Prevalence of and risk factors for trachoma in Kano state, Nigeria
In northern Nigeria, trachoma is an important public health problem, but there are currently few population-based data on prevalence of disease and no formal trachoma control programs. In Kano state, Nigeria, we conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey using multistage cluster random samp...
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Published in | PloS one Vol. 7; no. 7; p. e40421 |
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Main Authors | , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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06.07.2012
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Abstract | In northern Nigeria, trachoma is an important public health problem, but there are currently few population-based data on prevalence of disease and no formal trachoma control programs.
In Kano state, Nigeria, we conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey using multistage cluster random sampling, combining examination for clinical signs of trachoma and application of questionnaires assessing potential household-level risk factors. A total of 4491 people were examined in 40 clusters, of whom 1572 were aged 1-9 years, and 2407 (53.6%) were female. In 1-9 year-olds, the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) was 17.5% (95% CI: 15.7-19.5%). In a multivariate model, independent risk factors for active trachoma were the presence of flies on the face (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.30-3.02); a dirty face (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.85-3.25) and presence of animal dung within the compound of residence (OR 3.46, 95% CI 1.62-7.41). The prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis in persons aged ≥15 years was 10.9% (95% CI: 9.7-12.2%). Trichiasis was significantly more common in adult females than in adult males.
There is an urgent need for a trachoma control program in Kano state, with emphasis given to provision of good quality trichiasis surgery. Particular effort will need to be made to identify women with trichiasis and engage them with appropriate services while also taking steps to secure azithromycin for mass treatment and ensuring personal and environmental hygiene. |
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AbstractList | In northern Nigeria, trachoma is an important public health problem, but there are currently few population-based data on prevalence of disease and no formal trachoma control programs.In Kano state, Nigeria, we conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey using multistage cluster random sampling, combining examination for clinical signs of trachoma and application of questionnaires assessing potential household-level risk factors. A total of 4491 people were examined in 40 clusters, of whom 1572 were aged 1-9 years, and 2407 (53.6%) were female. In 1-9 year-olds, the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) was 17.5% (95% CI: 15.7-19.5%). In a multivariate model, independent risk factors for active trachoma were the presence of flies on the face (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.30-3.02); a dirty face (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.85-3.25) and presence of animal dung within the compound of residence (OR 3.46, 95% CI 1.62-7.41). The prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis in persons aged ≥15 years was 10.9% (95% CI: 9.7-12.2%). Trichiasis was significantly more common in adult females than in adult males.There is an urgent need for a trachoma control program in Kano state, with emphasis given to provision of good quality trichiasis surgery. Particular effort will need to be made to identify women with trichiasis and engage them with appropriate services while also taking steps to secure azithromycin for mass treatment and ensuring personal and environmental hygiene. In northern Nigeria, trachoma is an important public health problem, but there are currently few population-based data on prevalence of disease and no formal trachoma control programs. In Kano state, Nigeria, we conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey using multistage cluster random sampling, combining examination for clinical signs of trachoma and application of questionnaires assessing potential household-level risk factors. A total of 4491 people were examined in 40 clusters, of whom 1572 were aged 1-9 years, and 2407 (53.6%) were female. In 1-9 year-olds, the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) was 17.5% (95% CI: 15.7-19.5%). In a multivariate model, independent risk factors for active trachoma were the presence of flies on the face (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.30-3.02); a dirty face (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.85-3.25) and presence of animal dung within the compound of residence (OR 3.46, 95% CI 1.62-7.41). The prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis in persons aged [greater than or equal to]15years was 10.9% (95% CI: 9.7-12.2%). Trichiasis was significantly more common in adult females than in adult males. There is an urgent need for a trachoma control program in Kano state, with emphasis given to provision of good quality trichiasis surgery. Particular effort will need to be made to identify women with trichiasis and engage them with appropriate services while also taking steps to secure azithromycin for mass treatment and ensuring personal and environmental hygiene. Background In northern Nigeria, trachoma is an important public health problem, but there are currently few population-based data on prevalence of disease and no formal trachoma control programs. Methodology / Principal Findings In Kano state, Nigeria, we conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey using multistage cluster random sampling, combining examination for clinical signs of trachoma and application of questionnaires assessing potential household-level risk factors. A total of 4491 people were examined in 40 clusters, of whom 1572 were aged 1-9 years, and 2407 (53.6%) were female. In 1-9 year-olds, the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) was 17.5% (95% CI: 15.7-19.5%). In a multivariate model, independent risk factors for active trachoma were the presence of