Principal Component Analysis and Risk Factors for Acute Mountain Sickness upon Acute Exposure at 3700 m

We aimed to describe the heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and to identify its primary risk factors. The participants (n = 163) received case report form questionnaires, and their heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), echocardiographic and transcranial...

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Published inPloS one Vol. 10; no. 11; p. e0142375
Main Authors Bian, Shi-Zhu, Jin, Jun, Zhang, Ji-Hang, Li, Qian-Ning, Yu, Jie, Yu, Shi-Yong, Chen, Jian-Fei, Yu, Xue-Jun, Qin, Jun, Huang, Lan
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Public Library of Science 10.11.2015
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects
Acute Disease
Adolescent
Adult
Alcohol
Altitude
Altitude sickness
Altitude Sickness - diagnosis
Altitude Sickness - physiopathology
Anxiety
Cardiology
Cognitive ability
Correlation analysis
Diabetes
Doppler effect
Fatigue
Headaches
Health care
Health risk assessment
Heart rate
Heart Rate - physiology
Heterogeneity
Hospitals
Humans
Identification methods
Insomnia
Male
Medical climatology
Medical research
Mental depression
Mental work
Methods
Middle Aged
Models, Theoretical
Mood
Neurology
Oximetry
Oxygen
Oxygen content
Pain
Physical work
Physiology
Principal Component Analysis
Principal components analysis
Psychological factors
Regression analysis
Risk analysis
Risk Factors
Sea level
Sleep
Sleep disorders
Surveys and Questionnaires
Tuberculosis
Ultrasonic imaging
Ultrasound
Veins & arteries
Vertebrae
Vigor
Work capacity
Young Adult
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Abstract We aimed to describe the heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and to identify its primary risk factors. The participants (n = 163) received case report form questionnaires, and their heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), echocardiographic and transcranial Doppler variables, ability to perform mental and physical work, mood and psychological factors were assessed within 18 to 22 hours after arriving at 3700 m from sea level (500 m) by plane. First, we examined the differences in all variables between the AMS-positive and the AMS-negative groups. Second, an adjusted regression analysis was performed after correlation and principal component analyses. The AMS patients had a higher diastolic vertebral artery velocity (Vd; p = 0.018), a higher HR (p = 0.006) and a lower SpO2. The AMS subjects also experienced poorer sleep quality, as quantified using the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Moreover, the AMS population exhibited more negative mood states, including anxiety, depression, hostility, fatigue and confusion. Five principal components focused on diverse aspects were also found to be significant. Additionally, more advanced age (p = 0.007), a higher HR (p = 0.034), a higher Vd (p = 0.014), a higher AIS score (p = 0.030), a decreased pursuit aiming capacity (p = 0.035) and decreased vigor (p = 0.015) were risk factors for AMS. Mood states play critical roles in the development of AMS. Furthermore, an elevated HR and Vd, advanced age, elevated AIS sores, insufficient vigor and decreased mental work capacity are independent risk factors for AMS.
