Money Affects Theory of Mind Differently by Gender
Theory of Mind (ToM)--the ability to understand other's thoughts, intentions, and emotions--is important for navigating interpersonal relationships, avoiding conflict, and empathizing. Prior research has identified many factors that affect one's ToM ability, but little work has examined ho...
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| Published in | PloS one Vol. 10; no. 12; p. e0143973 |
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| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Public Library of Science
03.12.2015
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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| Abstract | Theory of Mind (ToM)--the ability to understand other's thoughts, intentions, and emotions--is important for navigating interpersonal relationships, avoiding conflict, and empathizing. Prior research has identified many factors that affect one's ToM ability, but little work has examined how different kinds of monetary incentives affect ToM ability. We ask: Does money affect ToM ability? If so, how does the effect depend on the structure of monetary incentives? How do the differences depend on gender? We hypothesize that money will affect ToM ability differently by gender: monetary rewards increase males' motivation to express ToM ability while simultaneously crowding out females' motivation. This prediction is confirmed in an experiment that varies the structure of monetary rewards for correct answers in the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). RMET scores decrease for females and increase for males with individual payments, and this effect is stronger with competitively-structured payments. RMET scores do not significantly change when monetary earnings go to a charity. Whether money improves or hinders ToM ability, and, hence, success in social interactions, thus depends on the interaction of gender and monetary incentive structure. |
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| AbstractList | Theory of Mind (ToM) ─ the ability to understand other’s thoughts, intentions, and emotions ─ is important for navigating interpersonal relationships, avoiding conflict, and empathizing. Prior research has identified many factors that affect one’s ToM ability, but little work has examined how different kinds of monetary incentives affect ToM ability. We ask: Does money affect ToM ability? If so, how does the effect depend on the structure of monetary incentives? How do the differences depend on gender? We hypothesize that money will affect ToM ability differently by gender: monetary rewards increase males’ motivation to express ToM ability while simultaneously crowding out females’ motivation. This prediction is confirmed in an experiment that varies the structure of monetary rewards for correct answers in the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). RMET scores decrease for females and increase for males with individual payments, and this effect is stronger with competitively-structured payments. RMET scores do not significantly change when monetary earnings go to a charity. Whether money improves or hinders ToM ability, and, hence, success in social interactions, thus depends on the interaction of gender and monetary incentive structure. Theory of Mind (ToM)--the ability to understand other's thoughts, intentions, and emotions--is important for navigating interpersonal relationships, avoiding conflict, and empathizing. Prior research has identified many factors that affect one's ToM ability, but little work has examined how different kinds of monetary incentives affect ToM ability. We ask: Does money affect ToM ability? If so, how does the effect depend on the structure of monetary incentives? How do the differences depend on gender? We hypothesize that money will affect ToM ability differently by gender: monetary rewards increase males' motivation to express ToM ability while simultaneously crowding out females' motivation. This prediction is confirmed in an experiment that varies the structure of monetary rewards for correct answers in the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). RMET scores decrease for females and increase for males with individual payments, and this effect is stronger with competitively-structured payments. RMET scores do not significantly change when monetary earnings go to a charity. Whether money improves or hinders ToM ability, and, hence, success in social interactions, thus depends on the interaction of gender and monetary incentive structure. Theory of Mind (ToM) â the ability to understand other's thoughts, intentions, and emotions â is important for navigating interpersonal relationships, avoiding conflict, and empathizing. Prior research has identified many factors that affect one's ToM ability, but little work has examined how different kinds of monetary incentives affect ToM ability. We ask: Does money affect ToM ability? If so, how does the effect depend on the structure of monetary incentives? How do the differences depend on gender? We hypothesize that money will affect ToM ability differently by gender: monetary rewards increase males' motivation to express ToM ability while simultaneously crowding out females' motivation. This prediction is confirmed in an experiment that varies the structure of monetary rewards for correct answers in the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). RMET scores decrease for females and increase for males with individual payments, and this effect is stronger with competitively-structured payments. RMET scores do not significantly change when monetary earnings go to a charity. Whether money improves or hinders ToM ability, and, hence, success in social interactions, thus depends on the interaction of gender and monetary incentive structure. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Ridinger, Garret McBride, Michael |
| AuthorAffiliation | University of Groningen, NETHERLANDS Experimental Social Science Laboratory, Department of Economics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: University of Groningen, NETHERLANDS – name: Experimental Social Science Laboratory, Department of Economics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Garret surname: Ridinger fullname: Ridinger, Garret organization: Experimental Social Science Laboratory, Department of Economics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America – sequence: 2 givenname: Michael surname: McBride fullname: McBride, Michael organization: Experimental Social Science Laboratory, Department of Economics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26633171$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2015 Public Library of Science 2015 Ridinger, McBride. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2015 Ridinger, McBride 2015 Ridinger, McBride |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Conceived and designed the experiments: GR MM. Performed the experiments: GR. Analyzed the data: GR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GR MM. Wrote the paper: GR MM. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. |
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| SubjectTerms | Autism Behavior Cognition Competition Decision making Donations Economics Emotions Experiments Female Females Gender differences Humans Incentives Laboratories Male Males Motivation Payments Profits Psychological aspects Psychologists Sex differences (Biology) Social factors Social interactions Social sciences Studies Theory of Mind Women |
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| Title | Money Affects Theory of Mind Differently by Gender |
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