Initial Amino Acid Intake Influences Phosphorus and Calcium Homeostasis in Preterm Infants – It Is Time to Change the Composition of the Early Parenteral Nutrition
Early aggressive parenteral nutrition (PN), consisting of caloric and nitrogen intake soon after birth, is currently proposed for the premature baby. Some electrolyte disturbances, such as hypophosphatemia and hypercalcemia, considered unusual in early life, were recently described while using this...
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| Published in | PloS one Vol. 8; no. 8; p. e72880 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Public Library of Science
15.08.2013
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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| Abstract | Early aggressive parenteral nutrition (PN), consisting of caloric and nitrogen intake soon after birth, is currently proposed for the premature baby. Some electrolyte disturbances, such as hypophosphatemia and hypercalcemia, considered unusual in early life, were recently described while using this PN approach. We hypothesize that, due to its impact on cell metabolism, the initial amino acid (AA) amount may specifically influence the metabolism of phosphorus, and consequently of calcium. We aim to evaluate the influence of AA intake on calcium-phosphorus metabolism, and to create a calculation tool to estimate phosphorus needs.
Prospective observational study. Phosphate and calcium plasma concentrations and calcium balance were evaluated daily during the first week of life in very preterm infants, and their relationship with nutrition was studied. For this purpose, infants were divided into three groups: high, medium and low AA intake (HAA, MAA, LAA). A calculation formula to assess phosphorus needs was elaborated, with a theoretical model based on AA and calcium intake, and the cumulative deficit of phosphate intake was estimated.
154 infants were included. Hypophosphatemia (12.5%) and hypercalcemia (9.8%) were more frequent in the HAA than in the MAA (4.6% and 4.8%) and in the LAA group (0% and 1.9%); both p<0.001.
Calcium-phosphorus homeostasis was influenced by the early AA intake. We propose to consider phosphorus and calcium imbalances as being part of a syndrome, related to incomplete provision of nutrients after the abrupt discontinuation of the placental nutrition at birth (PI-ReFeeding syndrome). We provide a simple tool to calculate the optimal phosphate intake. The early introduction of AA in the PN soon after birth might be completed by an early intake of phosphorus, since AA and phosphorus are (along with potassium) the main determinants of cellular growth. |
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| AbstractList | Background Early aggressive parenteral nutrition (PN), consisting of caloric and nitrogen intake soon after birth, is currently proposed for the premature baby. Some electrolyte disturbances, such as hypophosphatemia and hypercalcemia, considered unusual in early life, were recently described while using this PN approach. We hypothesize that, due to its impact on cell metabolism, the initial amino acid (AA) amount may specifically influence the metabolism of phosphorus, and consequently of calcium. We aim to evaluate the influence of AA intake on calcium-phosphorus metabolism, and to create a calculation tool to estimate phosphorus needs. Methods Prospective observational study. Phosphate and calcium plasma concentrations and calcium balance were evaluated daily during the first week of life in very preterm infants, and their relationship with nutrition was studied. For this purpose, infants were divided into three groups: high, medium and low AA intake (HAA, MAA, LAA). A calculation formula to assess phosphorus needs was elaborated, with a theoretical model based on AA and calcium intake, and the cumulative deficit of phosphate intake was estimated. Results 154 infants were included. Hypophosphatemia (12.5%) and hypercalcemia (9.8%) were more frequent in the HAA than in the MAA (4.6% and 4.8%) and in the LAA group (0% and 1.9%); both p<0.001. Discussion Calcium-phosphorus homeostasis was influenced by the early AA intake. We propose to consider phosphorus and calcium imbalances as being part of a syndrome, related to incomplete provision of nutrients after the abrupt discontinuation of the placental nutrition at birth (PI-ReFeeding syndrome). We provide a simple tool to calculate the optimal phosphate intake. The early introduction of AA in the PN soon after birth might be completed by an early intake of phosphorus, since AA and phosphorus are (along with potassium) the main determinants of cellular