A bacterial cytidine deaminase toxin enables CRISPR-free mitochondrial base editing
Bacterial toxins represent a vast reservoir of biochemical diversity that can be repurposed for biomedical applications. Such proteins include a group of predicted interbacterial toxins of the deaminase superfamily, members of which have found application in gene-editing techniques 1 , 2 . Because p...
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| Published in | Nature (London) Vol. 583; no. 7817; pp. 631 - 637 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
Nature Publishing Group UK
23.07.2020
Nature Publishing Group |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Bacterial toxins represent a vast reservoir of biochemical diversity that can be repurposed for biomedical applications. Such proteins include a group of predicted interbacterial toxins of the deaminase superfamily, members of which have found application in gene-editing techniques
1
,
2
. Because previously described cytidine deaminases operate on single-stranded nucleic acids
3
, their use in base editing requires the unwinding of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)—for example by a CRISPR–Cas9 system. Base editing within mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), however, has thus far been hindered by challenges associated with the delivery of guide RNA into the mitochondria
4
. As a consequence, manipulation of mtDNA to date has been limited to the targeted destruction of the mitochondrial genome by designer nucleases
9
,
10
.Here we describe an interbacterial toxin, which we name DddA, that catalyses the deamination of cytidines within dsDNA. We engineered split-DddA halves that are non-toxic and inactive until brought together on target DNA by adjacently bound programmable DNA-binding proteins. Fusions of the split-DddA halves, transcription activator-like effector array proteins, and a uracil glycosylase inhibitor resulted in RNA-free DddA-derived cytosine base editors (DdCBEs) that catalyse C•G-to-T•A conversions in human mtDNA with high target specificity and product purity. We used DdCBEs to model a disease-associated mtDNA mutation in human cells, resulting in changes in respiration rates and oxidative phosphorylation. CRISPR-free DdCBEs enable the precise manipulation of mtDNA, rather than the elimination of mtDNA copies that results from its cleavage by targeted nucleases, with broad implications for the study and potential treatment of mitochondrial disorders.
An interbacterial toxin that catalyses the deamination of cytidines within double-stranded DNA forms part of a CRISPR-free, RNA-free base editing system that enables manipulation of human mitochondrial DNA. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Bacterial toxins represent a vast reservoir of biochemical diversity that can be repurposed for biomedical applications. Such proteins include a group of predicted interbacterial toxins of the deaminase superfamily, members of which have found application in gene-editing techniques.sup.1,2. Because previously described cytidine deaminases operate on single-stranded nucleic acids.sup.3, their use in base editing requires the unwinding of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)--for example by a CRISPR-Cas9 system. Base editing within mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), however, has thus far been hindered by challenges associated with the delivery of guide RNA into the mitochondria.sup.4. As a consequence, manipulation of mtDNA to date has been limited to the targeted destruction of the mitochondrial genome by designer nucleases.sup.9,10.Here we describe an interbacterial toxin, which we name DddA, that catalyses the deamination of cytidines within dsDNA. We engineered split-DddA halves that are non-toxic and inactive until brought together on target DNA by adjacently bound programmable DNA-binding proteins. Fusions of the split-DddA halves, transcription activator-like effector array proteins, and a uracil glycosylase inhibitor resulted in RNA-free DddA-derived cytosine base editors (DdCBEs) that catalyse C*G-to-T*A conversions in human mtDNA with high target specificity and product purity. We used DdCBEs to model a disease-associated mtDNA mutation in human cells, resulting in changes in respiration rates and oxidative phosphorylation. CRISPR-free DdCBEs enable the precise manipulation of mtDNA, rather than the elimination of mtDNA copies that results from its cleavage by targeted nucleases, with broad implications for the study and potential treatment of mitochondrial disorders. Bacterial toxins represent a vast reservoir of biochemical diversity that can be repurposed for biomedical applications. Such proteins include a group of predicted interbacterial toxins of the deaminase superfamily, members of which have found application in gene-editing techniques1,2. Because previously described cytidine deaminases operate on single-stranded nucleic acids3, their use in base editing requires the unwinding of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)-for example by a CRISPR-Cas9 system. Base editing within mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), however, has thus far been hindered by challenges associated with the delivery of guide RNA into the mitochondria4. As a consequence, manipulation of mtDNA to date has been limited to the targeted destruction of the mitochondrial genome by designer nucleases9,10.Here we describe an interbacterial toxin, which we name DddA, that catalyses the deamination of cytidines within dsDNA. We engineered