Blood Biomarkers of Chronic Inflammation in Gulf War Illness

More than twenty years following the end of the 1990-1991 Gulf War it is estimated that approximately 300,000 veterans of this conflict suffer from an unexplained chronic, multi-system disorder known as Gulf War Illness (GWI). The etiology of GWI may be exposure to chemical toxins, but it remains on...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inPloS one Vol. 11; no. 6; p. e0157855
Main Authors Johnson, Gerhard J., Slater, Billie C. S., Leis, Linda A., Rector, Thomas S., Bach, Ronald R.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Public Library of Science 28.06.2016
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects
Bioindicators
Biological markers
Biology and Life Sciences
Biomarkers
Biomarkers - blood
Blood
Blood Cell Count
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
C-reactive protein
C-Reactive Protein - metabolism
Cardiovascular disease
Care and treatment
Case-Control Studies
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Chronic illnesses
Criteria
Data processing
Development and progression
Diagnosis
Diagnostic systems
Etiology
Fatty acids
Female
Fibromyalgia
Government agencies
Gulf War
Gulf War syndrome
Health aspects
Humans
Immunology
Inflammation
Laboratories
Lymphocytes
Male
Medical examination
Medicine
Medicine and Health Sciences
Middle Aged
Military personnel
Monocytes
Neurosciences
Pain
Peripheral blood
Persian Gulf syndrome
Persian Gulf Syndrome - blood
Persian Gulf War
Persian Gulf War veterans
Physiological aspects
Physiology
Plasma proteins
Post traumatic stress disorder
Proteins
Proteome - metabolism
Regression analysis
Serum proteins
Social Sciences
Statistical analysis
Studies
Toxins
Veterans
War
Minnesota
United States > US
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract More than twenty years following the end of the 1990-1991 Gulf War it is estimated that approximately 300,000 veterans of this conflict suffer from an unexplained chronic, multi-system disorder known as Gulf War Illness (GWI). The etiology of GWI may be exposure to chemical toxins, but it remains only partially defined, and its case definition is based only on symptoms. Objective criteria for the diagnosis of GWI are urgently needed for diagnosis and therapeutic research. This study was designed to determine if blood biomarkers could provide objective criteria to assist diagnosis of GWI. A surveillance study of 85 Gulf War Veteran volunteers identified from the Department of Veterans Affairs Minnesota Gulf War registry was performed. All subjects were deployed to the Gulf War. Fifty seven subjects had GWI defined by CDC criteria, and 28 did not have symptomatic criteria for a diagnosis of GWI. Statistical analyses were performed on peripheral blood counts and assays of 61 plasma proteins using the Mann-Whitney rank sum test to compare biomarker distributions and stepwise logistic regression to formulate a diagnostic model. Lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts were higher in GWI subjects. Six serum proteins associated with inflammation were significantly different in GWI subjects. A diagnostic model of three biomarkers-lymphocytes, monocytes, and C reactive protein-had a predicted probability of 90% (CI 76-90%) for diagnosing GWI when the probability of having GWI was above 70%. The results of the current study indicate that inflammation is a component of the pathobiology of GWI. Analysis of the data resulted in a model utilizing three readily measurable biomarkers that appears to significantly augment the symptom-based case definition of GWI. These new observations are highly relevant to the diagnosis of GWI, and to therapeutic trials.