AbstractList We aimed to describe the heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and to identify its primary risk factors.OBJECTIVEWe aimed to describe the heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and to identify its primary risk factors.The participants (n = 163) received case report form questionnaires, and their heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), echocardiographic and transcranial Doppler variables, ability to perform mental and physical work, mood and psychological factors were assessed within 18 to 22 hours after arriving at 3700 m from sea level (500 m) by plane. First, we examined the differences in all variables between the AMS-positive and the AMS-negative groups. Second, an adjusted regression analysis was performed after correlation and principal component analyses.METHODSThe participants (n = 163) received case report form questionnaires, and their heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), echocardiographic and transcranial Doppler variables, ability to perform mental and physical work, mood and psychological factors were assessed within 18 to 22 hours after arriving at 3700 m from sea level (500 m) by plane. First, we examined the differences in all variables between the AMS-positive and the AMS-negative groups. Second, an adjusted regression analysis was performed after correlation and principal component analyses.The AMS patients had a higher diastolic vertebral artery velocity (Vd; p = 0.018), a higher HR (p = 0.006) and a lower SpO2. The AMS subjects also experienced poorer sleep quality, as quantified using the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Moreover, the AMS population exhibited more negative mood states, including anxiety, depression, hostility, fatigue and confusion. Five principal components focused on diverse aspects were also found to be significant. Additionally, more advanced age (p = 0.007), a higher HR (p = 0.034), a higher Vd (p = 0.014), a higher AIS score (p = 0.030), a decreased pursuit aiming capacity (p = 0.035) and decreased vigor (p = 0.015) were risk factors for AMS.RESULTSThe AMS patients had a higher diastolic vertebral artery velocity (Vd; p = 0.018), a higher HR (p = 0.006) and a lower SpO2. The AMS subjects also experienced poorer sleep quality, as quantified using the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Moreover, the AMS population exhibited more negative mood states, including anxiety, depression, hostility, fatigue and confusion. Five principal components focused on diverse aspects were also found to be significant. Additionally, more advanced age (p = 0.007), a higher HR (p = 0.034), a higher Vd (p = 0.014), a higher AIS score (p = 0.030), a decreased pursuit aiming capacity (p = 0.035) and decreased vigor (p = 0.015) were risk factors for AMS.Mood states play critical roles in the development of AMS. Furthermore, an elevated HR and Vd, advanced age, elevated AIS sores, insufficient vigor and decreased mental work capacity are independent risk factors for AMS.CONCLUSIONSMood states play critical roles in the development of AMS. Furthermore, an elevated HR and Vd, advanced age, elevated AIS sores, insufficient vigor and decreased mental work capacity are independent risk factors for AMS.
We aimed to describe the heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and to identify its primary risk factors. The participants (n = 163) received case report form questionnaires, and their heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO.sub.2 ), echocardiographic and transcranial Doppler variables, ability to perform mental and physical work, mood and psychological factors were assessed within 18 to 22 hours after arriving at 3700 m from sea level (500 m) by plane. First, we examined the differences in all variables between the AMS-positive and the AMS-negative groups. Second, an adjusted regression analysis was performed after correlation and principal component analyses. The AMS patients had a higher diastolic vertebral artery velocity (V.sub.d ; p = 0.018), a higher HR (p = 0.006) and a lower SpO.sub.2 . The AMS subjects also experienced poorer sleep quality, as quantified using the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Moreover, the AMS population exhibited more negative mood states, including anxiety, depression, hostility, fatigue and confusion. Five principal components focused on diverse aspects were also found to be significant. Additionally, more advanced age (p = 0.007), a higher HR (p = 0.034), a higher V.sub.d (p = 0.014), a higher AIS score (p = 0.030), a decreased pursuit aiming capacity (p = 0.035) and decreased vigor (p = 0.015) were risk factors for AMS. Mood states play critical roles in the development of AMS. Furthermore, an elevated HR and V.sub.d, advanced age, elevated AIS sores, insufficient vigor and decreased mental work capacity are independent risk factors for AMS.
We aimed to describe the heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and to identify its primary risk factors. The participants (n = 163) received case report form questionnaires, and their heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), echocardiographic and transcranial Doppler variables, ability to perform mental and physical work, mood and psychological factors were assessed within 18 to 22 hours after arriving at 3700 m from sea level (500 m) by plane. First, we examined the differences in all variables between the AMS-positive and the AMS-negative groups. Second, an adjusted regression analysis was performed after correlation and principal component analyses. The AMS patients had a higher diastolic vertebral artery velocity (Vd; p = 0.018), a higher HR (p = 0.006) and a lower SpO2. The AMS subjects also experienced poorer sleep quality, as quantified using the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Moreover, the AMS population exhibited more negative mood states, including anxiety, depression, hostility, fatigue and confusion. Five principal components focused on diverse aspects were also found to be significant. Additionally, more advanced age (p = 0.007), a higher HR (p = 0.034), a higher Vd (p = 0.014), a higher AIS score (p = 0.030), a decreased pursuit aiming capacity (p = 0.035) and decreased vigor (p = 0.015) were risk factors for AMS. Mood states play critical roles in the development of AMS. Furthermore, an elevated HR and Vd, advanced age, elevated AIS sores, insufficient vigor and decreased mental work capacity are independent risk factors for AMS.
