Deep-sea biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea: the known, the unknown, and the unknowable

Deep-sea ecosystems represent the largest biome of the global biosphere, but knowledge of their biodiversity is still scant. The Mediterranean basin has been proposed as a hot spot of terrestrial and coastal marine biodiversity but has been supposed to be impoverished of deep-sea species richness. W...

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Published inPloS one Vol. 5; no. 8; p. e11832
Main Authors Danovaro, Roberto, Company, Joan Batista, Corinaldesi, Cinzia, D'Onghia, Gianfranco, Galil, Bella, Gambi, Cristina, Gooday, Andrew J, Lampadariou, Nikolaos, Luna, Gian Marco, Morigi, Caterina, Olu, Karine, Polymenakou, Paraskevi, Ramirez-Llodra, Eva, Sabbatini, Anna, Sardà, Francesc, Sibuet, Myriam, Tselepides, Anastasios
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Public Library of Science 02.08.2010
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
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Abstract Deep-sea ecosystems represent the largest biome of the global biosphere, but knowledge of their biodiversity is still scant. The Mediterranean basin has been proposed as a hot spot of terrestrial and coastal marine biodiversity but has been supposed to be impoverished of deep-sea species richness. We summarized all available information on benthic biodiversity (Prokaryotes, Foraminifera, Meiofauna, Macrofauna, and Megafauna) in different deep-sea ecosystems of the Mediterranean Sea (200 to more than 4,000 m depth), including open slopes, deep basins, canyons, cold seeps, seamounts, deep-water corals and deep-hypersaline anoxic basins and analyzed overall longitudinal and bathymetric patterns. We show that in contrast to what was expected from the sharp decrease in organic carbon fluxes and reduced faunal abundance, the deep-sea biodiversity of both the eastern and the western basins of the Mediterranean Sea is similarly high. All of the biodiversity components, except Bacteria and Archaea, displayed a decreasing pattern with increasing water depth, but to a different extent for each component. Unlike patterns observed for faunal abundance, highest negative values of the slopes of the biodiversity patterns were observed for Meiofauna, followed by Macrofauna and Megafauna. Comparison of the biodiversity associated with open slopes, deep basins, canyons, and deep-water corals showed that the deep basins were the least diverse. Rarefaction curves allowed us to estimate the expected number of species for each benthic component in different bathymetric ranges. A large fraction of exclusive species was associated with each specific habitat or ecosystem. Thus, each deep-sea ecosystem contributes significantly to overall biodiversity. From theoretical extrapolations we estimate that the overall deep-sea Mediterranean biodiversity (excluding prokaryotes) reaches approximately 2805 species of which about 66% is still undiscovered. Among the biotic components investigated (Prokaryotes excluded), most of the unknown species are within the phylum Nematoda, followed by Foraminifera, but an important fraction of macrofaunal and megafaunal species also remains unknown. Data reported here provide new insights into the patterns of biodiversity in the deep-sea Mediterranean and new clues for future investigations aimed at identifying the factors controlling and threatening deep-sea biodiversity.
AbstractList Deep-sea ecosystems represent the largest biome of the global biosphere, but knowledge of their biodiversity is still scant. The Mediterranean basin has been proposed as a hot spot of terrestrial and coastal marine biodiversity but has been supposed to be impoverished of deep-sea species richness. We summarized all available information on benthic biodiversity (Prokaryotes, Foraminifera, Meiofauna, Macrofauna, and Megafauna) in different deep-sea ecosystems of the Mediterranean Sea (200 to more than 4,000 m depth), including open slopes, deep basins, canyons, cold seeps, seamounts, deep-water corals and deep-hypersaline anoxic basins and analyzed overall longitudinal and bathymetric patterns. We show that in contrast to what was expected from the sharp decrease in organic carbon fluxes and reduced faunal abundance, the deep-sea biodiversity of both the eastern and the western basins of the Mediterranean Sea is similarly high. All of the biodiversity components, except Bacteria and Archaea, displayed a decreasing pattern with increasing water depth, but to a different extent for each component. Unlike patterns observed for faunal abundance, highest negative values of the slopes of the biodiversity patterns were observed for Meiofauna, followed by Macrofauna and Megafauna. Comparison of the biodiversity associated with open slopes, deep basins, canyons, and deep-water corals showed that the deep basins were the least diverse. Rarefaction curves allowed us to estimate the expected number of species for each benthic component in different bathymetric ranges. A large fraction of exclusive species was associated with each specific habitat or ecosystem. Thus, each deep-sea ecosystem contributes significantly to overall biodiversity. From theoretical extrapolations we estimate that the overall deep-sea Mediterranean biodiversity (excluding prokaryotes) reaches approximately 2805 species of which about 66% is still undiscovered. Among the biotic components investigated (Prokaryotes excluded), most of the unknown species are within the phylum Nematoda, followed by Foraminifera, but an important fraction of macrofaunal and megafaunal species also remains unknown. Data reported here provide new insights into the patterns of biodiversity in the deep-sea Mediterranean and new clues for future investigations aimed at identifying the factors controlling and threatening deep-sea biodiversity.