AbstractList More than twenty years following the end of the 1990-1991 Gulf War it is estimated that approximately 300,000 veterans of this conflict suffer from an unexplained chronic, multi-system disorder known as Gulf War Illness (GWI). The etiology of GWI may be exposure to chemical toxins, but it remains only partially defined, and its case definition is based only on symptoms. Objective criteria for the diagnosis of GWI are urgently needed for diagnosis and therapeutic research. This study was designed to determine if blood biomarkers could provide objective criteria to assist diagnosis of GWI. A surveillance study of 85 Gulf War Veteran volunteers identified from the Department of Veterans Affairs Minnesota Gulf War registry was performed. All subjects were deployed to the Gulf War. Fifty seven subjects had GWI defined by CDC criteria, and 28 did not have symptomatic criteria for a diagnosis of GWI. Statistical analyses were performed on peripheral blood counts and assays of 61 plasma proteins using the Mann-Whitney rank sum test to compare biomarker distributions and stepwise logistic regression to formulate a diagnostic model. Lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts were higher in GWI subjects. Six serum proteins associated with inflammation were significantly different in GWI subjects. A diagnostic model of three biomarkers-lymphocytes, monocytes, and C reactive protein-had a predicted probability of 90% (CI 76-90%) for diagnosing GWI when the probability of having GWI was above 70%. The results of the current study indicate that inflammation is a component of the pathobiology of GWI. Analysis of the data resulted in a model utilizing three readily measurable biomarkers that appears to significantly augment the symptom-based case definition of GWI. These new observations are highly relevant to the diagnosis of GWI, and to therapeutic trials.
Background More than twenty years following the end of the 1990-1991 Gulf War it is estimated that approximately 300,000 veterans of this conflict suffer from an unexplained chronic, multi-system disorder known as Gulf War Illness (GWI). The etiology of GWI may be exposure to chemical toxins, but it remains only partially defined, and its case definition is based only on symptoms. Objective criteria for the diagnosis of GWI are urgently needed for diagnosis and therapeutic research. Objective This study was designed to determine if blood biomarkers could provide objective criteria to assist diagnosis of GWI. Design A surveillance study of 85 Gulf War Veteran volunteers identified from the Department of Veterans Affairs Minnesota Gulf War registry was performed. All subjects were deployed to the Gulf War. Fifty seven subjects had GWI defined by CDC criteria, and 28 did not have symptomatic criteria for a diagnosis of GWI. Statistical analyses were performed on peripheral blood counts and assays of 61 plasma proteins using the Mann-Whitney rank sum test to compare biomarker distributions and stepwise logistic regression to formulate a diagnostic model. Results Lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts were higher in GWI subjects. Six serum proteins associated with inflammation were significantly different in GWI subjects. A diagnostic model of three biomarkers-lymphocytes, monocytes, and C reactive protein-had a predicted probability of 90% (CI 76-90%) for diagnosing GWI when the probability of having GWI was above 70%. Significance The results of the current study indicate that inflammation is a component of the pathobiology of GWI. Analysis of the data resulted in a model utilizing three readily measurable biomarkers that appears to significantly augment the symptom-based case definition of GWI. These new observations are highly relevant to the diagnosis of GWI, and to therapeutic trials.
More than twenty years following the end of the 1990-1991 Gulf War it is estimated that approximately 300,000 veterans of this conflict suffer from an unexplained chronic, multi-system disorder known as Gulf War Illness (GWI). The etiology of GWI may be exposure to chemical toxins, but it remains only partially defined, and its case definition is based only on symptoms. Objective criteria for the diagnosis of GWI are urgently needed for diagnosis and therapeutic research.BACKGROUNDMore than twenty years following the end of the 1990-1991 Gulf War it is estimated that approximately 300,000 veterans of this conflict suffer from an unexplained chronic, multi-system disorder known as Gulf War Illness (GWI). The etiology of GWI may be exposure to chemical toxins, but it remains only partially defined, and its case definition is based only on symptoms. Objective criteria for the diagnosis of GWI are urgently needed for