The Same Microbiota and a Potentially Discriminant Metabolome in the Saliva of Omnivore, Ovo-Lacto-Vegetarian and Vegan Individuals
The salivary microbiota has been linked to both oral and non-oral diseases. Scant knowledge is available on the effect of environmental factors such as long-term dietary choices on the salivary microbiota and metabolome. This study analyzed the microbial diversity and metabolomic profiles of the sal...
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| Published in | PloS one Vol. 9; no. 11; p. e112373 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Public Library of Science
05.11.2014
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | The salivary microbiota has been linked to both oral and non-oral diseases. Scant knowledge is available on the effect of environmental factors such as long-term dietary choices on the salivary microbiota and metabolome. This study analyzed the microbial diversity and metabolomic profiles of the saliva of 161 healthy individuals who followed an omnivore or ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet. A large core microbiota was identified, including 12 bacterial genera, found in >98% of the individuals. The subjects could be stratified into three "salivary types" that differed on the basis of the relative abundance of the core genera Prevotella, Streptococcus/Gemella and Fusobacterium/Neisseria. Statistical analysis indicated no effect of dietary habit on the salivary microbiota. Phylogenetic beta-diversity analysis consistently showed no differences between omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and vegan individuals. Metabolomic profiling of saliva using (1)H-NMR and GC-MS/SPME identified diet-related biomarkers that enabled a significant discrimination between the 3 groups of individuals on the basis of their diet. Formate, urea, uridine and 5-methyl-3-hexanone could discriminate samples from omnivores, whereas 1-propanol, hexanoic acid and proline were characteristic of non-omnivore diets. Although the salivary metabolome can be discriminating for diet, the microbiota has a remarkable inter-individual stability and did not vary with dietary habits. Microbial homeostasis might be perturbed with sub-standard oral hygiene or other environmental factors, but there is no current indication that a choice of an omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet can lead to a specific composition of the oral microbiota with consequences on the oral homeostasis. |
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| AbstractList | The salivary microbiota has been linked to both oral and non-oral diseases. Scant knowledge is available on the effect of environmental factors such as long-term dietary choices on the salivary microbiota and metabolome. This study analyzed the microbial diversity and metabolomic profiles of the saliva of 161 healthy individuals who followed an omnivore or ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet. A large core microbiota was identified, including 12 bacterial genera, found in >98% of the individuals. The subjects could be stratified into three "salivary types" that differed on the basis of the relative abundance of the core genera Prevotella, Streptococcus/Gemella and Fusobacterium/Neisseria. Statistical analysis indicated no effect of dietary habit on the salivary microbiota. Phylogenetic beta-diversity analysis consistently showed no differences between omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and vegan individuals. Metabolomic profiling of saliva using (1)H-NMR and GC-MS/SPME identified diet-related biomarkers that enabled a significant discrimination between the 3 groups of individuals on the basis of their diet. Formate, urea, uridine and 5-methyl-3-hexanone could discriminate samples from omnivores, whereas 1-propanol, hexanoic acid and proline were characteristic of non-omnivore diets. Although the salivary metabolome can be discriminating for diet, the microbiota has a remarkable inter-individual stability and did not vary with dietary habits. Microbial homeostasis might be perturbed with sub-standard oral hygiene or other environmental factors, but there is no current indication that a choice of an omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet can lead to a specific composition of the oral microbiota with consequences on the oral homeostasis.The salivary microbiota has been linked to both oral and non-oral diseases. Scant knowledge is available on the effect of environmental factors such as long-term dietary choices on the salivary microbiota and metabolome. This study analyzed the microbial diversity and metabolomic profiles of the saliva of 161 healthy individuals who followed an omnivore or ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet. A large core microbiota was identified, including 12 bacterial genera, found in >98% of the individuals. The subjects could be stratified into three "salivary types" that differed on the basis of the relative abundance of the core genera Prevotella, Streptococcus/Gemella and Fusobacterium/Neisseria. Statistical analysis indicated no effect of dietary habit on the salivary microbiota. Phylogenetic beta-diversity analysis consistently showed no differences between omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and vegan individuals. Metabolomic profiling of saliva using (1)H-NMR and GC-MS/SPME identified diet-related biomarkers that enabled a significant discrimination between the 3 groups of individuals on the basis of their diet. Formate, urea, uridine and 5-methyl-3-hexanone could discriminate samples from omnivores, whereas 1-propanol, hexanoic acid and proline were characteristic of non-omnivore diets. Although the salivary metabolome can be discriminating for diet, the microbiota has a remarkable inter-individual stability and did not vary with dietary habits. Microbial homeostasis might be perturbed with sub-standard oral hygiene or other environmental factors, but there is no current indication that a choice of an omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet can lead to a specific