growth. BackgroundEarly aggressive parenteral nutrition (PN), consisting of caloric and nitrogen intake soon after birth, is currently proposed for the premature baby. Some electrolyte disturbances, such as hypophosphatemia and hypercalcemia, considered unusual in early life, were recently described while using this PN approach. We hypothesize that, due to its impact on cell metabolism, the initial amino acid (AA) amount may specifically influence the metabolism of phosphorus, and consequently of calcium. We aim to evaluate the influence of AA intake on calcium-phosphorus metabolism, and to create a calculation tool to estimate phosphorus needs. MethodsProspective observational study. Phosphate and calcium plasma concentrations and calcium balance were evaluated daily during the first week of life in very preterm infants, and their relationship with nutrition was studied. For this purpose, infants were divided into three groups: high, medium and low AA intake (HAA, MAA, LAA). A calculation formula to assess phosphorus needs was elaborated, with a theoretical model based on AA and calcium intake, and the cumulative deficit of phosphate intake was estimated. Results154 infants were included. Hypophosphatemia (12.5%) and hypercalcemia (9.8%) were more frequent in the HAA than in the MAA (4.6% and 4.8%) and in the LAA group (0% and 1.9%); both p\textless0.001. DiscussionCalcium-phosphorus homeostasis was influenced by the early AA intake. We propose to consider phosphorus and calcium imbalances as being part of a syndrome, related to incomplete provision of nutrients after the abrupt discontinuation of the placental nutrition at birth (PI-ReFeeding syndrome). We provide a simple tool to calculate the optimal phosphate intake. The early introduction of AA in the PN soon after birth might be completed by an early intake of phosphorus, since AA and phosphorus are (along with potassium) the main determinants of cellular growth. Early aggressive parenteral nutrition (PN), consisting of caloric and nitrogen intake soon after birth, is currently proposed for the premature baby. Some electrolyte disturbances, such as hypophosphatemia and hypercalcemia, considered unusual in early life, were recently described while using this PN approach. We hypothesize that, due to its impact on cell metabolism, the initial amino acid (AA) amount may specifically influence the metabolism of phosphorus, and consequently of calcium. We aim to evaluate the influence of AA intake on calcium-phosphorus metabolism, and to create a calculation tool to estimate phosphorus needs. Prospective observational study. Phosphate and calcium plasma concentrations and calcium balance were evaluated daily during the first week of life in very preterm infants, and their relationship with nutrition was studied. For this purpose, infants were divided into three groups: high, medium and low AA intake (HAA, MAA, LAA). A calculation formula to assess phosphorus needs was elaborated, with a theoretical model based on AA and calcium intake, and the cumulative deficit of phosphate intake was estimated. 154 infants were included. Hypophosphatemia (12.5%) and hypercalcemia (9.8%) were more frequent in the HAA than in the MAA (4.6% and 4.8%) and in the LAA group (0% and 1.9%); both p<0.001. Calcium-phosphorus homeostasis was influenced by the early AA intake. We propose to consider phosphorus and calcium imbalances as being part of a syndrome, related to incomplete provision of nutrients after the abrupt discontinuation of the placental nutrition at birth (PI-ReFeeding syndrome). We provide a simple tool to calculate the optimal phosphate intake. The early introduction of AA in the PN soon after birth might be completed by an early intake of phosphorus, since AA and phosphorus are (along with potassium) the main determinants of cellular growth. Early aggressive parenteral nutrition (PN), consisting of caloric and nitrogen intake soon after birth, is currently proposed for the premature baby. Some electrolyte disturbances, such as hypophosphatemia and hypercalcemia, considered unusual in early life, were recently described while using this PN approach. We hypothesize that, due to its impact on cell metabolism, the initial amino acid (AA) amount may specifically influence the metabolism of phosphorus, and consequently of calcium. We aim to evaluate the influence of AA intake on calcium-phosphorus metabolism, and to create a calculation tool to estimate phosphorus needs.BACKGROUNDEarly aggressive parenteral nutrition (PN), consisting of caloric and nitrogen intake soon after birth, is currently proposed for the premature baby. Some electrolyte disturbances, such as hypophosphatemia and