Comparative Analysis of Genome Sequences Covering the Seven Cronobacter Species
Species of Cronobacter are widespread in the environment and are occasional food-borne pathogens associated with serious neonatal diseases, including bacteraemia, meningitis, and necrotising enterocolitis. The genus is composed of seven species: C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis, C. dublin...
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Published in | PloS one Vol. 7; no. 11; p. e49455 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
United States
Public Library of Science
16.11.2012
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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Abstract | Species of Cronobacter are widespread in the environment and are occasional food-borne pathogens associated with serious neonatal diseases, including bacteraemia, meningitis, and necrotising enterocolitis. The genus is composed of seven species: C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis, C. dublinensis, C. muytjensii, C. universalis, and C. condimenti. Clinical cases are associated with three species, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis and, in particular, with C. sakazakii multilocus sequence type 4. Thus, it is plausible that virulence determinants have evolved in certain lineages.
We generated high quality sequence drafts for eleven Cronobacter genomes representing the seven Cronobacter species, including an ST4 strain of C. sakazakii. Comparative analysis of these genomes together with the two publicly available genomes revealed Cronobacter has over 6,000 genes in one or more strains and over 2,000 genes shared by all Cronobacter. Considerable variation in the presence of traits such as type six secretion systems, metal resistance (tellurite, copper and silver), and adhesins were found. C. sakazakii is unique in the Cronobacter genus in encoding genes enabling the utilization of exogenous sialic acid which may have clinical significance. The C. sakazakii ST4 strain 701 contained additional genes as compared to other C. sakazakii but none of them were known specific virulence-related genes.
Genome comparison revealed that pair-wise DNA sequence identity varies between 89 and 97% in the seven Cronobacter species, and also suggested various degrees of divergence. Sets of universal core genes and accessory genes unique to each strain were identified. These gene sequences can be used for designing genus/species specific detection assays. Genes encoding adhesins, T6SS, and metal resistance genes as well as prophages are found in only subsets of genomes and have contributed considerably to the variation of genomic content. Differences in gene content likely contribute to differences in the clinical and environmental distribution of species and sequence types. |
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AbstractList | Background
Species of Cronobacter are widespread in the environment and are occasional food-borne pathogens associated with serious neonatal diseases, including bacteraemia, meningitis, and necrotising enterocolitis. The genus is composed of seven species: C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis, C. dublinensis, C. muytjensii, C. universalis, and C. condimenti. Clinical cases are associated with three species, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis and, in particular, with C. sakazakii multilocus sequence type 4. Thus, it is plausible that virulence determinants have evolved in certain lineages.
Methodology/Principal Findings
We generated high quality sequence drafts for eleven Cronobacter genomes representing the seven Cronobacter species, including an ST4 strain of C. sakazakii. Comparative analysis of these genomes together with the two publicly available genomes revealed Cronobacter has over 6,000 genes in one or more strains and over 2,000 genes shared by all Cronobacter. Considerable variation in the presence of traits such as type six secretion systems, metal resistance (tellurite, copper and silver), and adhesins were found. C. sakazakii is unique in the Cronobacter genus in encoding genes enabling the utilization of exogenous sialic acid which may have clinical significance. The C. sakazakii ST4 strain 701 contained additional genes as compared to other C. sakazakii but none of them were known specific virulence-related genes.
