Central regulation of body fluid homeostasis

Extracellular fluids, including blood, lymphatic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid, are collectively called body fluids. The Na+ concentration ([Na+]) in body fluids is maintained at 135–145 mM and is broadly conserved among terrestrial animals. Homeostatic osmoregulation by Na+ is vital for life becau...

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Published in	Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B Vol. 98; no. 7; pp. 283 - 324
Main Authors	NODA, Masaharu, MATSUDA, Takashi
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Ueno Park The Japan Academy 29.07.2022
Subjects	[Na+] sensor Aldosterone Angiotensin Angiotensin II Blood pressure body fluid homeostasis Body fluids Brain Cerebrospinal fluid Electrolytes Homeostasis Hormones Hypertension Hypotonicity Kidneys Osmoregulation osmosensor Physiology Review Rodents Salt salt appetite Sensors thirst Trauma Vasopressin
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ISSN	0386-2208 1349-2896 1349-2896
DOI	10.2183/pjab.98.016

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Abstract	Extracellular fluids, including blood, lymphatic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid, are collectively called body fluids. The Na+ concentration ([Na+]) in body fluids is maintained at 135–145 mM and is broadly conserved among terrestrial animals. Homeostatic osmoregulation by Na+ is vital for life because severe hyper- or hypotonicity elicits irreversible organ damage and lethal neurological trauma. To achieve “body fluid homeostasis” or “Na homeostasis”, the brain continuously monitors [Na+] in body fluids and controls water/salt intake and water/salt excretion by the kidneys. These physiological functions are primarily regulated based on information on [Na+] and relevant circulating hormones, such as angiotensin II, aldosterone, and vasopressin. In this review, we discuss sensing mechanisms for [Na+] and hormones in the brain that control water/salt intake behaviors, together with the responsible sensors (receptors) and relevant neural pathways. We also describe mechanisms in the brain by which [Na+] increases in body fluids activate the sympathetic neural activity leading to hypertension.
AbstractList	Extracellular fluids, including blood, lymphatic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid, are collectively called body fluids. The Na+ concentration ([Na+]) in body fluids is maintained at 135-145 mM and is broadly conserved among terrestrial animals. Homeostatic osmoregulation by Na+ is vital for life because severe hyper- or hypotonicity elicits irreversible organ damage and lethal neurological trauma. To achieve body fluid homeostasis or Na homeostasis, the brain continuously monitors [Na+] in body fluids and controls water/salt intake and water/salt excretion by the kidneys. These physiological functions are primarily regulated based on information on [Na+] and relevant circulating hormones, such as angiotensin II, aldosterone, and vasopressin. In this review, we discuss sensing mechanisms for [Na+] and hormones in the brain that control water/salt intake behaviors, together with the responsible sensors (receptors) and relevant neural pathways. We also describe mechanisms in the brain by which [Na+] increases in body fluids activate the sympathetic neural activity leading to hypertension. Extracellular fluids, including blood, lymphatic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid, are collectively called body fluids. The Na + concentration ([Na + ]) in body fluids is maintained at 135–145 mM and is broadly conserved among terrestrial animals. Homeostatic osmoregulation by Na + is vital for life because severe hyper- or hypotonicity elicits irreversible organ damage and lethal neurological trauma. To achieve “body fluid homeostasis” or “Na homeostasis”, the brain continuously monitors [Na + ] in body fluids and controls water/salt intake and water/salt excretion by the kidneys. These physiological functions are primarily regulated based on information on [Na + ] and relevant circulating hormones, such as angiotensin II, aldosterone, and vasopressin. In this review, we discuss sensing mechanisms for [Na + ] and hormones in the brain that control water/salt intake behaviors, together with the responsible sensors (receptors) and relevant neural pathways. We also describe mechanisms in the brain by which [Na + ] increases in body fluids activate the sympathetic neural activity leading to hypertension. Extracellular fluids, including blood, lymphatic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid, are collectively called body fluids. The Na+ concentration ([Na+]) in body fluids is maintained at 135-145 mM and is broadly conserved among terrestrial animals. Homeostatic osmoregulation by Na+ is vital for life because severe hyper- or hypotonicity elicits irreversible organ damage and lethal neurological trauma. To achieve "body fluid homeostasis" or "Na homeostasis", the brain continuously monitors [Na+] in body fluids and controls water/salt intake and water/salt excretion by the kidneys. These physiological functions are primarily regulated based on information on [Na+] and relevant circulating hormones, such as angiotensin II, aldosterone, and vasopressin. In this review, we discuss sensing mechanisms for [Na+] and hormones in the brain that control water/salt intake behaviors, together with the responsible sensors (receptors) and relevant neural pathways. We also describe mechanisms in the brain by which [Na+] increases in body fluids activate the sympathetic neural activity leading to hypertension.Extracellular fluids, including blood, lymphatic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid, are collectively called body fluids. The Na+ concentration ([Na+]) in body fluids is maintained at 135-145 mM and is broadly conserved among terrestrial animals. Homeostatic osmoregulation by Na+ is vital for life because severe hyper- or hypotonicity elicits irreversible organ damage and lethal neurological trauma. To achieve "body fluid homeostasis" or "Na homeostasis", the brain continuously monitors [Na+] in body fluids and controls water/salt intake and water/salt excretion by the kidneys. These physiological functions are primarily regulated based on information on [Na+] and relevant circulating hormones, such as angiotensin II, aldosterone, and vasopressin. In this review, we discuss sensing mechanisms for [Na+] and hormones in the brain that control water/salt intake behaviors, together with the responsible sensors (receptors) and relevant neural pathways. We also describe mechanisms in the brain by which [Na+] increases in body fluids activate the sympathetic neural activity leading to hypertension.
ArticleNumber	PJA9807B-01
Author	NODA, Masaharu MATSUDA, Takashi
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 fullname: NODA, Masaharu organization: Homeostatic Mechanism Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology – sequence: 1 fullname: MATSUDA, Takashi organization: Homeostatic Mechanism Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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Snippet	Extracellular fluids, including blood, lymphatic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid, are collectively called body fluids. The Na+ concentration ([Na+]) in body... Extracellular fluids, including blood, lymphatic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid, are collectively called body fluids. The Na + concentration ([Na + ]) in body...
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SubjectTerms	[Na+] sensor Aldosterone Angiotensin Angiotensin II Blood pressure body fluid homeostasis Body fluids Brain Cerebrospinal fluid Electrolytes Homeostasis Hormones Hypertension Hypotonicity Kidneys Osmoregulation osmosensor Physiology Review Rodents Salt salt appetite Sensors thirst Trauma Vasopressin
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Title	Central regulation of body fluid homeostasis
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