Half-Life of Serum Elimination of Perfluorooctanesulfonate, Perfluorohexanesulfonate, and Perfluorooctanoate in Retired Fluorochemical Production Workers
Background: The presence of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) has been reported in humans and wildlife. Pharmacokinetic differences have been observed in laboratory animals. Objective: The purpose of this observational study was to estima...
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| Published in | Environmental health perspectives Vol. 115; no. 9; pp. 1298 - 1305 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. National Institutes of Health. Department of Health, Education and Welfare
01.09.2007
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Background: The presence of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) has been reported in humans and wildlife. Pharmacokinetic differences have been observed in laboratory animals. Objective: The purpose of this observational study was to estimate the elimination half-life of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA from human serum. Methods: Twenty-six (24 male, 2 female) retired fluorochemical production workers, with no additional occupational exposure, had periodic blood samples collected over 5 years, with serum stored in plastic vials at$-80\textdegree C$. At the end of the study, we used HPLC-mass spectrometry to analyze the samples, with quantification based on the ion ratios for PFOS and PFHS and the internal standard$^{18}O_2-PFOS$. For PFOA, quantitation was based on the internal standard$^{13}C_2-PFOA$. Results: The arithmetic mean initial serum concentrations were as follows: PFOS, 799 ng/mL (range, 145-3,490); PFHS, 290 ng/mL (range, 16-1,295); and PFOA, 691 ng/mL (range, 72-5,100). For each of the 26 subjects, the elimination appeared linear on a semi-log plot of concentration versus time; therefore, we used a first-order model for estimation. The arithmetic and geometric mean half-lives of serum elimination, respectively, were 5.4 years [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.9-6.9] and 4.8 years (95% CI, 4.0-5.8) for PFOS; 8.5 years (95% CI, 6.4-10.6) and 7.3 years (95% CI, 5.8-9.2) for PFHS; and 3.8 years (95% CI, 3.1-4.4) and 3.5 years (95% CI, 3.0-4.1) for PFOA. Conclusions: Based on these data, humans appear to have a long half-life of serum elimination of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA. Differences in species-specific pharmacokinetics may be due, in part, to a saturable renal resorption process. |
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| AbstractList | The presence of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) has been reported in humans and wildlife. Pharmacokinetic differences have been observed in laboratory animals.BACKGROUNDThe presence of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) has been reported in humans and wildlife. Pharmacokinetic differences have been observed in laboratory animals.The purpose of this observational study was to estimate the elimination half-life of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA from human serum.OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this observational study was to estimate the elimination half-life of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA from human serum.Twenty-six (24 male, 2 female) retired fluorochemical production workers, with no additional occupational exposure, had periodic blood samples collected over 5 years, with serum stored in plastic vials at -80 degrees C. At the end of the study, we used HPLC-mass spectrometry to analyze the samples, with quantification based on the ion ratios for PFOS and PFHS and the internal standard (18)O(2)-PFOS. For PFOA, quantitation was based on the internal standard (13)C(2)-PFOA.METHODSTwenty-six (24 male, 2 female) retired fluorochemical production workers, with no additional occupational exposure, had periodic blood samples collected over 5 years, with serum stored in plastic vials at -80 degrees C. At the end of the study, we used HPLC-mass spectrometry to analyze the samples, with quantification based on the ion ratios for PFOS and PFHS and the internal standard (18)O(2)-PFOS. For PFOA, quantitation was based on the internal standard (13)C(2)-PFOA.THE ARITHMETIC MEAN INITIAL SERUM CONCENTRATIONS WERE AS FOLLOWS: PFOS, 799 ng/mL (range, 145-3,490); PFHS, 290 ng/mL (range, 16-1,295); and PFOA, 691 ng/mL (range, 72-5,100). For each of the 26 subjects, the elimination appeared linear on a semi-log plot of concentration versus time; therefore, we used a first-order model for estimation. The arithmetic and geometric mean half-lives of