Genetic association and transcriptome integration identify contributing genes and tissues at cystic fibrosis modifier loci

• Published in: PLoS genetics Vol. 15; no. 2; p. e1008007
• Main Authors: Gong, Jiafen, Wang, Fan, Xiao, Bowei, Panjwani, Naim, Lin, Fan, Keenan, Katherine, Avolio, Julie, Esmaeili, Mohsen, Zhang, Lin, He, Gengming, Soave, David, Mastromatteo, Scott, Baskurt, Zeynep, Kim, Sangook, O'Neal, Wanda K, Polineni, Deepika, Blackman, Scott M, Corvol, Harriet, Cutting, Garry R, Drumm, Mitchell, Knowles, Michael R, Rommens, Johanna M, Sun, Lei, Strug, Lisa J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 26.02.2019; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral - genetics; Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral - metabolism; Antiporters - genetics; Antiporters - metabolism; Biochemistry, Molecular Biology; Bioinformatics; Biology; Biology and Life Sciences; CF gene; Chromosome 1; Chromosome 13; Chromosome 7; Cystic fibrosis; Cystic Fibrosis - genetics; Cystic Fibrosis - metabolism; Disease susceptibility; Female; Fibrosis; Funding; Gastrointestinal diseases; Gene expression; Gene Expression Profiling - methods; Gene Expression Regulation; Genes; Genetic aspects; Genetics; Genome-Wide Association Study - methods; Genomes; Genomics; Genotype & phenotype; H(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase - genetics; H(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase - metabolism; Haplotypes; Health aspects; Hospitals; Human genetics; Humans; Intestinal obstruction; Intestine; Life Sciences; Lung - metabolism; Lung diseases; Male; Meconium; Medical research; Medicine; Medicine and Health Sciences; Morbidity; Organ Specificity; Pancreas; Pancreas, Exocrine - metabolism; Pancreatitis; Pediatrics; Precision medicine; Public health; Quantitative genetics; Quantitative trait loci; Research and Analysis Methods; Respiratory tract; Respiratory tract diseases; Social Sciences; Sulfate Transporters - genetics; Sulfate Transporters - metabolism; Susceptibility; Trypsin - genetics; Trypsin - metabolism; North Carolina; Canada; United States > US; Ohio; France; Maryland; Baltimore Maryland
• ISSN: 1553-7404; 1553-7390; 1553-7404
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008007

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) exhibits morbidity in several organs, including progressive lung disease in all patients and intestinal obstruction at birth (meconium ileus) in ~15%. Individuals with the same causal CFTR mutations show variable disease presentation which is partly attributed to modifier genes. With >6,500 participants from the International CF Gene Modifier Consortium, genome-wide association investigation identified a new modifier locus for meconium ileus encompassing ATP12A on chromosome 13 (min p = 3.83x10(-10)); replicated loci encompassing SLC6A14 on chromosome X and SLC26A9 on chromosome 1, (min p<2.2x10(-16), 2.81x10(-11), respectively); and replicated a suggestive locus on chromosome 7 near PRSS1 (min p = 2.55x10(-7)). PRSS1 is exclusively expressed in the exocrine pancreas and was previously associated with non-CF pancreatitis with functional characterization demonstrating impact on PRSS1 gene expression. We thus asked whether the other meconium ileus modifier loci impact gene expression and in which organ. We developed and applied a colocalization framework called the Simple Sum (SS) that integrates regulatory and genetic association information, and also contrasts colocalization evidence across tissues or genes. The associated modifier loci colocalized with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) for ATP12A (p = 3.35x10(-8)), SLC6A14 (p = 1.12x10(-10)) and SLC26A9 (p = 4.48x10(-5)) in the pancreas, even though meconium ileus manifests in the intestine. The meconium ileus susceptibility locus on chromosome X appeared shifted in location from a previously identified locus for CF lung disease severity. Using the SS we integrated the lung disease association locus with eQTLs from nasal epithelia of 63 CF participants and demonstrated evidence of colocalization with airway-specific regulation of SLC6A14 (p = 2.3x10(-4)). Cystic Fibrosis is realizing the promise of personalized medicine, and identification of the contributing organ and understanding of tissue specificity for a gene modifier is essential for the next phase of personalizing therapeutic strategies.