Conclusions/Significance
Genome comparison revealed that pair-wise DNA sequence identity varies between 89 and 97% in the seven Cronobacter species, and also suggested various degrees of divergence. Sets of universal core genes and accessory genes unique to each strain were identified. These gene sequences can be used for designing genus/species specific detection assays. Genes encoding adhesins, T6SS, and metal resistance genes as well as prophages are found in only subsets of genomes and have contributed considerably to the variation of genomic content. Differences in gene content likely contribute to differences in the clinical and environmental distribution of species and sequence types. Species of Cronobacter are widespread in the environment and are occasional food-borne pathogens associated with serious neonatal diseases, including bacteraemia, meningitis, and necrotising enterocolitis. The genus is composed of seven species: C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis, C. dublinensis, C. muytjensii, C. universalis, and C. condimenti. Clinical cases are associated with three species, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis and, in particular, with C. sakazakii multilocus sequence type 4. Thus, it is plausible that virulence determinants have evolved in certain lineages. We generated high quality sequence drafts for eleven Cronobacter genomes representing the seven Cronobacter species, including an ST4 strain of C. sakazakii. Comparative analysis of these genomes together with the two publicly available genomes revealed Cronobacter has over 6,000 genes in one or more strains and over 2,000 genes shared by all Cronobacter. Considerable variation in the presence of traits such as type six secretion systems, metal resistance (tellurite, copper and silver), and adhesins were found. C. sakazakii is unique in the Cronobacter genus in encoding genes enabling the utilization of exogenous sialic acid which may have clinical significance. The C. sakazakii ST4 strain 701 contained additional genes as compared to other C. sakazakii but none of them were known specific virulence-related genes. Genome comparison revealed that pair-wise DNA sequence identity varies between 89 and 97% in the seven Cronobacter species, and also suggested various degrees of divergence. Sets of universal core genes and accessory genes unique to each strain were identified. These gene sequences can be used for designing genus/species specific detection assays. Genes encoding adhesins, T6SS, and metal resistance genes as well as prophages are found in only subsets of genomes and have contributed considerably to the variation of genomic content. Differences in gene content likely contribute to differences in the clinical and environmental distribution of species and sequence types. Species of Cronobacter are widespread in the environment and are occasional food-borne pathogens associated with serious neonatal diseases, including bacteraemia, meningitis, and necrotising enterocolitis. The genus is composed of seven species: C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis, C. dublinensis, C. muytjensii, C. universalis, and C. condimenti. Clinical cases are associated with three species, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis and, in particular, with C. sakazakii multilocus sequence type 4. Thus, it is plausible that virulence determinants have evolved in certain lineages. We generated high quality sequence drafts for eleven Cronobacter genomes representing the seven Cronobacter species, including an ST4 strain of C. sakazakii. Comparative analysis of these genomes together with the two publicly available genomes revealed Cronobacter has over 6,000 genes in one or more strains and over 2,000 genes shared by all Cronobacter. Considerable variation in the presence of traits such as type six secretion systems, metal resistance (tellurite, copper and silver), and adhesins were found. C. sakazakii is unique in the Cronobacter genus in encoding genes enabling the utilization of exogenous sialic acid which may have clinical significance. The C. sakazakii ST4 strain 701 contained additional genes as compared to other C. sakazakii but none of them were known specific virulence-related genes. Genome comparison revealed that pair-wise DNA sequence identity varies between 89 and 97% in the seven Cronobacter species, and also suggested various degrees of divergence. Sets of universal core genes and accessory genes unique to each strain were identified. These gene sequences can be used for designing genus/species specific detection assays. Genes encoding adhesins, T6SS, and metal resistance genes as well as prophages are found in only subsets of genomes and have contributed considerably to the variation of genomic content. Differences in gene content likely contribute to differences in the clinical and environmental distribution of species and sequence types. Background Species of Cronobacter are widespread in the environment and are occasional food-borne pathogens associated with serious neonatal diseases, including bacteraemia, meningitis, and necrotising enterocolitis. The genus is composed of seven species: C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis, C. dublinensis, C. muytjensii, C. universalis, and C. condimenti. Clinical cases are associated with three species, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis and, in particular, with C. sakazakii multilocus sequence type 4. Thus, it is plausible that virulence determinants have evolved in certain lineages. Methodology/Principal Findings We generated high quality sequence drafts for eleven Cronobacter genomes representing the seven Cronobacter species, including an ST4 strain of C. sakazakii. Comparative analysis of these genomes together with