diagnosis and therapeutic research.This study was designed to determine if blood biomarkers could provide objective criteria to assist diagnosis of GWI.OBJECTIVEThis study was designed to determine if blood biomarkers could provide objective criteria to assist diagnosis of GWI.A surveillance study of 85 Gulf War Veteran volunteers identified from the Department of Veterans Affairs Minnesota Gulf War registry was performed. All subjects were deployed to the Gulf War. Fifty seven subjects had GWI defined by CDC criteria, and 28 did not have symptomatic criteria for a diagnosis of GWI. Statistical analyses were performed on peripheral blood counts and assays of 61 plasma proteins using the Mann-Whitney rank sum test to compare biomarker distributions and stepwise logistic regression to formulate a diagnostic model.DESIGNA surveillance study of 85 Gulf War Veteran volunteers identified from the Department of Veterans Affairs Minnesota Gulf War registry was performed. All subjects were deployed to the Gulf War. Fifty seven subjects had GWI defined by CDC criteria, and 28 did not have symptomatic criteria for a diagnosis of GWI. Statistical analyses were performed on peripheral blood counts and assays of 61 plasma proteins using the Mann-Whitney rank sum test to compare biomarker distributions and stepwise logistic regression to formulate a diagnostic model.Lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts were higher in GWI subjects. Six serum proteins associated with inflammation were significantly different in GWI subjects. A diagnostic model of three biomarkers-lymphocytes, monocytes, and C reactive protein-had a predicted probability of 90% (CI 76-90%) for diagnosing GWI when the probability of having GWI was above 70%.RESULTSLymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts were higher in GWI subjects. Six serum proteins associated with inflammation were significantly different in GWI subjects. A diagnostic model of three biomarkers-lymphocytes, monocytes, and C reactive protein-had a predicted probability of 90% (CI 76-90%) for diagnosing GWI when the probability of having GWI was above 70%.The results of the current study indicate that inflammation is a component of the pathobiology of GWI. Analysis of the data resulted in a model utilizing three readily measurable biomarkers that appears to significantly augment the symptom-based case definition of GWI. These new observations are highly relevant to the diagnosis of GWI, and to therapeutic trials.SIGNIFICANCEThe results of the current study indicate that inflammation is a component of the pathobiology of GWI. Analysis of the data resulted in a model utilizing three readily measurable biomarkers that appears to significantly augment the symptom-based case definition of GWI. These new observations are highly relevant to the diagnosis of GWI, and to therapeutic trials.
More than twenty years following the end of the 1990-1991 Gulf War it is estimated that approximately 300,000 veterans of this conflict suffer from an unexplained chronic, multi-system disorder known as Gulf War Illness (GWI). The etiology of GWI may be exposure to chemical toxins, but it remains only partially defined, and its case definition is based only on symptoms. Objective criteria for the diagnosis of GWI are urgently needed for diagnosis and therapeutic research. This study was designed to determine if blood biomarkers could provide objective criteria to assist diagnosis of GWI. A surveillance study of 85 Gulf War Veteran volunteers identified from the Department of Veterans Affairs Minnesota Gulf War registry was performed. All subjects were deployed to the Gulf War. Fifty seven subjects had GWI defined by CDC criteria, and 28 did not have symptomatic criteria for a diagnosis of GWI. Statistical analyses were performed on peripheral blood counts and assays of 61 plasma proteins using the Mann-Whitney rank sum test to compare biomarker distributions and stepwise logistic regression to formulate a diagnostic model. Lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts were higher in GWI subjects. Six serum proteins associated with inflammation were significantly different in GWI subjects. A diagnostic model of three biomarkers-lymphocytes, monocytes, and C reactive protein-had a predicted probability of 90% (CI 76-90%) for diagnosing GWI when the probability of having GWI was above 70%. The results of the current study indicate that inflammation is a component of the pathobiology of GWI. Analysis of the data resulted in a model utilizing three readily measurable biomarkers that appears to significantly augment the symptom-based case definition of GWI. These new observations are highly relevant to the diagnosis of GWI, and to therapeutic trials.