composition of the oral microbiota with consequences on the oral homeostasis. The salivary microbiota has been linked to both oral and non-oral diseases. Scant knowledge is available on the effect of environmental factors such as long-term dietary choices on the salivary microbiota and metabolome. This study analyzed the microbial diversity and metabolomic profiles of the saliva of 161 healthy individuals who followed an omnivore or ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet. A large core microbiota was identified, including 12 bacterial genera, found in >98% of the individuals. The subjects could be stratified into three "salivary types" that differed on the basis of the relative abundance of the core genera Prevotella, Streptococcus/Gemella and Fusobacterium/Neisseria. Statistical analysis indicated no effect of dietary habit on the salivary microbiota. Phylogenetic beta-diversity analysis consistently showed no differences between omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and vegan individuals. Metabolomic profiling of saliva using (1)H-NMR and GC-MS/SPME identified diet-related biomarkers that enabled a significant discrimination between the 3 groups of individuals on the basis of their diet. Formate, urea, uridine and 5-methyl-3-hexanone could discriminate samples from omnivores, whereas 1-propanol, hexanoic acid and proline were characteristic of non-omnivore diets. Although the salivary metabolome can be discriminating for diet, the microbiota has a remarkable inter-individual stability and did not vary with dietary habits. Microbial homeostasis might be perturbed with sub-standard oral hygiene or other environmental factors, but there is no current indication that a choice of an omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet can lead to a specific composition of the oral microbiota with consequences on the oral homeostasis. The salivary microbiota has been linked to both oral and non-oral diseases. Scant knowledge is available on the effect of environmental factors such as long-term dietary choices on the salivary microbiota and metabolome. This study analyzed the microbial diversity and metabolomic profiles of the saliva of 161 healthy individuals who followed an omnivore or ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet. A large core microbiota was identified, including 12 bacterial genera, found in >98% of the individuals. The subjects could be stratified into three "salivary types" that differed on the basis of the relative abundance of the core genera Prevotella, Streptococcus/Gemella and Fusobacterium/Neisseria. Statistical analysis indicated no effect of dietary habit on the salivary microbiota. Phylogenetic beta-diversity analysis consistently showed no differences between omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and vegan individuals. Metabolomic profiling of saliva using .sup.1 H-NMR and GC-MS/SPME identified diet-related biomarkers that enabled a significant discrimination between the 3 groups of individuals on the basis of their diet. Formate, urea, uridine and 5-methyl-3-hexanone could discriminate samples from omnivores, whereas 1-propanol, hexanoic acid and proline were characteristic of non-omnivore diets. Although the salivary metabolome can be discriminating for diet, the microbiota has a remarkable inter-individual stability and did not vary with dietary habits. Microbial homeostasis might be perturbed with sub-standard oral hygiene or other environmental factors, but there is no current indication that a choice of an omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet can lead to a specific composition of the oral microbiota with consequences on the oral homeostasis. The salivary microbiota has been linked to both oral and non-oral diseases. Scant knowledge is available on the effect of environmental factors such as long-term dietary choices on the salivary microbiota and metabolome. This study analyzed the microbial diversity and metabolomic profiles of the saliva of 161 healthy individuals who followed an omnivore or ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet. A large core microbiota was identified, including 12 bacterial genera, found in >98% of the individuals. The subjects could be stratified into three “salivary types” that differed on the basis of the relative abundance of the core genera Prevotella , Streptococcus/Gemella and Fusobacterium/Neisseria . Statistical analysis indicated no effect of dietary habit on the salivary microbiota. Phylogenetic beta-diversity analysis consistently showed no differences between omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and vegan individuals. Metabolomic profiling of saliva using 1 H-NMR and GC-MS/SPME identified diet-related biomarkers that enabled a significant discrimination between the 3 groups of individuals on the basis of their diet. Formate, urea, uridine and 5-methyl-3-hexanone could discriminate samples from omnivores, whereas 1-propanol, hexanoic acid and proline were characteristic of non-omnivore diets. Although the salivary metabolome can be discriminating for diet, the microbiota has a remarkable inter-individual stability and did not vary with dietary habits. Microbial homeostasis might be perturbed with sub-standard oral hygiene or other environmental factors, but there is no current indication that a choice of an omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet can lead to a specific composition of the oral microbiota with consequences on the oral homeostasis. The salivary microbiota has been linked to both oral and non-oral diseases. Scant knowledge is available on the effect of environmental factors such as long-term dietary choices on the salivary microbiota and metabolome. This study analyzed the microbial diversity and metabolomic profiles of the saliva of 161 healthy individuals who followed an omnivore or ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet. A large core microbiota was identified, including 12 bacterial genera, found in >98% of the individuals. The subjects could be stratified into three “salivary types” that differed on