Deep-sea ecosystems represent the largest biome of the global biosphere, but knowledge of their biodiversity is still scant. The Mediterranean basin has been proposed as a hot spot of terrestrial and coastal marine biodiversity but has been supposed to be impoverished of deep-sea species richness. We summarized all available information on benthic biodiversity (Prokaryotes, Foraminifera, Meiofauna, Macrofauna, and Megafauna) in different deep-sea ecosystems of the Mediterranean Sea (200 to more than 4,000 m depth), including open slopes, deep basins, canyons, cold seeps, seamounts, deep-water corals and deep-hypersaline anoxic basins and analyzed overall longitudinal and bathymetric patterns. We show that in contrast to what was expected from the sharp decrease in organic carbon fluxes and reduced faunal abundance, the deep-sea biodiversity of both the eastern and the western basins of the Mediterranean Sea is similarly high. All of the biodiversity components, except Bacteria and Archaea, displayed a decreasing pattern with increasing water depth, but to a different extent for each component. Unlike patterns observed for faunal abundance, highest negative values of the slopes of the biodiversity patterns were observed for Meiofauna, followed by Macrofauna and Megafauna. Comparison of the biodiversity associated with open slopes, deep basins, canyons, and deep-water corals showed that the deep basins were the least diverse. Rarefaction curves allowed us to estimate the expected number of species for each benthic component in different bathymetric ranges. A large fraction of exclusive species was associated with each specific habitat or ecosystem. Thus, each deep-sea ecosystem contributes significantly to overall biodiversity. From theoretical extrapolations we estimate that the overall deep-sea Mediterranean biodiversity (excluding prokaryotes) reaches approximately 2805 species of which about 66% is still undiscovered. Among the biotic components investigated (Prokaryotes excluded), most of the unknown species are within the phylum Nematoda, followed by Foraminifera, but an important fraction of macrofaunal and megafaunal species also remains unknown. Data reported here provide new insights into the patterns of biodiversity in the deep-sea Mediterranean and new clues for future investigations aimed at identifying the factors controlling and threatening deep-sea biodiversity.
Audience Academic
Author Galil, Bella
Company, Joan Batista
Polymenakou, Paraskevi
Corinaldesi, Cinzia
Olu, Karine
Sabbatini, Anna
Ramirez-Llodra, Eva
Lampadariou, Nikolaos
Sardà, Francesc
Luna, Gian Marco
Morigi, Caterina
Danovaro, Roberto
Tselepides, Anastasios
D'Onghia, Gianfranco
Gambi, Cristina
Gooday, Andrew J
Sibuet, Myriam
AuthorAffiliation 4 National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel
9 Institut Océanographique, Paris, France
Smithsonian's National Zoological Park, United States of America
5 National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
6 Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Crete, Greece
1 Dipartimento Scienze del Mare, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
8 Département Etude des Ecosystèmes Profonds, Ifremer Centre de Brest, Plouzané, France
10 Department of Maritime Studies, University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece
2 Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
7 Stratigraphy Department, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
3 Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 4 National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel
– name: 9 Institut Océanographique, Paris, France
– name: 10 Department of Maritime Studies, University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece
– name: 6 Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Crete, Greece
– name: 5 National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
– name: 7 Stratigraphy Department, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
– name: 8 Département Etude des Ecosystèmes Profonds, Ifremer Centre de Brest, Plouzané, France
– name: 1 Dipartimento Scienze del Mare, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
– name: 3 Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
– name: Smithsonian's National Zoological Park, United States of America
– name: 2 Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
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  surname: Danovaro
  fullname: Danovaro, Roberto
  email: r.danovaro@univpm.it
  organization: Dipartimento Scienze del Mare, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy. r.danovaro@univpm.it
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  givenname: Joan Batista
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20689848$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
https://hal.science/hal-04498782$$DView record in HAL
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Snippet Deep-sea ecosystems represent the largest biome of the global biosphere, but knowledge of their biodiversity is still scant. The Mediterranean basin has been...
Deep-sea ecosystems represent the largest biome of the global biosphere, but knowledge of their biodiversity is still scant. The Mediterranean basin has been...
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SubjectTerms Abundance
Amphipoda
Animals
Anthozoa
Archaea
Bacteria
Basins
Biodiversity
Biomes
Biosphere
Canyons
Classification
Coral reefs
Corallimorpharia
Corals
Deep sea
Deep water
Ecology/Community Ecology and Biodiversity
Ecology/Marine and Freshwater Ecology
Ecosystem components
Ecosystems
Fluxes
Foraminifera
Hexacorallia
Hot spots
Life Sciences
Lophelia pertusa
Macrofauna
Madrepora oculata
Marine and Aquatic Sciences
Marine and Aquatic Sciences/Ecology
Marine ecosystems
Mediterranean Sea
Megafauna
Meiofauna
Museums
Nematoda
Ocean basins
Oceanography
Organic carbon
Prokaryotes
Rarefaction
Review
Salinity
Scleractinia
Seamounts
Sediments
Seepage
Slopes
Species richness
Studies
Terrestrial environments
Topography
Water depth
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Title Deep-sea biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea: the known, the unknown, and the unknowable
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20689848
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011832
Volume 5
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