Background More than twenty years following the end of the 1990–1991 Gulf War it is estimated that approximately 300,000 veterans of this conflict suffer from an unexplained chronic, multi-system disorder known as Gulf War Illness (GWI). The etiology of GWI may be exposure to chemical toxins, but it remains only partially defined, and its case definition is based only on symptoms. Objective criteria for the diagnosis of GWI are urgently needed for diagnosis and therapeutic research. Objective This study was designed to determine if blood biomarkers could provide objective criteria to assist diagnosis of GWI. Design A surveillance study of 85 Gulf War Veteran volunteers identified from the Department of Veterans Affairs Minnesota Gulf War registry was performed. All subjects were deployed to the Gulf War. Fifty seven subjects had GWI defined by CDC criteria, and 28 did not have symptomatic criteria for a diagnosis of GWI. Statistical analyses were performed on peripheral blood counts and assays of 61 plasma proteins using the Mann-Whitney rank sum test to compare biomarker distributions and stepwise logistic regression to formulate a diagnostic model. Results Lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts were higher in GWI subjects. Six serum proteins associated with inflammation were significantly different in GWI subjects. A diagnostic model of three biomarkers—lymphocytes, monocytes, and C reactive protein—had a predicted probability of 90% (CI 76–90%) for diagnosing GWI when the probability of having GWI was above 70%. Significance The results of the current study indicate that inflammation is a component of the pathobiology of GWI. Analysis of the data resulted in a model utilizing three readily measurable biomarkers that appears to significantly augment the symptom-based case definition of GWI. These new observations are highly relevant to the diagnosis of GWI, and to therapeutic trials.
Audience Academic
Author Slater, Billie C. S.
Rector, Thomas S.
Bach, Ronald R.
Leis, Linda A.
Johnson, Gerhard J.
AuthorAffiliation Indiana School of Medicine, UNITED STATES
2 Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, United States of America
1 Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55417, United States of America
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 1 Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55417, United States of America
– name: Indiana School of Medicine, UNITED STATES
– name: 2 Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, United States of America
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Gerhard J.
  surname: Johnson
  fullname: Johnson, Gerhard J.
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Billie C. S.
  surname: Slater
  fullname: Slater, Billie C. S.
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Linda A.
  surname: Leis
  fullname: Leis, Linda A.
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Thomas S.
  surname: Rector
  fullname: Rector, Thomas S.
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Ronald R.
  surname: Bach
  fullname: Bach, Ronald R.
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27352030$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNqNk2uL1DAUhousuBf9B6IFQfTDjLk0TbuIsDvoOrCw4PVjOJMmMxnTZExa0X9v5ibTZZGlH9qcPO_bc5JzTrMj553KsqcYjTHl-M3S98GBHa9SeIww4xVjD7ITXFMyKgmiRwffx9lpjEuEGK3K8lF2TDhlKYxOsreX1vsmvzS-hfBDhZh7nU8WwTsj86nTFtoWOuNdblx-1Vudf4eQT611KsbH2UMNNqonu_dZ9vXD-y-Tj6Prm6vp5OJ6JDlh3aigSEpCSg6IQj3jpSQYzxgH3dCaE4oUonVFNQcMJeF1NeNUYZQ2mwpAa3qWPd_6rqyPYld4FLhCCFNSsioR0y3ReFiKVTCpmj_CgxGbgA9zAaEz0ipBoEqSBkvWFAWmuGYcaYwLKMqSpGXyerf7Wz9rVSOV6wLYgelwx5mFmPtfoqhJUVGUDF7tDIL_2avYidZEqawFp3y_ybviBBcE3wdFHLGKrdN6cQu9-yB21BxSrcZpn1KUa1NxUbCyoJRRkqjxHVR6GtUamRpKmxQfCF4PBInp1O9uDn2MYvr50_3Zm29D9uUBu1Bgu0X0tl93XByCzw4v5d9t7Ds5AedbQAYfY1BaSNNtOjeVZqzASKzHZn9oYj02Yjc2SVzcEu_9_yv7C3fYFug
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1016_j_isci_2023_107363
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13104_019_4855_2
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_35896_w
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0287412
crossref_primary_10_3389_fneur_2020_574386
crossref_primary_10_14814_phy2_15034
crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2025_1498981
crossref_primary_10_3390_brainsci10090610
crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines12020159
crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines12060613
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ynstr_2022_100446
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12967_022_03272_3
crossref_primary_10_3389_fnmol_2017_00182
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lfs_2021_119903
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18073671
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chemosphere_2022_135669
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lfs_2021_119867
crossref_primary_10_4110_in_2021_21_e35
crossref_primary_10_1097_JOM_0000000000002331
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_65638_5
crossref_primary_10_1177_26331055221114817
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0219531
crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2019_031114
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbi_2018_01_009
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lfs_2021_119147
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbi_2020_01_020
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbi_2021_07_015
crossref_primary_10_1080_03601234_2019_1596001
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18052468
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbr_2021_113366
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbi_2019_04_015
crossref_primary_10_1093_milmed_usy227
crossref_primary_10_1097_JOM_0000000000002625
crossref_primary_10_1177_26331055211018458
crossref_primary_10_1177_26331055211018456
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13104_022_06165_2
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbih_2023_100612
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12974_018_1113_9
crossref_primary_10_3390_biom10071032
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0305704
crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2020_00818
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_brainres_2017_12_030
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbi_2019_06_040
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ntt_2017_03_002
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2017_04_039
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18020403
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41398_021_01517_1
crossref_primary_10_14336_AD_2021_0829
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2021_e07552
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpsychores_2023_111336
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyt_2020_00704
crossref_primary_10_1080_13623699_2017_1347848
crossref_primary_10_1177_00037028211042049
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0286817
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lfs_2021_119360
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mehy_2019_109373
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuro_2022_04_001
crossref_primary_10_1186_s40779_019_0221_x
crossref_primary_10_3389_fnut_2024_1409339
crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2024_1403574
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbi_2024_05_026
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph16214143
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_sab_2024_107076
crossref_primary_10_1007_s42978_022_00189_7
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbi_2019_06_025
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lfs_2021_119637
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18052483
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lfs_2023_121908
crossref_primary_10_1089_jmf_2023_0200
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_018_31599_9
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lfs_2021_119839
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psyneuen_2018_07_015
Cites_doi 10.1161/01.CIR.99.2.237
10.3109/08830185.2013.809071
10.1007/s00705-013-1783-7
10.1007/978-1-62703-071-7_8
10.1038/nm1372
10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.04.041
10.1042/cs0940633
10.1097/MBC.0b013e328362627f
10.1155/2015/372432
10.1289/ehp.6881
10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.014
10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.10.004
10.1164/rccm.200812-1902OC
10.1093/aje/kwj008
10.1161/01.CIR.0000053731.05365.5A
10.1001/jama.280.11.981
10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.019
10.2174/1874297101104010140
10.1097/00043764-200005000-00006
10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.10.008
10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.039
10.1073/pnas.1205129109
10.1186/1471-2172-14-29
10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.023
10.1093/aje/kwp238
10.1056/NEJMoa021993
10.1515/CCLM.2005.238
10.1136/bmj.321.7255.199
10.1093/jnci/dju124
10.1073/pnas.0712053105
10.1016/j.mehy.2012.11.024
10.1186/1755-8794-2-12
10.1038/bjc.2015.61
10.1186/1742-4933-10-2
10.1097/JOM.0000000000000627
10.1371/journal.pone.0108183
10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.01.019
10.1186/s12865-015-0122-z
10.1172/JCI200318921
10.1097/MCA.0b013e32835aab4a
10.1016/j.bbi.2012.11.007
10.1371/journal.pone.0104883
10.1023/B:JOCI.0000018065.64685.82
10.1371/journal.pone.0132774
10.1016/j.cortex.2015.08.022
10.3389/fmolb.2015.00019
10.1084/jem.189.5.865
10.1128/CDLI.6.1.6-13.1999
10.1007/s11064-010-0129-z
10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181a2feeb
10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.05.011
10.1024/0301-1526/a000390
10.1016/j.peptides.2013.09.012
10.1093/aje/152.10.992
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0860-14.2014
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright COPYRIGHT 2016 Public Library of Science
This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Copyright_xml – notice: COPYRIGHT 2016 Public Library of Science
– notice: This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
IOV
ISR
3V.