split-DddA halves that are non-toxic and inactive until brought together on target DNA by adjacently bound programmable DNA-binding proteins. Fusions ofthe split-DddA halves, transcription activator-like effector array proteins, and a uracil glycosylase inhibitor resulted in RNA-free DddA-derived cytosine base editors (DdCBEs) that catalyse C·G-to-T·A conversions in human mtDNA with high target specificity and product purity. We used DdCBEs to model a disease-associated mtDNA mutation in human cells, resulting in changes in respiration rates and oxidative phosphorylation. CRISPR-free DdCBEs enable the precise manipulation of mtDNA, rather than the elimination of mtDNA copies that results from its cleavage by targeted nucleases, with broad implications for the study and potential treatment of mitochondrial disorders. Bacterial toxins represent a vast reservoir of biochemical diversity that can be repurposed for biomedical applications. Such proteins include a group of predicted interbacterial toxins of the deaminase superfamily, members of which have found application in gene-editing techniques . Because previously described cytidine deaminases operate on single-stranded nucleic acids , their use in base editing requires the unwinding of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)-for example by a CRISPR-Cas9 system. Base editing within mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), however, has thus far been hindered by challenges associated with the delivery of guide RNA into the mitochondria . As a consequence, manipulation of mtDNA to date has been limited to the targeted destruction of the mitochondrial genome by designer nucleases .Here we describe an interbacterial toxin, which we name DddA, that catalyses the deamination of cytidines within dsDNA. We engineered split-DddA halves that are non-toxic and inactive until brought together on target DNA by adjacently bound programmable DNA-binding proteins. Fusions of the split-DddA halves, transcription activator-like effector array proteins, and a uracil glycosylase inhibitor resulted in RNA-free DddA-derived cytosine base editors (DdCBEs) that catalyse C•G-to-T•A conversions in human mtDNA with high target specificity and product purity. We used DdCBEs to model a disease-associated mtDNA mutation in human cells, resulting in changes in respiration rates and oxidative phosphorylation. CRISPR-free DdCBEs enable the precise manipulation of mtDNA, rather than the elimination of mtDNA copies that results from its cleavage by targeted nucleases, with broad implications for the study and potential treatment of mitochondrial disorders. Bacterial toxins represent a vast reservoir of biochemical diversity that can be repurposed for biomedical applications. Such proteins include a group of predicted interbacterial toxins of the deaminase superfamily, members of which have found application in gene-editing techniques 1 , 2 . Because previously described cytidine deaminases operate on single-stranded nucleic acids 3 , their use in base editing requires the unwinding of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)—for example by a CRISPR–Cas9 system. Base editing within mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), however, has thus far been hindered by challenges associated with the delivery of guide RNA into the mitochondria 4 . As a consequence, manipulation of mtDNA to date has been limited to the targeted destruction of the mitochondrial genome by designer nucleases 9 , 10 .Here we describe an interbacterial toxin, which we name DddA, that catalyses the deamination of cytidines within dsDNA. We engineered split-DddA halves that are non-toxic and inactive until brought together on target DNA by adjacently bound programmable DNA-binding proteins. Fusions of the split-DddA halves, transcription activator-like effector array proteins, and a uracil glycosylase inhibitor resulted in RNA-free DddA-derived cytosine base editors (DdCBEs) that catalyse C•G-to-T•A conversions in human mtDNA with high target specificity and product purity. We used DdCBEs to model a disease-associated mtDNA mutation in human cells, resulting in changes in respiration rates and oxidative phosphorylation. CRISPR-free DdCBEs enable the precise manipulation of mtDNA, rather than the elimination of mtDNA copies that results from its cleavage by targeted nucleases, with broad implications for the study and potential treatment of mitochondrial disorders. An interbacterial toxin that catalyses the deamination of cytidines within double-stranded DNA forms part of a CRISPR-free, RNA-free base editing system that enables manipulation of human mitochondrial DNA. Bacterial toxins represent a vast reservoir of biochemical diversity that can be repurposed for biomedical applications. Such proteins include a group of predicted interbacterial toxins of the deaminase superfamily, members of which have found application in gene-editing techniques.sup.1,2. Because previously described cytidine deaminases operate on single-stranded nucleic acids.sup.3, their use in base editing requires the unwinding of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)--for example by a CRISPR-Cas9 system. Base editing within mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), however, has thus far been hindered by challenges associated with the delivery of guide RNA into the mitochondria.sup.4. As a consequence, manipulation of mtDNA to date has been limited to the targeted destruction of the mitochondrial genome by designer nucleases.sup.9,10.Here we describe an interbacterial