flies on the face (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.30-3.02); a dirty face (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.85-3.25) and presence of animal dung within the compound of residence (OR 3.46, 95% CI 1.62-7.41). The prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis in persons aged [greater than or equal to]15years was 10.9% (95% CI: 9.7-12.2%). Trichiasis was significantly more common in adult females than in adult males. Conclusion/Significance There is an urgent need for a trachoma control program in Kano state, with emphasis given to provision of good quality trichiasis surgery. Particular effort will need to be made to identify women with trichiasis and engage them with appropriate services while also taking steps to secure azithromycin for mass treatment and ensuring personal and environmental hygiene. Background In northern Nigeria, trachoma is an important public health problem, but there are currently few population-based data on prevalence of disease and no formal trachoma control programs. Methodology / Principal Findings In Kano state, Nigeria, we conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey using multistage cluster random sampling, combining examination for clinical signs of trachoma and application of questionnaires assessing potential household-level risk factors. A total of 4491 people were examined in 40 clusters, of whom 1572 were aged 1–9 years, and 2407 (53.6%) were female. In 1–9 year-olds, the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) was 17.5% (95% CI: 15.7–19.5%). In a multivariate model, independent risk factors for active trachoma were the presence of flies on the face (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.30–3.02); a dirty face (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.85–3.25) and presence of animal dung within the compound of residence (OR 3.46, 95% CI 1.62–7.41). The prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis in persons aged ≥15years was 10.9% (95% CI: 9.7–12.2%). Trichiasis was significantly more common in adult females than in adult males. Conclusion/Significance There is an urgent need for a trachoma control program in Kano state, with emphasis given to provision of good quality trichiasis surgery. Particular effort will need to be made to identify women with trichiasis and engage them with appropriate services while also taking steps to secure azithromycin for mass treatment and ensuring personal and environmental hygiene. In northern Nigeria, trachoma is an important public health problem, but there are currently few population-based data on prevalence of disease and no formal trachoma control programs. In Kano state, Nigeria, we conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey using multistage cluster random sampling, combining examination for clinical signs of trachoma and application of questionnaires assessing potential household-level risk factors. A total of 4491 people were examined in 40 clusters, of whom 1572 were aged 1-9 years, and 2407 (53.6%) were female. In 1-9 year-olds, the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) was 17.5% (95% CI: 15.7-19.5%). In a multivariate model, independent risk factors for active trachoma were the presence of flies on the face (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.30-3.02); a dirty face (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.85-3.25) and presence of animal dung within the compound of residence (OR 3.46, 95% CI 1.62-7.41). The prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis in persons aged ≥15 years was 10.9% (95% CI: 9.7-12.2%). Trichiasis was significantly more common in adult females than in adult males. There is an urgent need for a trachoma control program in Kano state, with emphasis given to provision of good quality trichiasis surgery. Particular effort will need to be made to identify women with trichiasis and engage them with appropriate services while also taking steps to secure azithromycin for mass treatment and ensuring personal and environmental hygiene. Background In northern Nigeria, trachoma is an important public health problem, but there are currently few population-based data on prevalence of disease and no formal trachoma control programs. Methodology / Principal Findings In Kano state, Nigeria, we conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey using multistage cluster random sampling, combining examination for clinical signs of trachoma and application of questionnaires assessing potential household-level risk factors. A total of 4491 people were examined in 40 clusters, of whom 1572 were aged 1–9 years, and 2407 (53.6%) were female. In 1–9 year-olds, the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) was 17.5% (95% CI: 15.7–19.5%). In a multivariate model, independent risk factors for active trachoma were the presence of flies on the face (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.30–3.02); a dirty face (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.85–3.25) and presence of animal dung within the compound of residence (OR 3.46, 95% CI 1.62–7.41). The prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis in persons aged ≥15years was 10.9% (95% CI: 9.7–12.2%). Trichiasis was significantly more common in adult females than in adult males. Conclusion/Significance There is an urgent need for a trachoma control program in Kano state, with emphasis given to provision of good quality trichiasis surgery. Particular effort will need to be made to identify women with trichiasis and engage them with appropriate services while also taking steps to secure azithromycin for mass treatment and ensuring personal and environmental hygiene. |
Audience | Academic |
Author | Yahaya, Hadi B Solomon, Anthony W Mpyet, Caleb Lass, Barka David |