hypercalcemia, considered unusual in early life, were recently described while using this PN approach. We hypothesize that, due to its impact on cell metabolism, the initial amino acid (AA) amount may specifically influence the metabolism of phosphorus, and consequently of calcium. We aim to evaluate the influence of AA intake on calcium-phosphorus metabolism, and to create a calculation tool to estimate phosphorus needs.Prospective observational study. Phosphate and calcium plasma concentrations and calcium balance were evaluated daily during the first week of life in very preterm infants, and their relationship with nutrition was studied. For this purpose, infants were divided into three groups: high, medium and low AA intake (HAA, MAA, LAA). A calculation formula to assess phosphorus needs was elaborated, with a theoretical model based on AA and calcium intake, and the cumulative deficit of phosphate intake was estimated.METHODSProspective observational study. Phosphate and calcium plasma concentrations and calcium balance were evaluated daily during the first week of life in very preterm infants, and their relationship with nutrition was studied. For this purpose, infants were divided into three groups: high, medium and low AA intake (HAA, MAA, LAA). A calculation formula to assess phosphorus needs was elaborated, with a theoretical model based on AA and calcium intake, and the cumulative deficit of phosphate intake was estimated.154 infants were included. Hypophosphatemia (12.5%) and hypercalcemia (9.8%) were more frequent in the HAA than in the MAA (4.6% and 4.8%) and in the LAA group (0% and 1.9%); both p<0.001.RESULTS154 infants were included. Hypophosphatemia (12.5%) and hypercalcemia (9.8%) were more frequent in the HAA than in the MAA (4.6% and 4.8%) and in the LAA group (0% and 1.9%); both p<0.001.Calcium-phosphorus homeostasis was influenced by the early AA intake. We propose to consider phosphorus and calcium imbalances as being part of a syndrome, related to incomplete provision of nutrients after the abrupt discontinuation of the placental nutrition at birth (PI-ReFeeding syndrome). We provide a simple tool to calculate the optimal phosphate intake. The early introduction of AA in the PN soon after birth might be completed by an early intake of phosphorus, since AA and phosphorus are (along with potassium) the main determinants of cellular growth.DISCUSSIONCalcium-phosphorus homeostasis was influenced by the early AA intake. We propose to consider phosphorus and calcium imbalances as being part of a syndrome, related to incomplete provision of nutrients after the abrupt discontinuation of the placental nutrition at birth (PI-ReFeeding syndrome). We provide a simple tool to calculate the optimal phosphate intake. The early introduction of AA in the PN soon after birth might be completed by an early intake of phosphorus, since AA and phosphorus are (along with potassium) the main determinants of cellular growth. Early aggressive parenteral nutrition (PN), consisting of caloric and nitrogen intake soon after birth, is currently proposed for the premature baby. Some electrolyte disturbances, such as hypophosphatemia and hypercalcemia, considered unusual in early life, were recently described while using this PN approach. We hypothesize that, due to its impact on cell metabolism, the initial amino acid (AA) amount may specifically influence the metabolism of phosphorus, and consequently of calcium. We aim to evaluate the influence of AA intake on calcium-phosphorus metabolism, and to create a calculation tool to estimate phosphorus needs. 154 infants were included. Hypophosphatemia (12.5%) and hypercalcemia (9.8%) were more frequent in the HAA than in the MAA (4.6% and 4.8%) and in the LAA group (0% and 1.9%); both p<0.001. Calcium-phosphorus homeostasis was influenced by the early AA intake. We propose to consider phosphorus and calcium imbalances as being part of a syndrome, related to incomplete provision of nutrients after the abrupt discontinuation of the placental nutrition at birth (PI-ReFeeding syndrome). BackgroundEarly aggressive parenteral nutrition (PN), consisting of caloric and nitrogen intake soon after birth, is currently proposed for the premature baby. Some electrolyte disturbances, such as hypophosphatemia and hypercalcemia, considered unusual in early life, were recently described while using this PN approach. We hypothesize that, due to its impact on cell metabolism, the initial amino acid (AA) amount may specifically influence the metabolism of phosphorus, and consequently of calcium. We aim to evaluate the influence of AA intake on calcium-phosphorus metabolism, and to create a