serum elimination, respectively, were 5.4 years [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.9-6.9] and 4.8 years (95% CI, 4.0-5.8) for PFOS; 8.5 years (95% CI, 6.4-10.6) and 7.3 years (95% CI, 5.8-9.2) for PFHS; and 3.8 years (95% CI, 3.1-4.4) and 3.5 years (95% CI, 3.0-4.1) for PFOA.RESULTSTHE ARITHMETIC MEAN INITIAL SERUM CONCENTRATIONS WERE AS FOLLOWS: PFOS, 799 ng/mL (range, 145-3,490); PFHS, 290 ng/mL (range, 16-1,295); and PFOA, 691 ng/mL (range, 72-5,100). For each of the 26 subjects, the elimination appeared linear on a semi-log plot of concentration versus time; therefore, we used a first-order model for estimation. The arithmetic and geometric mean half-lives of serum elimination, respectively, were 5.4 years [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.9-6.9] and 4.8 years (95% CI, 4.0-5.8) for PFOS; 8.5 years (95% CI, 6.4-10.6) and 7.3 years (95% CI, 5.8-9.2) for PFHS; and 3.8 years (95% CI, 3.1-4.4) and 3.5 years (95% CI, 3.0-4.1) for PFOA.Based on these data, humans appear to have a long half-life of serum elimination of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA. Differences in species-specific pharmacokinetics may be due, in part, to a saturable renal resorption process.CONCLUSIONSBased on these data, humans appear to have a long half-life of serum elimination of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA. Differences in species-specific pharmacokinetics may be due, in part, to a saturable renal resorption process. The presence of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) has been reported in humans and wildlife. Pharmacokinetic differences have been observed in laboratory animals. The purpose of this observational study was to estimate the elimination half-life of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA from human serum. Twenty-six (24 male, 2 female) retired fluorochemical production workers, with no additional occupational exposure, had periodic blood samples collected over 5 years, with serum stored in plastic vials at -80 degrees C. At the end of the study, we used HPLC-mass spectrometry to analyze the samples, with quantification based on the ion ratios for PFOS and PFHS and the internal standard (18)O(2)-PFOS. For PFOA, quantitation was based on the internal standard (13)C(2)-PFOA. THE ARITHMETIC MEAN INITIAL SERUM CONCENTRATIONS WERE AS FOLLOWS: PFOS, 799 ng/mL (range, 145-3,490); PFHS, 290 ng/mL (range, 16-1,295); and PFOA, 691 ng/mL (range, 72-5,100). For each of the 26 subjects, the elimination appeared linear on a semi-log plot of concentration versus time; therefore, we used a first-order model for estimation. The arithmetic and geometric mean half-lives of serum elimination, respectively, were 5.4 years [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.9-6.9] and 4.8 years (95% CI, 4.0-5.8) for PFOS; 8.5 years (95% CI, 6.4-10.6) and 7.3 years (95% CI, 5.8-9.2) for PFHS; and 3.8 years (95% CI, 3.1-4.4) and 3.5 years (95% CI, 3.0-4.1) for PFOA. Based on these data, humans appear to have a long half-life of serum elimination of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA. Differences in species-specific pharmacokinetics may be due, in part, to a saturable renal resorption process. Background: The presence of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) has been reported in humans and wildlife. Pharmacokinetic differences have been observed in laboratory animals. Objective: The purpose of this observational study was to estimate the elimination half-life of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA from human serum. Methods: Twenty-six (24 male, 2 female) retired fluorochemical production workers, with no additional occupational exposure, had periodic blood samples collected over 5 years, with serum stored in plastic vials at$-80\textdegree C$. At the end of the study, we used HPLC-mass spectrometry to analyze the samples, with quantification based on the ion ratios for PFOS and PFHS and the internal standard$^{18}O_2-PFOS$. For PFOA, quantitation was based on the internal standard$^{13}C_2-PFOA$. Results: The arithmetic mean initial serum concentrations were as follows: PFOS, 799 ng/mL (range, 145-3,490); PFHS, 290 ng/mL (range, 16-1,295); and PFOA, 691 ng/mL (range, 72-5,100). For each of the 26 subjects, the elimination appeared linear on a semi-log plot of concentration versus time; therefore, we used a first-order model for estimation. The arithmetic and geometric mean half-lives of serum elimination, respectively, were 5.4 years [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.9-6.9] and 4.8 years (95% CI, 4.0-5.8) for PFOS; 8.5 years (95% CI, 6.4-10.6) and 7.3 years (95% CI, 5.8-9.2) for PFHS; and 3.8 years (95% CI, 3.1-4.4) and 3.5 years (95% CI, 3.0-4.1) for PFOA. Conclusions: Based on these data, humans appear to have a long half-life of serum elimination of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA. Differences in species-specific pharmacokinetics may be due, in part, to a saturable renal resorption process. Half-life of serum elimination of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in retired fluorochemical production workers is estimated. A total of 24 participants are identified for the collection of blood samples. The actual pharmokinetic of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA in humans is not likely to be consistent with a one-compartment distribution in spite of the fact that the present data fit to a first order model. The arithmetic mean half-lives of serum elimination are 5.4 years and 4.8 years for PFOS, 8.5 years and 7.3 years for PFHS and 3.8 years and 3.5 years for PFOA. The results indicate that the human half-life of serum elimination may be longer and more variable than that of PFOS. BACKGROUND: The presence of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) has been reported in humans and wildlife. Pharmacokinetic differences have been observed in laboratory animals. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this observational study was to estimate the elimination half-life of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA from human serum. METHODS: Twenty-six (24 male, 2 female) retired fluorochemical production workers, with no additional occupational exposure, had periodic blood samples collected over 5 years, with serum stored in plastic vials at -80 degree C. At the end of the study, we used HPLC-mass spectrometry to analyze the samples, with quantification based on the ion ratios for PFOS and PFHS and the internal standard super(18)O sub(2)-PFOS. For PFOA, quantitation was based on the internal standard super(13)C sub(2)-PFOA. Results: The arithmetic mean initial serum concentrations were as follows: PFOS, 799 ng/mL (range, 145-3,490); PFHS, 290 ng/mL (range, 16-1,295); and PFOA, 691 ng/mL (range, 72-5,100). For each of the 26 subjects, the elimination appeared linear on a semi-log plot of concentration versus time; therefore, we used a first-order model for estimation. The arithmetic and geometric mean half-lives of serum elimination, respectively, were 5.4 years [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.9-6.9] and 4.8 years (95% CI, 4.0-5.8) for PFOS; 8.5 years (95% CI, 6.4-10.6) and 7.3 years (95% CI, 5.8-9.2) for PFHS; and 3.8 years (95% CI, 3.1-4.4) and 3.5 years (95% CI, 3.0-4.1) for PFOA. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these data, humans appear to have a long half-life of serum elimination of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA. Differences in species-specific pharmacokinetics may be due, in part, to a saturable renal resorption process. BACKGROUND: The presence of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) has been reported in humans and wildlife. Pharmacokinetic differences have been observed in laboratory animals. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this observational study was to estimate the elimination half-life of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA from human serum. METHODS: Twenty-six (24 male, 2 female) retired fluorochemical production workers, with no additional occupational exposure, had periodic blood samples collected over 5 years, with serum stored in plastic vials at -80°C. At the end of the study, we used HPLC-mass spectrometry to analyze the samples, with quantification based on the ion ratios for PFOS and PFHS and the internal standard [.sup.18][O.sub.2]-PFOS. For PFOA, quantitation was based on the internal standard [.sup.13][C.sub.2]-PFOA. RESULTS: The arithmetic mean initial serum concentrations were as follows: PFOS, 799 ng/mL (range, 145-3,490); PFHS, 290 ng/mL (range, 16-1,295); and PFOA, 691 ng/mL (range, 72-5,100). For each of the 26 subjects, the elimination appeared linear on a semi-log plot of concentration versus time; therefore, we used a first-order model for estimation. The arithmetic and geometric mean half-lives of serum elimination, respectively, were 5.4 years [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.9-6.9] and 4.8 years (95% CI, 4.0-5.8) for PFOS; 8.5 years (95% CI, 6.4-10.6) and 7.3 years (95% CI, 5.8-9.2) for PFHS; and 3.8 years (95% CI, 3.1-4.4) and 3.5 years (95% CI, 3.0-4.1) for PFOA. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these data, humans appear to have a long half-life of serum elimination of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA. Differences in species-specific pharmacokinetics may be due, in part, to a saturable renal resorption process. KEY WORDS: biomonitoring, perfluoroalkyl acids, perfluorohexanesulfonate, perfluorooctanesulfonate, perfluorooctanoate, PFHS, PFOA, PFOS, pharmacokinetics. Environ Health Perspect 115:1298-1305 (2007). doi:10.1289/ehp.10009 available via The presence of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) has been reported in humans and wildlife. Pharmacokinetic differences have been observed in laboratory animals. The purpose of this observational study was to estimate the elimination half-life of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA from human serum. Twenty-six (24 male, 2 female) retired fluorochemical production workers, with no additional occupational exposure, had periodic blood samples collected over 5 years, with serum stored in plastic vials at -80 degrees C. At the end of the study, we used HPLC-mass spectrometry to analyze the samples, with quantification based on the ion ratios for PFOS and PFHS and the internal standard (18)O(2)-PFOS. For PFOA, quantitation was based on the internal standard (13)C(2)-PFOA. THE ARITHMETIC MEAN INITIAL SERUM CONCENTRATIONS WERE AS FOLLOWS: PFOS, 799 ng/mL (range, 145-3,490); PFHS, 290 ng/mL (range, 16-1,295); and PFOA, 691 ng/mL (range, 72-5,100). For each of the 26 subjects, the elimination appeared linear on a semi-log plot of concentration versus time; therefore, we used a first-order model for estimation. The arithmetic and geometric mean half-lives of serum elimination, respectively, were 5.4 years [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.9-6.9] and 4.8 years (95% CI, 4.0-5.8) for PFOS; 8.5 years (95% CI, 6.4-10.6) and 7.3 years (95% CI, 5.8-9.2) for PFHS; and 3.8 years (95% CI, 3.1-4.4) and 3.5 years (95% CI, 3.0-4.1) for PFOA. Based on these data, humans appear to have a long half-life of serum elimination of PFOS, PFHS, and PFOA. Differences in species-specific pharmacokinetics may be due, in part, to a saturable renal resorption process. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | John W. Froehlich Andrew M. Seacat Zobel, Larry R. Butenhoff, John L. Olsen, Geary W. David J. Ehresman Burris, Jean M. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 2 Pace Analytical Laboratory, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 1 Medical Department, 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Medical Department, 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA – name: 2 Pace Analytical Laboratory, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Geary W. surname: Olsen fullname: Olsen, Geary W. – sequence: 2 givenname: Jean M. surname: Burris fullname: Burris, Jean M. – sequence: 3 fullname: David J. Ehresman – sequence: 4 fullname: John W. Froehlich – sequence: 5 fullname: Andrew M. Seacat – sequence: 6 givenname: John L. surname: Butenhoff fullname: Butenhoff, John L. – sequence: 7 givenname: Larry R. surname: Zobel fullname: Zobel, Larry R. |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17805419$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Issue | 9 |
| Keywords | perfluorooctanesulfonate biomonitoring PFHS pharmacokinetics perfluoroalkyl acids perfluorooctanoate perfluorohexanesulfonate PFOA PFOS |
| Language | English |
| License | Publication of EHP lies in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. All text from EHP may be reprinted freely. Use of materials published in EHP should be acknowledged (for example, ?Reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives?); pertinent reference information should be provided for the article from which the material was reproduced. Articles from EHP, especially the News section, may contain photographs or illustrations copyrighted by other commercial organizations or individuals that may not be used without obtaining prior approval from the holder of the copyright. |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 14 content type line 23 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 During this study, all authors were employed by or under contract with the 3M Company, which produced the three polyfluoroalkyl acids and related products. Current address: Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California, USA. Current address: Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA. |