toxin, which we name DddA, that catalyses the deamination of cytidines within dsDNA. We engineered split-DddA halves that are non-toxic and inactive until brought together on target DNA by adjacently bound programmable DNA-binding proteins. Fusions of the split-DddA halves, transcription activator-like effector array proteins, and a uracil glycosylase inhibitor resulted in RNA-free DddA-derived cytosine base editors (DdCBEs) that catalyse C*G-to-T*A conversions in human mtDNA with high target specificity and product purity. We used DdCBEs to model a disease-associated mtDNA mutation in human cells, resulting in changes in respiration rates and oxidative phosphorylation. CRISPR-free DdCBEs enable the precise manipulation of mtDNA, rather than the elimination of mtDNA copies that results from its cleavage by targeted nucleases, with broad implications for the study and potential treatment of mitochondrial disorders. An interbacterial toxin that catalyses the deamination of cytidines within double-stranded DNA forms part of a CRISPR-free, RNA-free base editing system that enables manipulation of human mitochondrial DNA. Bacterial toxins represent a vast reservoir of biochemical diversity that can be repurposed for biomedical applications. Such proteins include a group of predicted interbacterial toxins of the deaminase superfamily, members of which have found application in gene-editing techniques1,2. Because previously described cytidine deaminases operate on single-stranded nucleic acids3, their use in base editing requires the unwinding of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)-for example by a CRISPR-Cas9 system. Base editing within mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), however, has thus far been hindered by challenges associated with the delivery of guide RNA into the mitochondria4. As a consequence, manipulation of mtDNA to date has been limited to the targeted destruction of the mitochondrial genome by designer nucleases9,10.Here we describe an interbacterial toxin, which we name DddA, that catalyses the deamination of cytidines within dsDNA. We engineered split-DddA halves that are non-toxic and inactive until brought together on target DNA by adjacently bound programmable DNA-binding proteins. Fusions of the split-DddA halves, transcription activator-like effector array proteins, and a uracil glycosylase inhibitor resulted in RNA-free DddA-derived cytosine base editors (DdCBEs) that catalyse C•G-to-T•A conversions in human mtDNA with high target specificity and product purity. We used DdCBEs to model a disease-associated mtDNA mutation in human cells, resulting in changes in respiration rates and oxidative phosphorylation. CRISPR-free DdCBEs enable the precise manipulation of mtDNA, rather than the elimination of mtDNA copies that results from its cleavage by targeted nucleases, with broad implications for the study and potential treatment of mitochondrial disorders.Bacterial toxins represent a vast reservoir of biochemical diversity that can be repurposed for biomedical applications. Such proteins include a group of predicted interbacterial toxins of the deaminase superfamily, members of which have found application in gene-editing techniques1,2. Because previously described cytidine deaminases operate on single-stranded nucleic acids3, their use in base editing requires the unwinding of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)-for example by a CRISPR-Cas9 system. Base editing within mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), however, has thus far been hindered by challenges associated with the delivery of guide RNA into the mitochondria4. As a consequence, manipulation of mtDNA to date has been limited to the targeted destruction of the mitochondrial genome by designer nucleases9,10.Here we describe an interbacterial toxin, which we name DddA, that catalyses the deamination of cytidines within dsDNA. We engineered split-DddA halves that are non-toxic and inactive until brought together on target DNA by adjacently bound programmable DNA-binding proteins. Fusions of the split-DddA halves, transcription activator-like effector array proteins, and a uracil glycosylase inhibitor resulted in RNA-free DddA-derived cytosine base editors (DdCBEs) that catalyse C•G-to-T•A conversions in human mtDNA with high target specificity and product purity. We used DdCBEs to model a disease-associated mtDNA mutation in human cells, resulting in changes in respiration rates and oxidative phosphorylation. CRISPR-free DdCBEs enable the precise manipulation of mtDNA, rather than the elimination of mtDNA copies that results from its cleavage by targeted nucleases, with broad implications for the study and potential treatment of mitochondrial disorders. Bacterial toxins represent a vast reservoir of biochemical diversity that can be repurposed for biomedical applications. Such proteins include a group of predicted interbacterial toxins of the deaminase superfamily, members of which have found application in gene-editing techniques 1 , 2 . Since previously described cytidine deaminases operate on single-stranded nucleic acids 3 , their use in base editing requires the unwinding of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), for example, by a CRISPR–Cas9 system. Base editing within mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), however, has thus far been hindered by challenges associated with the delivery of guide RNA into the mitochondria 4 . Here we describe an interbacterial toxin, which we named DddA, that catalyses the deamination of cytidines within