calculation tool to estimate phosphorus needs.MethodsProspective observational study. Phosphate and calcium plasma concentrations and calcium balance were evaluated daily during the first week of life in very preterm infants, and their relationship with nutrition was studied. For this purpose, infants were divided into three groups: high, medium and low AA intake (HAA, MAA, LAA). A calculation formula to assess phosphorus needs was elaborated, with a theoretical model based on AA and calcium intake, and the cumulative deficit of phosphate intake was estimated.Results154 infants were included. Hypophosphatemia (12.5%) and hypercalcemia (9.8%) were more frequent in the HAA than in the MAA (4.6% and 4.8%) and in the LAA group (0% and 1.9%); both p<0.001.DiscussionCalcium-phosphorus homeostasis was influenced by the early AA intake. We propose to consider phosphorus and calcium imbalances as being part of a syndrome, related to incomplete provision of nutrients after the abrupt discontinuation of the placental nutrition at birth (PI-ReFeeding syndrome). We provide a simple tool to calculate the optimal phosphate intake. The early introduction of AA in the PN soon after birth might be completed by an early intake of phosphorus, since AA and phosphorus are (along with potassium) the main determinants of cellular growth. Background Early aggressive parenteral nutrition (PN), consisting of caloric and nitrogen intake soon after birth, is currently proposed for the premature baby. Some electrolyte disturbances, such as hypophosphatemia and hypercalcemia, considered unusual in early life, were recently described while using this PN approach. We hypothesize that, due to its impact on cell metabolism, the initial amino acid (AA) amount may specifically influence the metabolism of phosphorus, and consequently of calcium. We aim to evaluate the influence of AA intake on calcium-phosphorus metabolism, and to create a calculation tool to estimate phosphorus needs. Methods Prospective observational study. Phosphate and calcium plasma concentrations and calcium balance were evaluated daily during the first week of life in very preterm infants, and their relationship with nutrition was studied. For this purpose, infants were divided into three groups: high, medium and low AA intake (HAA, MAA, LAA). A calculation formula to assess phosphorus needs was elaborated, with a theoretical model based on AA and calcium intake, and the cumulative deficit of phosphate intake was estimated. Results 154 infants were included. Hypophosphatemia (12.5%) and hypercalcemia (9.8%) were more frequent in the HAA than in the MAA (4.6% and 4.8%) and in the LAA group (0% and 1.9%); both p<0.001. Discussion Calcium-phosphorus homeostasis was influenced by the early AA intake. We propose to consider phosphorus and calcium imbalances as being part of a syndrome, related to incomplete provision of nutrients after the abrupt discontinuation of the placental nutrition at birth (PI-ReFeeding syndrome). We provide a simple tool to calculate the optimal phosphate intake. The early introduction of AA in the PN soon after birth might be completed by an early intake of phosphorus, since AA and phosphorus are (along with potassium) the main determinants of cellular growth. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Bonsante, Francesco Iacobelli, Silvia Gouyon, Jean Bernard Latorre, Giuseppe Robillard, Pierre Yves De Felice, Claudio Rigo, Jacques |
| AuthorAffiliation | 5 NICU and Neonatology, University Hospital, Policlinico le Scotte, Siena, Italy 3 NICU and Neonatology, Miulli Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti, Italy 2 Centre d’Etudes Perinatales de l’Océan Indien, La Réunion, France 4 Department of Paediatrics, Neonatal Unit, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium INRA, France 1 Néonatologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique et Néonatale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Réunion, France |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 5 NICU and Neonatology, University Hospital, Policlinico le Scotte, Siena, Italy – name: INRA, France – name: 4 Department of Paediatrics, Neonatal Unit, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium – name: 3 NICU and Neonatology, Miulli Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti, Italy – name: 1 Néonatologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique et Néonatale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Réunion, France – name: 2 Centre d’Etudes Perinatales de l’Océan Indien, La Réunion, France |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Francesco surname: Bonsante fullname: Bonsante, Francesco – sequence: 2 givenname: Silvia surname: Iacobelli fullname: Iacobelli, Silvia – sequence: 3 givenname: Giuseppe surname: Latorre fullname: Latorre, Giuseppe – sequence: 4 givenname: Jacques surname: Rigo fullname: Rigo, Jacques – sequence: 5 givenname: Claudio surname: De Felice fullname: De Felice, Claudio – sequence: 6 givenname: Pierre Yves surname: Robillard fullname: Robillard, Pierre Yves – sequence: 7 givenname: Jean Bernard surname: Gouyon fullname: Gouyon, Jean Bernard |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23977367$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed https://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01477020$$DView record in HAL |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2013 Public Library of Science 2013 Bonsante et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License 2013 Bonsante et al 2013 Bonsante et al |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: COPYRIGHT 2013 Public Library of Science – notice: 2013 Bonsante et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License – notice: 2013 Bonsante et al 2013 Bonsante et al |
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| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0072880 |
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| Issue | 8 |
| Keywords | Phosphates Urine Nutrition Homeostasis Electrolytes Nutrients Infants Périnatalité Bone and mineral metabolism |
| Language | English |
| License | Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. Creative Commons Attribution License |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 ObjectType-Undefined-3 PMCID: PMC3744480 Conceived and designed the experiments: FB SI JBG. Performed the experiments: FB SI. Analyzed the data: FB GL PYR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: FB JR. Wrote the manuscript: FB SI GL CDF JR. FB elaborated the formula. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. |
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| References | (ref23) 2013 B Koletzko (ref4) 2005; 41 F Britschgi (ref18) 1991; 121 JF Gillooly (ref16) 2005; 102 (ref3) 2012 F Bonsante (ref11) 2011; 65 (ref22) 2012; 49 JJ Elser (ref15) 2007; 5 S Iacobelli (ref7) 2010; 98 (ref21) 2011 H Mizumoto (ref8) 2012; 54 SJ Moltu (ref10) 2013; 32 F Mariotti (ref13) 2008; 48 JJ Elser (ref14) 2007; 0 S Ghaddar (ref20) 2012; 22 NI Ponomareva (ref12) 2009; 79 JB Van Goudoever (ref1) 1995; 127 LE Elstgeest (ref5) 2010; 5 A Skipper (ref19) 2012; 27 S Iacobelli (ref6) 2010; 62 PJ Thureen (ref2) 2003; 53 A Jamin (ref17) 2010; 97 G Ichikawa (ref9) 2012; 25 |
| References_xml | – volume: 53 start-page: 24 year: 2003 ident: ref2 article-title: Effect of low versus high intravenous amino acid intake on very low birth weight infants in the early neonatal period publication-title: Pediatr Res doi: 10.1203/00006450-200301000-00008 – volume: 65 start-page: 1088 year: 2011 ident: ref11 article-title: The effect of parenteral nitrogen and energy intake on electrolyte balance in the preterm infant publication-title: Eur J Clin Nutr doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.79 – volume: 98 start-page: 84 year: 2010 ident: ref7 article-title: Standardized parenteral nutrition in preterm infants: early impact on fluid and electrolyte balance publication-title: Neonatology doi: 10.1159/000276979 – volume: 48 start-page: 177 year: 2008 ident: ref13 article-title: Converting nitrogen into protein--beyond 6.25 and Jones’ factors publication-title: Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr doi: 10.1080/10408390701279749 – volume: 27 start-page: 34 year: 2012 ident: ref19 article-title: Refeeding syndrome or refeeding hypophosphatemia: a systematic review of cases publication-title: Nutr Clin Pract doi: 10.1177/0884533611427916 – year: 2013 ident: ref23 article-title: Prematurity and Bone Health – year: 2012 ident: ref3 article-title: Parenteral nutrition – volume: 0 start-page: e1028 year: 2007 ident: ref14 article-title: Biological stoichiometry in human cancer publication-title: PLOS ONE doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001028 – volume: 32 start-page: 207 year: 2013 ident: ref10 article-title: Enhanced feeding in very-low-birth-weight infants may cause electrolyte disturbances and septicemia - A randomized, controlled trial publication-title: Clin Nutr doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.09.004 – volume: 25 start-page: 317 year: 2012 ident: ref9 article-title: Hypophosphatemia in small for gestational age extremely low birth weight infants receiving parenteral nutrition in the first week after birth publication-title: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab doi: 10.1515/jpem-2011-0485 – volume: 97 start-page: 321 year: 2010 ident: ref17 article-title: Fatal effects of a neonatal high-protein diet in low-birth-weight piglets used as a model of intrauterine growth restriction publication-title: Neonatology doi: 10.1159/000260135 – volume: 127 start-page: 458 year: 1995 ident: ref1 article-title: Immediate commencement of amino acid supplementation in preterm infants: effect on serum amino acid concentrations and protein kinetics on the first day of life publication-title: J Pediatr doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(95)70083-8 – volume: 62 start-page: 203 year: 2010 ident: ref6 article-title: Fluid and electrolyte intake during the first week of life in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition according current guidelines publication-title: Minerva Pediatr – volume: 102 start-page: 11923 year: 2005 ident: ref16 article-title: The metabolic basis of whole-organism RNA and phosphorus content publication-title: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A doi: 10.1073/pnas.0504756102 – volume: 121 start-page: 1163 year: 1991 ident: ref18 article-title: Bodybuilding: hypokalemia and hypophosphatemia publication-title: Schweiz Med Wochenschr – start-page: 1523 year: 2011 ident: ref21 article-title: Disorders of Calcium, Phosohorus and Magnesium Metabolism – volume: 54 start-page: 715 year: 2012 ident: ref8 article-title: Refeeding syndrome in a small-for-dates micro-preemie receiving early parenteral nutrition publication-title: Pediatr Int doi: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2012.03590.x – volume: 22 start-page: 67 year: 2012 ident: ref20 article-title: Seasonal changes in phosphorus content of fish tissue as they relate to diets of renal patients publication-title: J Ren Nutr doi: 10.1053/j.jrn.2011.05.001 – volume: 79 start-page: 186 year: 2009 ident: ref12 article-title: Crystal structure and composition of hydroxyapatite biocomposites prepared at excess of calcium ions Rus publication-title: J Gen Chem doi: 10.1134/S1070363209020030 – volume: 5 start-page: e9033 year: 2010 ident: ref5 article-title: Does parenteral nutrition influence electrolyte and fluid balance in preterm infants in the first days after birth? publication-title: PLOS ONE doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009033 – volume: 49 start-page: 333 year: 2012 ident: ref22 article-title: Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis: Pathophysiology – volume: 5 start-page: e181 year: 2007 ident: ref15 article-title: Stoichiometry and the New Biology: The Future Is Now publication-title: PLOS Biol doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050181 – volume: 41 start-page: 1 year: 2005 ident: ref4 article-title: Guidelines on Paediatric Parenteral Nutrition of the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), supported by the European Society of Paediatric Research (ESPR) |
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| Snippet | Early aggressive parenteral nutrition (PN), consisting of caloric and nitrogen intake soon after birth, is currently proposed for the premature baby. Some... Background Early aggressive parenteral nutrition (PN), consisting of caloric and nitrogen intake soon after birth, is currently proposed for the premature... BackgroundEarly aggressive parenteral nutrition (PN), consisting of caloric and nitrogen intake soon after birth, is currently proposed for the premature baby.... Background Early aggressive parenteral nutrition (PN), consisting of caloric and nitrogen intake soon after birth, is currently proposed for the premature... |
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| SubjectTerms | Acids Amino acids Amino Acids - metabolism Analysis Babies Birth Birth weight Calcium Calcium - blood Calcium - metabolism Calcium - urine Calcium homeostasis Calcium phosphates Electrolytes Gynecology and obstetrics Homeostasis Human health and pathology Humans Hypercalcemia Hypophosphatemia Infant, Premature - metabolism Infants Life Sciences Linear Models Metabolism Multivariate Analysis Newborn babies Nutrients Nutrition Nutrition research Observational studies Parenteral Nutrition Phosphates Phosphates - blood Phosphorus Phosphorus - metabolism Phosphorus content Physiological aspects Placenta Plasma Potassium Premature babies Premature infants Proteins Urine |
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| Title | Initial Amino Acid Intake Influences Phosphorus and Calcium Homeostasis in Preterm Infants – It Is Time to Change the Composition of the Early Parenteral Nutrition |
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