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| References_xml | – ident: e_1_3_2_3_1 doi: 10.1093/toxsci/69.1.244 – ident: e_1_3_2_19_1 doi: 10.1002/jbt.2570070106 – ident: e_1_3_2_17_1 doi: 10.1016/S0009-2797(02)00006-6 – ident: e_1_3_2_4_1 doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfh302 – ident: e_1_3_2_10_1 doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2004.12.003 – volume: 84 start-page: 252 year: 2005 ident: e_1_3_2_20_1 article-title: Pharmacokinetic evaluation of perfluorooctanoic acid in the mouse [Abstract] publication-title: Toxicologist – ident: e_1_3_2_18_1 doi: 10.2131/jts.28.49 – start-page: 187 volume-title: Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology year: 1996 ident: e_1_3_2_24_1 – ident: e_1_3_2_8_1 doi: 10.1081/DCT-200039725 – start-page: 409 volume-title: New Developments in Biosciences: Their Implications for Laboratory Animal Science year: 1988 ident: e_1_3_2_9_1 doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-3281-4_66 – volume-title: Laboratory Project ID:DuPont-7473. U.S. EPA docket AR-226–1350 year: 2003 ident: e_1_3_2_15_1 – ident: e_1_3_2_7_1 doi: 10.1124/mol.65.3.479 – ident: e_1_3_2_11_1 doi: 10.1021/es052580b – ident: e_1_3_2_5_1 doi: 10.1289/ehp.9060 – ident: e_1_3_2_6_1 doi: 10.1021/es062686m – ident: e_1_3_2_14_1 doi: 10.1016/0272-0590(84)90235-5 – ident: e_1_3_2_23_1 doi: 10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00081-1 – volume-title: U.S. EPA docket AR-226–1361 year: 2003 ident: e_1_3_2_26_1 – ident: e_1_3_2_21_1 doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00029.2004 – ident: e_1_3_2_22_1 doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.01.003 – ident: e_1_3_2_12_1 doi: 10.1080/01480540600561361 – volume-title: U.S. EPA docket AR-226–1354 year: 2003 ident: e_1_3_2_16_1 – ident: e_1_3_2_27_1 doi: 10.1093/toxsci/68.1.249 – volume-title: Extent and Route of Excretion and Tissue Distribution of Total Carbon-14 in Rats after a Single i.v. Dose of FC-95-14C. U.S. EPA docket AR-226–0006 year: 1979 ident: e_1_3_2_13_1 – volume-title: U.S. EPA docket AR-226–1356 year: 2003 ident: e_1_3_2_25_1 – ident: e_1_3_2_2_1 doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.08.004 – ident: e_1_3_2_28_1 doi: 10.1002/jbt.2570060202 – reference: 15470233 - Toxicol Sci. 2004 Dec;82(2):394-406 – reference: 16978759 - Toxicology. 2006 Oct 3;227(1-2):156-64 – reference: 11879818 - Chem Biol Interact. 2002 Mar 20;139(3):301-16 – reference: 17438769 - Environ Sci Technol. 2007 Apr 1;41(7):2237-42 – reference: 6519377 - Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1984 Dec;4(6):972-6 – reference: 12215680 - Toxicol Sci. 2002 Sep;69(1):244-57 – reference: 12820537 - J Toxicol Sci. 2003 May;28(2):49-57 – reference: 15010355 - Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2004 Jul;287(1):F124-38 – reference: 15573471 - Drug Chem Toxicol. 2004 Nov;27(4):341-60 – reference: 14978224 - Mol Pharmacol. 2004 Mar;65(3):479-87 – reference: 16448737 - Toxicology. 2006 Mar 15;220(2-3):203-17 – reference: 16786681 - Environ Sci Technol. 2006 Jun 1;40(11):3463-73 – reference: 1941903 - J Biochem Toxicol. 1991 Summer;6(2):83-92 – reference: 12093614 - Toxicology. 2002 Jul 15;176(3):175-85 – reference: 12075127 - Toxicol Sci. 2002 Jul;68(1):249-64 – reference: 1588571 - J Biochem Toxicol. 1992 Spring;7(1):25-9 – reference: 16194675 - Environ Res. 2005 Oct;99(2):253-61 – reference: 17107867 - Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov;114(11):1776-82 – reference: 16707323 - Drug Chem Toxicol. 2006;29(2):137-45 |
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| Snippet | Background: The presence of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) has been reported in humans and... The presence of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) has been reported in humans and wildlife.... BACKGROUND: The presence of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) has been reported in humans and... Half-life of serum elimination of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in retired fluorochemical... |
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| SubjectTerms | Aged Alkanesulfonic Acids - blood Arithmetic mean Blood specimen collection Caprylates - blood Chemical Industry Chemical workers Complications and side effects Environmental health Female Female animals Fluorocarbons - blood Half lives Half-Life Health aspects Humans Liquid chromatography Male Male animals Mass spectrometry Middle Aged Observational studies Occupational Exposure Paper products industry Perfluorocarbons Pharmacokinetics Quaternary ammonium compounds Retirement Sulfonic Acids - blood Wildlife |
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| Title | Half-Life of Serum Elimination of Perfluorooctanesulfonate, Perfluorohexanesulfonate, and Perfluorooctanoate in Retired Fluorochemical Production Workers |
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