Chitosan as a Biomaterial: Influence of Degree of Deacetylation on Its Physiochemical, Material and Biological Properties
Chitosan is a biomaterial with a range of current and potential biomedical applications. Manipulation of chitosan degree of deacetylation (DDA) to achieve specific properties appears feasible, but studies investigating its influence on properties are often contradictory. With a view to the potential...
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Published in | PloS one Vol. 10; no. 8; p. e0135153 |
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Main Authors | , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Public Library of Science
25.08.2015
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Abstract | Chitosan is a biomaterial with a range of current and potential biomedical applications. Manipulation of chitosan degree of deacetylation (DDA) to achieve specific properties appears feasible, but studies investigating its influence on properties are often contradictory. With a view to the potential of chitosan in the regeneration of nerve tissue, the influence of DDA on the growth and health of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) was investigated. There was a linear increase in OEC proliferation as the DDA increased from 72 to 85%. This correlated with linear increases in average surface roughness (0.62 to 0.78 μm) and crystallinity (4.3 to 10.1%) of the chitosan films. Mitochondrial activity and membrane integrity of OECs was significantly different for OECs cultivated on chitosan with DDAs below 75%, while those on films with DDAs up to 85% were similar to cells in asynchronous growth. Apoptotic indices and cell cycle analysis also suggested that chitosan films with DDAs below 75% were cytocompatible but induced cellular stress, while OECs grown on films fabricated from chitosan with DDAs above 75% showed no significant differences compared to those in asynchronous growth. Tensile strength and elongation to break varied with DDA from 32.3 to 45.3 MPa and 3.6 to 7.1% respectively. DDA had no significant influence on abiotic and biotic degradation profiles of the chitosan films which showed approximately 8 and 20% weight loss respectively. Finally, perceived patterns in property changes are subject to change based on potential variations in DDA analysis. NMR examination of the chitosan samples here revealed significant differences depending upon which peaks were selected for integration; 6 to 13% in DDA values within individual samples. Furthermore, differences between DDA values determined here and those reported by the commercial suppliers were significant and this may also be a source of concern when selecting commercial chitosans for biomaterial research. |
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AbstractList | Chitosan is a biomaterial with a range of current and potential biomedical applications. Manipulation of chitosan degree of deacetylation (DDA) to achieve specific properties appears feasible, but studies investigating its influence on properties are often contradictory. With a view to the potential of chitosan in the regeneration of nerve tissue, the influence of DDA on the growth and health of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) was investigated. There was a linear increase in OEC proliferation as the DDA increased from 72 to 85%. This correlated with linear increases in average surface roughness (0.62 to 0.78 [mu]m) and crystallinity (4.3 to 10.1%) of the chitosan films. Mitochondrial activity and membrane integrity of OECs was significantly different for OECs cultivated on chitosan with DDAs below 75%, while those on films with DDAs up to 85% were similar to cells in asynchronous growth. Apoptotic indices and cell cycle analysis also suggested that chitosan films with DDAs below 75% were cytocompatible but induced cellular stress, while OECs grown on films fabricated from chitosan with DDAs above 75% showed no significant differences compared to those in asynchronous growth. Tensile strength and elongation to break varied with DDA from 32.3 to 45.3 MPa and 3.6 to 7.1% respectively. DDA had no significant influence on abiotic and biotic degradation profiles of the chitosan films which showed approximately 8 and 20% weight loss respectively. Finally, perceived patterns in property changes are subject to change based on potential variations in DDA analysis. NMR examination of the chitosan samples here revealed significant differences depending upon which peaks were selected for integration; 6 to 13% in DDA values within individual samples. Furthermore, differences between DDA values determined here and those reported by the commercial suppliers were significant and this may also be a source of concern when selecting commercial chitosans for biomaterial research. Chitosan is a biomaterial with a range of current and potential biomedical applications. Manipulation of chitosan degree of deacetylation (DDA) to achieve specific properties appears feasible, but studies investigating its influence on properties are often contradictory. With a view to the potential of chitosan in the regeneration of nerve tissue, the influence of DDA on the growth and health of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) was investigated. There was a linear increase in OEC proliferation as the DDA increased from 72 to 85%. This correlated with linear increases in average surface roughness (0.62 to 0.78 μm) and crystallinity (4.3 to 10.1%) of the chitosan films. Mitochondrial activity and membrane integrity of OECs was significantly different for OECs cultivated on chitosan with DDAs below 75%, while those on films with DDAs up to 85% were similar to cells in asynchronous growth. Apoptotic indices and cell cycle analysis also suggested that chitosan films with DDAs below 75% were cytocompatible but induced cellular stress, while OECs grown on films fabricated from chitosan with DDAs above 75% showed no significant differences compared to those in asynchronous growth. Tensile strength and elongation to break varied with DDA from 32.3 to 45.3 MPa and 3.6 to 7.1% respectively. DDA had no significant influence on abiotic and biotic degradation profiles of the chitosan films which showed approximately 8 and 20% weight loss respectively. Finally, perceived patterns in property changes are subject to change based on potential variations in DDA analysis. NMR examination of the chitosan samples here revealed significant differences depending upon which peaks were selected for integration; 6 to 13% in DDA values within individual samples. Furthermore, differences between DDA values determined here and those reported by the commercial suppliers were significant and this may also be a source of concern when selecting commercial chitosans for biomaterial research. |
Audience | Academic |
Author | Marçal, Helder Ho, Sonia Basuki, Monica Foster, Leslie John Ray Hook, James |
AuthorAffiliation | Monash University, AUSTRALIA 1 Bio/Polymer Research Group, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 2 NMR Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 NMR Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia – name: 1 Bio/Polymer Research Group, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia – name: Monash University, AUSTRALIA |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Leslie John Ray surname: Foster fullname: Foster, Leslie John Ray organization: Bio/Polymer Research Group, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia – sequence: 2 givenname: Sonia surname: Ho fullname: Ho, Sonia organization: Bio/Polymer Research Group, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia – sequence: 3 givenname: James surname: Hook fullname: Hook, James organization: NMR Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia – sequence: 4 givenname: Monica surname: Basuki fullname: Basuki, Monica organization: Bio/Polymer Research Group, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia – sequence: 5 givenname: Helder surname: Marçal fullname: Marçal, Helder organization: Bio/Polymer Research Group, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26305690$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2015 Public Library of Science 2015 Foster et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2015 Foster et al 2015 Foster et al |
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Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Conceived and designed the experiments: LJRF JH HM. Performed the experiments: SH MB LJRF. Analyzed the data: LJRF SH JH MB HM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LJRF JH. Wrote the paper: LJRF SH JH. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. |
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SubjectTerms | Acetylation Animals Apoptosis Biocompatibility Biocompatible Materials - chemistry Biocompatible Materials - pharmacology Biological products Biological properties Biomaterials Biomedical materials Biotechnology Cell cycle Cell Line Cell proliferation Cell Proliferation - drug effects Chemical Phenomena Chitin Chitin - chemistry Chitosan Chitosan - chemistry Chitosan - pharmacology Crustaceans Crystallization Deacetylation Elongation Feasibility studies Genetic aspects Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions Materials Testing Mitochondria NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance Olfactory Bulb - cytology Olfactory Bulb - ultrastructure Olfactory ensheathing cells Physiochemistry Polymers Polyvinyl alcohol Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Regeneration Solvents Surface Properties Surface roughness X-Ray Diffraction |
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Title | Chitosan as a Biomaterial: Influence of Degree of Deacetylation on Its Physiochemical, Material and Biological Properties |
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