AuthorAffiliation | 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, France 3 Department of Ophthalmology, Murtala Mohammed Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria 4 Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom 2 Department of Ophthalmology, Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, France – name: 2 Department of Ophthalmology, Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria – name: 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria – name: 3 Department of Ophthalmology, Murtala Mohammed Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria – name: 4 Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Caleb surname: Mpyet fullname: Mpyet, Caleb email: mpyetc@yahoo.com organization: Department of Ophthalmology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria. mpyetc@yahoo.com – sequence: 2 givenname: Barka David surname: Lass fullname: Lass, Barka David – sequence: 3 givenname: Hadi B surname: Yahaya fullname: Yahaya, Hadi B – sequence: 4 givenname: Anthony W surname: Solomon fullname: Solomon, Anthony W |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22792311$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2012 Public Library of Science 2012 Mpyet et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. Mpyet et al. 2012 |
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Notes | Conceived and designed the experiments: CM . Performed the experiments: CM BDL HBY. Analyzed the data: CM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CM AWS. Wrote the paper: CM BDL HBY AWS. |
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References_xml | – volume: 65 start-page: 477 year: 1987 ident: ref3 article-title: A simple system for the assessment of trachoma and its complications. publication-title: Bull World Health Organ contributor: fullname: B Thylefors – volume: 11 start-page: 108 year: 2002 ident: ref5 article-title: Prevalence and causes of blindness and low vision in Dambatta local government area, Kano State, Nigeria. publication-title: Niger J Med contributor: fullname: L Abdu – year: 2006 ident: ref8 article-title: Trachoma control: a guide for program managers. contributor: fullname: AW Solomon – volume: 353 start-page: 1401 year: 1999 ident: ref14 article-title: Effect of fly control on trachoma and diarrhoea. publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)09158-2 contributor: fullname: PM Emerson – volume: 362 start-page: 223 year: 2003 ident: ref2 article-title: Trachoma. publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13914-1 contributor: fullname: DC Mabey – year: 1998 ident: ref4 article-title: Global elimination of blinding trachoma. – volume: 5 start-page: e9067 year: 2010 ident: ref16 article-title: Prevalence and risk factors for trachoma in central and southern Malawi. publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009067 contributor: fullname: K Kalua – volume: 15 start-page: 303 year: 2008 ident: ref6 article-title: Prevalence of trachoma in Yobe State, north-eastern Nigeria. publication-title: Ophthalmic Epidemiol doi: 10.1080/09286580802237633 contributor: fullname: C Mpyet – volume: 82 start-page: 844 year: 2004 ident: ref1 article-title: Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002. publication-title: Bull World Health Organ contributor: fullname: S Resnikoff – volume: 97 start-page: 63 year: 2003 ident: ref15 article-title: Trachoma, flies and environmental factors in Burkina Faso. publication-title: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg doi: 10.1016/S0035-9203(03)90025-3 contributor: fullname: JF Schemann – volume: 88 start-page: 750 year: 2004 ident: ref11 article-title: Pesky trachoma suspect finally caught. publication-title: Br J Ophthalmol doi: 10.1136/bjo.2003.038661 contributor: fullname: K Miller – volume: 15 start-page: 314 year: 2001 ident: ref13 article-title: Human and other faeces as breeding media of the trachoma vector Musca sorbens. publication-title: Med Vet Entomol doi: 10.1046/j.0269-283x.2001.00318.x contributor: fullname: PM Emerson – year: 2009 ident: ref9 article-title: 2006 population and housing census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria: national and state population and housing tables, priority tables (volume 1). – volume: 50 start-page: 4114 year: 2009 ident: ref17 article-title: Causes of blindness and visual impairment in Nigeria: the Nigeria national blindness and visual impairment survey. publication-title: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci doi: 10.1167/iovs.09-3507 contributor: fullname: MM Abdull – volume: 88 start-page: 1368 year: 2004 ident: ref10 article-title: Gender equity and trichiasis surgery in the Vietnam and Tanzania national trachoma control programmes. publication-title: Br J Ophthalmol doi: 10.1136/bjo.2004.041657 contributor: fullname: S West – volume: 15 start-page: 294 year: 2008 ident: ref7 article-title: Blinding trachoma in Katsina state, Nigeria: population-based prevalence survey in ten local government areas. publication-title: Ophthalmic Epidemiol doi: 10.1080/09286580802256542 contributor: fullname: NF Jip – volume: 94 start-page: 28 year: 2000 ident: ref12 article-title: Transmission ecology of the fly Musca sorbens, a putative vector of trachoma. publication-title: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg doi: 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90427-9 contributor: fullname: PM Emerson |
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Snippet | In northern Nigeria, trachoma is an important public health problem, but there are currently few population-based data on prevalence of disease and no formal... Background In northern Nigeria, trachoma is an important public health problem, but there are currently few population-based data on prevalence of disease and... Background In northern Nigeria, trachoma is an important public health problem, but there are currently few population-based data on prevalence of disease and... |
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SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Adults Animal manures Azithromycin Biology Censuses Child Child, Preschool Chlamydia Chlamydia trachomatis Cluster Analysis Consent Control programs Data processing Disease control Dung Environmental hygiene Female Females Health aspects Households Humans Hygiene Infant Infections Local government Male Males Medical research Medicine Nigeria - epidemiology Personal hygiene Population Prevalence Public health Random sampling Risk analysis Risk Factors Statistical sampling Surgery Surveys Surveys and Questionnaires Towns Trachoma Trachoma - epidemiology Visual impairment Young Adult |
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Title | Prevalence of and risk factors for trachoma in Kano state, Nigeria |
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