dsDNA. We engineered split-DddA halves that are non-toxic and inactive until brought together on target DNA by adjacently bound programmable DNA-binding proteins. Fusions of the split-DddA halves, transcription activator-like effector array proteins, and a uracil glycosylase inhibitor resulted in RNA-free DddA-derived cytosine base editors (DdCBEs) that catalyse C•G-to-T•A conversions in human mtDNA with high target specificity and product purity. We used DdCBEs to model a disease-associated mtDNA mutation in human cells, resulting in changes in respiration rates and oxidative phosphorylation. CRISPR-free DdCBEs enable the precise manipulation of mtDNA, rather than the elimination of mtDNA copies that results from its cleavage by targeted nucleases, with broad implications for the study and potential treatment of mitochondrial disorders. Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this paper. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Bosch, Dustin E. Peterson, S. Brook Mougous, Joseph D. de Moraes, Marcos H. Liu, David R. Kotrys, Anna V. Mok, Beverly Y. Zeng, Jun Raguram, Aditya Radey, Matthew C. Mootha, Vamsi K. Hsu, FoSheng |
| AuthorAffiliation | 3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 8 Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 10 Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland 2 Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 6 Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA 1 Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 9 Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 4 Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA 5 Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA 7 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA – name: 10 Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland – name: 2 Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA – name: 7 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA – name: 1 Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA – name: 6 Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA – name: 8 Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA – name: 4 Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA – name: 5 Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA – name: 9 Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Beverly Y. surname: Mok fullname: Mok, Beverly Y. organization: Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University – sequence: 2 givenname: Marcos H. surname: de Moraes fullname: de Moraes, Marcos H. organization: Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine – sequence: 3 givenname: Jun surname: Zeng fullname: Zeng, Jun organization: Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine – sequence: 4 givenname: Dustin E. orcidid: 0000-0002-7430-2939 surname: Bosch fullname: Bosch, Dustin E. organization: Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine – sequence: 5 givenname: Anna V. orcidid: 0000-0003-4983-1414 surname: Kotrys fullname: Kotrys, Anna V. organization: Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences – sequence: 6 givenname: Aditya surname: Raguram fullname: Raguram, Aditya organization: Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University – sequence: 7 givenname: FoSheng surname: Hsu fullname: Hsu, FoSheng organization: Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine – sequence: 8 givenname: Matthew C. surname: Radey fullname: Radey, Matthew C. organization: Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine – sequence: 9 givenname: S. Brook surname: Peterson fullname: Peterson, S. Brook organization: Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine – sequence: 10 givenname: Vamsi K. surname: Mootha fullname: Mootha, Vamsi K. organization: Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard – sequence: 11 givenname: Joseph D. surname: Mougous fullname: Mougous, Joseph D. email: mougous@uw.edu organization: Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington – sequence: 12 givenname: David R. orcidid: 0000-0002-9943-7557 surname: Liu fullname: Liu, David R. email: drliu@fas.harvard.edu organization: Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32641830$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2020 COPYRIGHT 2020 Nature Publishing Group Copyright Nature Publishing Group Jul 23, 2020 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2020 – notice: COPYRIGHT 2020 Nature Publishing Group – notice: Copyright Nature Publishing Group Jul 23, 2020 |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 These authors contributed equally: Beverly Y. Mok, Marcos H. de Moraes. Author contributions B.Y.M., M.H.d.M., S.B.P., V.K.M., J.D.M. and D.R.L. designed the study; M.H.d.M., J.Z. and D.E.B. designed, performed and analysed experiments to characterize DddA; B.Y.M. designed, performed and analysed nuclear and mitochondrial editing experiments; B.Y.M., M.H.d.M., A.R. and M.C.R. performed sequence analyses; F.H. performed microscopy; A.V.K. designed, performed and analysed mitochondrial biology experiments; B.Y.M., M.H.d.M., S.B.P., A.V.K., V.K.M., J.D.M. and D.R.L. wrote the manuscript. |
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| Snippet | Bacterial toxins represent a vast reservoir of biochemical diversity that can be repurposed for biomedical applications. Such proteins include a group of... |
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| Title | A bacterial cytidine deaminase toxin enables CRISPR-free mitochondrial base editing |
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