the basis of the relative abundance of the core genera Prevotella, Streptococcus/Gemella and Fusobacterium/Neisseria. Statistical analysis indicated no effect of dietary habit on the salivary microbiota. Phylogenetic beta-diversity analysis consistently showed no differences between omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and vegan individuals. Metabolomic profiling of saliva using 1H-NMR and GC-MS/SPME identified diet-related biomarkers that enabled a significant discrimination between the 3 groups of individuals on the basis of their diet. Formate, urea, uridine and 5-methyl-3-hexanone could discriminate samples from omnivores, whereas 1-propanol, hexanoic acid and proline were characteristic of non-omnivore diets. Although the salivary metabolome can be discriminating for diet, the microbiota has a remarkable inter-individual stability and did not vary with dietary habits. Microbial homeostasis might be perturbed with sub-standard oral hygiene or other environmental factors, but there is no current indication that a choice of an omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet can lead to a specific composition of the oral microbiota with consequences on the oral homeostasis. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Serrazanetti, Diana I. Turroni, Silvia La Storia, Antonietta Laghi, Luca Ercolini, Danilo Ferrocino, Ilario Gobbetti, Marco Vannini, Lucia Piombino, Paola Di Cagno, Raffaella De Filippis, Francesca Lazzi, Camilla Gozzi, Giorgia Stellato, Giuseppina |
| AuthorAffiliation | 3 Inter-Departmental Centre for Industrial Agri-Food Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy 5 Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy 7 Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), Austria 1 Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy 2 Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy 4 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy 6 Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy – name: Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), Austria – name: 5 Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy – name: 7 Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy – name: 3 Inter-Departmental Centre for Industrial Agri-Food Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy – name: 4 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy – name: 6 Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy – name: 2 Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Francesca surname: De Filippis fullname: De Filippis, Francesca – sequence: 2 givenname: Lucia surname: Vannini fullname: Vannini, Lucia – sequence: 3 givenname: Antonietta surname: La Storia fullname: La Storia, Antonietta – sequence: 4 givenname: Luca surname: Laghi fullname: Laghi, Luca – sequence: 5 givenname: Paola surname: Piombino fullname: Piombino, Paola – sequence: 6 givenname: Giuseppina surname: Stellato fullname: Stellato, Giuseppina – sequence: 7 givenname: Diana I. surname: Serrazanetti fullname: Serrazanetti, Diana I. – sequence: 8 givenname: Giorgia surname: Gozzi fullname: Gozzi, Giorgia – sequence: 9 givenname: Silvia surname: Turroni fullname: Turroni, Silvia – sequence: 10 givenname: Ilario surname: Ferrocino fullname: Ferrocino, Ilario – sequence: 11 givenname: Camilla surname: Lazzi fullname: Lazzi, Camilla – sequence: 12 givenname: Raffaella surname: Di Cagno fullname: Di Cagno, Raffaella – sequence: 13 givenname: Marco surname: Gobbetti fullname: Gobbetti, Marco – sequence: 14 givenname: Danilo surname: Ercolini fullname: Ercolini, Danilo |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372853$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2014 Public Library of Science 2014 De Filippis et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2014 De Filippis et al 2014 De Filippis et al |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: COPYRIGHT 2014 Public Library of Science – notice: 2014 De Filippis et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: 2014 De Filippis et al 2014 De Filippis et al |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-2 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23 Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Conceived and designed the experiments: DE LV. Performed the experiments: FDF GG LL ALS GS. Analyzed the data: FDF LL PP DIS DE MG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DE LV. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: DE LV MG. Subjects selection and recruitment: ST IF CL RDC. Sample collection: ST IF CL RDC. |
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| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Analysis Bacteria Bacteria - classification Bacteria - metabolism Bioindicators Biology and Life Sciences Biomarkers Diet Diet, Vegan Discriminant analysis Environmental effects Environmental factors Female Food science Gene expression Habits Hexanoic acid Homeostasis Humans Hygiene Male Medicine and Health Sciences Metabolism Metabolites Metabolome - physiology Metabolomics Microbiota Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms) Microbiota - physiology Microorganisms Middle Aged NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance Nutrition research Omnivores Oral diseases Oral hygiene Phylogeny Proline Propanol Relative abundance Saliva Saliva - metabolism Saliva - microbiology Solid phase methods Statistical analysis Statistical methods Studies Taxonomy Urea Uridine Vegan Veganism Vegans Vegetarianism |
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| Title | The Same Microbiota and a Potentially Discriminant Metabolome in the Saliva of Omnivore, Ovo-Lacto-Vegetarian and Vegan Individuals |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372853 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1620594669 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1622059220 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC4221475 https://doaj.org/article/f279e9c5fbda4a0c8b37e93c67c998b8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112373 |
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