, in opposite directions, whereas, in the two control populations, genotype distributions at this locus were similar and complied with (HWE). The excess of SAA1alpha homozygotes among Armenian patients could be explained by the recruitment of patients with severe phenotypes. In contrast, a population-based study revealed that the deficit of alpha/alpha among Karabakhian patients would result from a negative selection against carriers of this genotype. This study, which provides new insights into the role of SAA1 in the pathophysiology of FMF, represents the first example of deviations from HWE and selection involving the modifier gene of a Mendelian disorder. Background Identification of modifier genes and characterization of their effects represent major challenges in human genetics. SAA1 is one of the few modifiers identified in humans: this gene influences the risk of renal amyloidosis (RA) in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), a Mendelian autoinflammatory disorder associated with mutations in MEFV. Indeed, the SAA1 α homozygous genotype and the p.Met694Val homozygous genotype at the MEFV locus are two main risk factors for RA. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we investigated Armenian FMF patients and controls from two neighboring countries: Armenia, where RA is frequent (24%), and Karabakh, where RA is rare (2.5%). Sequencing of MEFV revealed similar frequencies of p.Met694Val homozygotes in the two groups of patients. However, a major deficit of SAA1 α homozygotes was found among Karabakhian patients (4%) as compared to Armenian patients (24%) (p = 5.10−5). Most importantly, we observed deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in the two groups of patients, and unexpectedly, in opposite directions, whereas, in the two control populations, genotype distributions at this locus were similar and complied with (HWE). Conclusions/Significance The excess of SAA1α homozygotes among Armenian patients could be explained by the recruitment of patients with severe phenotypes. In contrast, a population-based study revealed that the deficit of α/α among Karabakhian patients would result from a negative selection against carriers of this genotype. This study, which provides new insights into the role of SAA1 in the pathophysiology of FMF, represents the first example of deviations from HWE and selection involving the modifier gene of a Mendelian disorder. |
Audience | Academic |
Author | Duquesnoy, Philippe Cochet, Emmanuelle Jéru, Isabelle Sarkisian, Tamara Hayrapetyan, Hasmik Grateau, Gilles Jeanpierre, Marc Feingold, Josué Serre, Jean-Louis Amselem, Serge |
AuthorAffiliation | 2 Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMR S_933, Paris, France 4 Equipe Structure-Fonction, EA 2493, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France Institut Pasteur, France 5 INSERM U.567, Paris, France 1 INSERM, U933, Paris, France 3 Center of Medical Genetics and Primary Health Care, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia |
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CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0055227 crossref_primary_10_3390_agriculture12030344 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejmhg_2014_01_003 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1399_0004_2011_01747_x crossref_primary_10_14412_1996_7012_2018_3_61_69 crossref_primary_10_1097_GIM_0b013e31820e27b1 |
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Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2009 Public Library of Science 2009 Jéru et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Jéru et al. 2009 |
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Keywords | Armenia Armenian people Variant genotypes Monte Carlo method Chi square tests Homozygosity |
Language | English |
License | Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. Creative Commons Attribution License |
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Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 PMCID: PMC2765618 Conceived and designed the experiments: IJ SA. Performed the experiments: IJ PD EC. Analyzed the data: IJ PD JLS JF GG MJ SA. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HH TFS MJ. Wrote the paper: IJ SA. |
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References | D Zemer (ref10) 1986; 314 C Cazeneuve (ref21) 2003; 48 C Cazeneuve (ref20) 1999; 65 M Huber (ref16) 2006; 62 CG DeVry (ref24) 1999; 44 DB Rogers (ref11) 1989; 34 P Donabedian (ref19) 1991 J Zuniga (ref23) 1999; 1 AA Aivazian (ref12) 1982; 60 JH Nadeau (ref1) 2001; 2 A Bakkaloglu (ref7) 2004; 31 AD Schwabe (ref14) 1974; 53 A Livneh (ref26) 1997; 40 (ref8) 1997; 17 HK Armenian (ref13) 1973; 26 M Medlej-Hashim (ref6) 2004; 5 (ref9) 1997; 90 N Akar (ref5) 2003; 10 JH Nadeau (ref2) 2003; 13 S Kang (ref15) 2004; 58 S Wahlund (ref18) 1928; 11 C Cazeneuve (ref3) 2000; 67 E Schollen (ref22) 2000; 8 R Gershoni-Baruch (ref4) 2003; 48 X Luo (ref25) 2007; 16 DL Hartl (ref17) 1997 |
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Snippet | Identification of modifier genes and characterization of their effects represent major challenges in human genetics. SAA1 is one of the few modifiers... Background Identification of modifier genes and characterization of their effects represent major challenges in human genetics. SAA1 is one of the few... BACKGROUNDIdentification of modifier genes and characterization of their effects represent major challenges in human genetics. SAA1 is one of the few modifiers... Background: Identification of modifier genes and characterization of their effects represent major challenges in human genetics. SAA1 is one of the few... BACKGROUND:Identification of modifier genes and characterization of their effects represent major challenges in human genetics. SAA1 is one of the few... Background Identification of modifier genes and characterization of their effects represent major challenges in human genetics. SAA1 is one of the few... |
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SubjectTerms | Algorithms Amyloidosis Amyloidosis - genetics Armenia Arthritis Chi-square test Congenital diseases DNA Mutational Analysis Equilibrium Familial Mediterranean fever Familial Mediterranean Fever - genetics Fever Genes Genetic aspects Genetics Genetics and Genomics/Genetics of Disease Genetics and Genomics/Medical Genetics Genetics and Genomics/Population Genetics Genotype Homozygote Homozygotes Humans Immunology Inflammation Kidneys Life Sciences Loci Medical research Models, Biological Models, Genetic Models, Statistical Mutation Negative selection Pathology/Molecular Pathology Patients Population genetics Population studies Primary care Proteins Pyrin protein Risk analysis Risk Factors Selection, Genetic Serum Amyloid A Protein - genetics Studies |
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Title | Involvement of the modifier gene of a human Mendelian disorder in a negative selection process |
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