ObjectiveWe aimed to describe the heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and to identify its primary risk factors.MethodsThe participants (n = 163) received case report form questionnaires, and their heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), echocardiographic and transcranial Doppler variables, ability to perform mental and physical work, mood and psychological factors were assessed within 18 to 22 hours after arriving at 3700 m from sea level (500 m) by plane. First, we examined the differences in all variables between the AMS-positive and the AMS-negative groups. Second, an adjusted regression analysis was performed after correlation and principal component analyses.ResultsThe AMS patients had a higher diastolic vertebral artery velocity (Vd; p = 0.018), a higher HR (p = 0.006) and a lower SpO2. The AMS subjects also experienced poorer sleep quality, as quantified using the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Moreover, the AMS population exhibited more negative mood states, including anxiety, depression, hostility, fatigue and confusion. Five principal components focused on diverse aspects were also found to be significant. Additionally, more advanced age (p = 0.007), a higher HR (p = 0.034), a higher Vd (p = 0.014), a higher AIS score (p = 0.030), a decreased pursuit aiming capacity (p = 0.035) and decreased vigor (p = 0.015) were risk factors for AMS.ConclusionsMood states play critical roles in the development of AMS. Furthermore, an elevated HR and Vd, advanced age, elevated AIS sores, insufficient vigor and decreased mental work capacity are independent risk factors for AMS.
Objective We aimed to describe the heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and to identify its primary risk factors. Methods The participants (n = 163) received case report form questionnaires, and their heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO.sub.2 ), echocardiographic and transcranial Doppler variables, ability to perform mental and physical work, mood and psychological factors were assessed within 18 to 22 hours after arriving at 3700 m from sea level (500 m) by plane. First, we examined the differences in all variables between the AMS-positive and the AMS-negative groups. Second, an adjusted regression analysis was performed after correlation and principal component analyses. Results The AMS patients had a higher diastolic vertebral artery velocity (V.sub.d ; p = 0.018), a higher HR (p = 0.006) and a lower SpO.sub.2 . The AMS subjects also experienced poorer sleep quality, as quantified using the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Moreover, the AMS population exhibited more negative mood states, including anxiety, depression, hostility, fatigue and confusion. Five principal components focused on diverse aspects were also found to be significant. Additionally, more advanced age (p = 0.007), a higher HR (p = 0.034), a higher V.sub.d (p = 0.014), a higher AIS score (p = 0.030), a decreased pursuit aiming capacity (p = 0.035) and decreased vigor (p = 0.015) were risk factors for AMS. Conclusions Mood states play critical roles in the development of AMS. Furthermore, an elevated HR and V.sub.d, advanced age, elevated AIS sores, insufficient vigor and decreased mental work capacity are independent risk factors for AMS.
Objective We aimed to describe the heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and to identify its primary risk factors. Methods The participants (n = 163) received case report form questionnaires, and their heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), echocardiographic and transcranial Doppler variables, ability to perform mental and physical work, mood and psychological factors were assessed within 18 to 22 hours after arriving at 3700 m from sea level (500 m) by plane. First, we examined the differences in all variables between the AMS-positive and the AMS-negative groups. Second, an adjusted regression analysis was performed after correlation and principal component analyses. Results The AMS patients had a higher diastolic vertebral artery velocity (Vd; p = 0.018), a higher HR (p = 0.006) and a lower SpO2. The AMS subjects also experienced poorer sleep quality, as quantified using the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Moreover, the AMS population exhibited more negative mood states, including anxiety, depression, hostility, fatigue and confusion. Five principal components focused on diverse aspects were also found to be significant. Additionally, more advanced age (p = 0.007), a higher HR (p = 0.034), a higher Vd (p = 0.014), a higher AIS score (p = 0.030), a decreased pursuit aiming capacity (p = 0.035) and decreased vigor (p = 0.015) were risk factors for AMS. Conclusions Mood states play critical roles in the development of AMS. Furthermore, an elevated HR and Vd, advanced age, elevated AIS sores, insufficient vigor and decreased mental work capacity are independent risk factors for AMS.