the two publicly available genomes revealed Cronobacter has over 6,000 genes in one or more strains and over 2,000 genes shared by all Cronobacter. Considerable variation in the presence of traits such as type six secretion systems, metal resistance (tellurite, copper and silver), and adhesins were found. C. sakazakii is unique in the Cronobacter genus in encoding genes enabling the utilization of exogenous sialic acid which may have clinical significance. The C. sakazakii ST4 strain 701 contained additional genes as compared to other C. sakazakii but none of them were known specific virulence-related genes. Conclusions/Significance Genome comparison revealed that pair-wise DNA sequence identity varies between 89 and 97% in the seven Cronobacter species, and also suggested various degrees of divergence. Sets of universal core genes and accessory genes unique to each strain were identified. These gene sequences can be used for designing genus/species specific detection assays. Genes encoding adhesins, T6SS, and metal resistance genes as well as prophages are found in only subsets of genomes and have contributed considerably to the variation of genomic content. Differences in gene content likely contribute to differences in the clinical and environmental distribution of species and sequence types. Species of Cronobacter are widespread in the environment and are occasional food-borne pathogens associated with serious neonatal diseases, including bacteraemia, meningitis, and necrotising enterocolitis. The genus is composed of seven species: C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis, C. dublinensis, C. muytjensii, C. universalis, and C. condimenti. Clinical cases are associated with three species, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis and, in particular, with C. sakazakii multilocus sequence type 4. Thus, it is plausible that virulence determinants have evolved in certain lineages.BACKGROUNDSpecies of Cronobacter are widespread in the environment and are occasional food-borne pathogens associated with serious neonatal diseases, including bacteraemia, meningitis, and necrotising enterocolitis. The genus is composed of seven species: C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis, C. dublinensis, C. muytjensii, C. universalis, and C. condimenti. Clinical cases are associated with three species, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis and, in particular, with C. sakazakii multilocus sequence type 4. Thus, it is plausible that virulence determinants have evolved in certain lineages.We generated high quality sequence drafts for eleven Cronobacter genomes representing the seven Cronobacter species, including an ST4 strain of C. sakazakii. Comparative analysis of these genomes together with the two publicly available genomes revealed Cronobacter has over 6,000 genes in one or more strains and over 2,000 genes shared by all Cronobacter. Considerable variation in the presence of traits such as type six secretion systems, metal resistance (tellurite, copper and silver), and adhesins were found. C. sakazakii is unique in the Cronobacter genus in encoding genes enabling the utilization of exogenous sialic acid which may have clinical significance. The C. sakazakii ST4 strain 701 contained additional genes as compared to other C. sakazakii but none of them were known specific virulence-related genes.METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGSWe generated high quality sequence drafts for eleven Cronobacter genomes representing the seven Cronobacter species, including an ST4 strain of C. sakazakii. Comparative analysis of these genomes together with the two publicly available genomes revealed Cronobacter has over 6,000 genes in one or more strains and over 2,000 genes shared by all Cronobacter. Considerable variation in the presence of traits such as type six secretion systems, metal resistance (tellurite, copper and silver), and adhesins were found. C. sakazakii is unique in the Cronobacter genus in encoding genes enabling the utilization of exogenous sialic acid which may have clinical significance. The C. sakazakii ST4 strain 701 contained additional genes as compared to other C. sakazakii but none of them were known specific virulence-related genes.Genome comparison revealed that pair-wise DNA sequence identity varies between 89 and 97% in the seven Cronobacter species, and also suggested various degrees of divergence. Sets of universal core genes and accessory genes unique to each strain were identified. These gene sequences can be used for designing genus/species specific detection assays. Genes encoding adhesins, T6SS, and metal resistance genes as well as prophages are found in only subsets of genomes and have contributed considerably to the variation of genomic content. Differences in gene content likely contribute to differences in the clinical and environmental distribution of species and sequence types.CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCEGenome comparison revealed that pair-wise DNA sequence identity varies between 89 and 97% in the seven Cronobacter species, and also suggested various degrees of divergence. Sets of universal core genes and accessory genes unique to each strain were identified. These gene sequences can be used for designing genus/species specific detection assays. Genes encoding adhesins, T6SS, and metal resistance genes as well as prophages are found in only subsets of genomes and have contributed considerably to the variation of genomic content. Differences in gene content likely contribute to differences in the clinical and environmental distribution of species and sequence types. |
Audience | Academic |