Objective We aimed to describe the heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and to identify its primary risk factors. Methods The participants (n = 163) received case report form questionnaires, and their heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), echocardiographic and transcranial Doppler variables, ability to perform mental and physical work, mood and psychological factors were assessed within 18 to 22 hours after arriving at 3700 m from sea level (500 m) by plane. First, we examined the differences in all variables between the AMS-positive and the AMS-negative groups. Second, an adjusted regression analysis was performed after correlation and principal component analyses. Results The AMS patients had a higher diastolic vertebral artery velocity (Vd; p = 0.018), a higher HR (p = 0.006) and a lower SpO2. The AMS subjects also experienced poorer sleep quality, as quantified using the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Moreover, the AMS population exhibited more negative mood states, including anxiety, depression, hostility, fatigue and confusion. Five principal components focused on diverse aspects were also found to be significant. Additionally, more advanced age (p = 0.007), a higher HR (p = 0.034), a higher Vd (p = 0.014), a higher AIS score (p = 0.030), a decreased pursuit aiming capacity (p = 0.035) and decreased vigor (p = 0.015) were risk factors for AMS. Conclusions Mood states play critical roles in the development of AMS. Furthermore, an elevated HR and Vd, advanced age, elevated AIS sores, insufficient vigor and decreased mental work capacity are independent risk factors for AMS.
Audience Academic
Author Zhang, Ji-Hang
Huang, Lan
Yu, Xue-Jun
Jin, Jun
Chen, Jian-Fei
Qin, Jun
Bian, Shi-Zhu
Yu, Shi-Yong
Li, Qian-Ning
Yu, Jie
AuthorAffiliation 3 Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
2 Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
1 Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA; Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
Boston University School of Medicine, UNITED STATES
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: Boston University School of Medicine, UNITED STATES
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26554385$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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2015 Bian et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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– notice: 2015 Bian et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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Conceived and designed the experiments: SZB LH JJ. Performed the experiments: JY SYY JFC SZB XJY QNL JQ. Analyzed the data: SZB LH JJ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XJY. Wrote the paper: SZB LH JJ JHZ. Reviewed and revised the manuscript: SZB LH JHZ XJY JQ.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
OpenAccessLink http://journals.scholarsportal.info/openUrl.xqy?doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0142375
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Snippet We aimed to describe the heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and to identify its primary risk factors. The participants...
Objective We aimed to describe the heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and to identify its primary risk factors....
We aimed to describe the heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and to identify its primary risk factors. The participants...
We aimed to describe the heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and to identify its primary risk factors.OBJECTIVEWe aimed...
ObjectiveWe aimed to describe the heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and to identify its primary risk...
Objective We aimed to describe the heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and to identify its primary risk factors....
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SubjectTerms Acute Disease
Adolescent
Adult
Alcohol
Altitude
Altitude sickness
Altitude Sickness - diagnosis
Altitude Sickness - physiopathology
Anxiety
Cardiology
Cognitive ability
Correlation analysis
Diabetes
Doppler effect
Fatigue
Headaches
Health care
Health risk assessment
Heart rate
Heart Rate - physiology
Heterogeneity
Hospitals
Humans
Identification methods
Insomnia
Male
Medical climatology
Medical research
Mental depression
Mental work
Methods
Middle Aged
Models, Theoretical
Mood
Neurology
Oximetry
Oxygen
Oxygen content
Pain
Physical work
Physiology
Principal Component Analysis
Principal components analysis
Psychological factors
Regression analysis
Risk analysis
Risk Factors
Sea level
Sleep
Sleep disorders
Surveys and Questionnaires
Tuberculosis
Ultrasonic imaging
Ultrasound
Veins & arteries
Vertebrae
Vigor
Work capacity
Young Adult
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Title Principal Component Analysis and Risk Factors for Acute Mountain Sickness upon Acute Exposure at 3700 m
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