Author | Brzoska, Pius Joseph, Susan Cummings, Craig A. Hariri, Sumyya Rico, Alain Hamby, Stephen E. Sonbol, Hana McClelland, Michael Shih, Rita Furtado, Manohar R. Masood, Naqash Ji, Yongmei Degoricija, Lovorka Desai, Prerak Chuzhanova, Nadia Forsythe, Stephen J. |
AuthorAffiliation | 3 Life Technologies Corporation, Foster City, California, United States of America 6 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America 5 Bioinformatics and Biomathematics Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom 1 Pathogen Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom Emory University, United States of America 4 Life Technologies Corporation, Darmstadt, Germany 2 Vaccine Research Institute San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 Life Technologies Corporation, Foster City, California, United States of America – name: 5 Bioinformatics and Biomathematics Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom – name: 2 Vaccine Research Institute San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America – name: Emory University, United States of America – name: 1 Pathogen Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom – name: 4 Life Technologies Corporation, Darmstadt, Germany – name: 6 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Susan surname: Joseph fullname: Joseph, Susan – sequence: 2 givenname: Prerak surname: Desai fullname: Desai, Prerak – sequence: 3 givenname: Yongmei surname: Ji fullname: Ji, Yongmei – sequence: 4 givenname: Craig A. surname: Cummings fullname: Cummings, Craig A. – sequence: 5 givenname: Rita surname: Shih fullname: Shih, Rita – sequence: 6 givenname: Lovorka surname: Degoricija fullname: Degoricija, Lovorka – sequence: 7 givenname: Alain surname: Rico fullname: Rico, Alain – sequence: 8 givenname: Pius surname: Brzoska fullname: Brzoska, Pius – sequence: 9 givenname: Stephen E. surname: Hamby fullname: Hamby, Stephen E. – sequence: 10 givenname: Naqash surname: Masood fullname: Masood, Naqash – sequence: 11 givenname: Sumyya surname: Hariri fullname: Hariri, Sumyya – sequence: 12 givenname: Hana surname: Sonbol fullname: Sonbol, Hana – sequence: 13 givenname: Nadia surname: Chuzhanova fullname: Chuzhanova, Nadia – sequence: 14 givenname: Michael surname: McClelland fullname: McClelland, Michael – sequence: 15 givenname: Manohar R. surname: Furtado fullname: Furtado, Manohar R. – sequence: 16 givenname: Stephen J. surname: Forsythe fullname: Forsythe, Stephen J. |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166675$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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ContentType | Journal Article |
Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2012 Public Library of Science 2012 Joseph et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2012 Joseph et al 2012 Joseph et al |
Copyright_xml | – notice: COPYRIGHT 2012 Public Library of Science – notice: 2012 Joseph et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: 2012 Joseph et al 2012 Joseph et al |
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Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-2 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23 Current address: The University of Chicago Booth School of Business, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America Current address: Sequenta, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America Competing Interests: The authors have the following interests. YJ was employed by Life Technologies, RS is an employee of Life Technologies, LD is an employee of Life Technologies, PB is an employee of Life Technologies, AR was employed by Life Technologies, CAC was employed by Life Technologies and owns stock in the company, MF is an employee of Life Technologies and owns stock in LIFE. This work was funded by Life Technologies who also performed the genome sequencing. In addition, one of the co-authors, Craig Cummings is now an employee of Sequenta, Inc. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. Conceived and designed the experiments: YJ CC SJ SJF. Performed the experiments: SJ SH HS YJ AR. Analyzed the data: YJ PD LD PB RS CC SEH NM SJ SH HS AR NC MM SJF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MM MF. Wrote the paper: YJ CC MM SEH NC SJ SJF. |
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Snippet | Species of Cronobacter are widespread in the environment and are occasional food-borne pathogens associated with serious neonatal diseases, including... Background Species of Cronobacter are widespread in the environment and are occasional food-borne pathogens associated with serious neonatal diseases,... Background Species of Cronobacter are widespread in the environment and are occasional food-borne pathogens associated with serious neonatal diseases,... |
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SubjectTerms | Adhesins Baby foods Bacteremia Bacteria Bacterial infections Bacterial Secretion Systems - genetics Base Sequence Bioinformatics Biology Brain research Comparative analysis Copper Cronobacter Cronobacter - genetics Cronobacter - pathogenicity Deoxyribonucleic acid Divergence DNA DNA sequencing E coli Enterobacter Enterocolitis Escherichia coli Evolution, Molecular Factories Fimbriae, Bacterial - genetics Food contamination Gene sequencing Genes Genetic research Genome, Bacterial - genetics Genomes Genomics Infections Likelihood Functions Medicine Meningitis Metals Models, Genetic Molecular Sequence Data Multigene Family - genetics Neonates Nucleotide sequence Phylogeny Prophages Science Secretion Sequence Analysis, DNA Silver Species Species Specificity Tellurite Vaccines Veterinary Science Virulence Virulence Factors - genetics |
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Title | Comparative Analysis of Genome Sequences Covering the Seven Cronobacter Species |
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