7QG
7QL
7QO
7RV
7SN
7SS
7T5
7TG
7TM
7U9
7X2
7X7
7XB
88E
8AO
8C1
8FD
8FE
8FG
8FH
8FI
8FJ
8FK
ABJCF
ABUWG
AEUYN
AFKRA
ARAPS
ATCPS
AZQEC
BBNVY
BENPR
BGLVJ
BHPHI
C1K
CCPQU
D1I
DWQXO
FR3
FYUFA
GHDGH
GNUQQ
H94
HCIFZ
K9.
KB.
KB0
KL.
L6V
LK8
M0K
M0S
M1P
M7N
M7P
M7S
NAPCQ
P5Z
P62
P64
PATMY
PDBOC
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PJZUB
PKEHL
PPXIY
PQEST
PQGLB
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
PTHSS
PYCSY
RC3
7X8
5PM
DOA
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0157855
DatabaseName CrossRef
Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints
Gale In Context: Science
ProQuest Central (Corporate)
Animal Behavior Abstracts
Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)
Biotechnology Research Abstracts
Nursing & Allied Health Database
Ecology Abstracts
Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)
Immunology Abstracts
Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts
Nucleic Acids Abstracts
Virology and AIDS Abstracts
Agricultural Science Collection
Health & Medical Collection
ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)
Medical Database (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Pharma Collection
Public Health Database
Technology Research Database
ProQuest SciTech Collection
ProQuest Technology Collection
ProQuest Natural Science Collection
Hospital Premium Collection
Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)
Materials Science & Engineering Collection
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest One Sustainability
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection
Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection
ProQuest Central Essentials
Biological Science Collection
ProQuest Central
Technology Collection
Natural Science Collection
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Materials Science Collection
ProQuest Central Korea
Engineering Research Database
Health Research Premium Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Central Student
AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts
SciTech Premium Collection
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
Materials Science Database
Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)
Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic
ProQuest Engineering Collection
ProQuest Biological Science Collection
Agricultural Science Database
ProQuest Health & Medical Collection
Medical Database
Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)
Biological Science Database
Engineering Database
Nursing & Allied Health Premium
Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database
ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection
Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts
Environmental Science Database
Materials Science Collection
ProQuest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest One Health & Nursing
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central China
Engineering Collection
Environmental Science Collection
Genetics Abstracts
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
Agricultural Science Database
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest Central Student
ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection
ProQuest Central Essentials
Nucleic Acids Abstracts
SciTech Premium Collection
ProQuest Central China
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences
ProQuest One Sustainability
Health Research Premium Collection
Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts
Natural Science Collection
Health & Medical Research Collection
Biological Science Collection
ProQuest Central (New)
ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni)
Engineering Collection
Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection
Engineering Database
Virology and AIDS Abstracts
ProQuest Biological Science Collection
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
Agricultural Science Collection
ProQuest Hospital Collection
ProQuest Technology Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
Biological Science Database
Ecology Abstracts
ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni)
Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts
Environmental Science Collection
Entomology Abstracts
Nursing & Allied Health Premium
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
Environmental Science Database
ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source (Alumni)
Engineering Research Database
ProQuest One Academic
Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic
ProQuest One Academic (New)
Technology Collection
Technology Research Database
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
Materials Science Collection
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest One Health & Nursing
ProQuest Natural Science Collection
ProQuest Pharma Collection
ProQuest Central
ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection
Genetics Abstracts
ProQuest Engineering Collection
Biotechnology Research Abstracts
Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central Korea
Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)
Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)
Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection
AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts
Materials Science Database
ProQuest Materials Science Collection
ProQuest Public Health
ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source
ProQuest SciTech Collection
Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database
ProQuest Medical Library
Animal Behavior Abstracts
Materials Science & Engineering Collection
Immunology Abstracts
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList

MEDLINE - Academic
Agricultural Science Database
Engineering Research Database
MEDLINE
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
– sequence: 2
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 3
  dbid: EIF
  name: MEDLINE
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 4
  dbid: 8FG
  name: ProQuest Technology Collection
  url: https://search.proquest.com/technologycollection1
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Sciences (General)
Medicine
DocumentTitleAlternate Blood Biomarkers of Gulf War Illness
EISSN 1932-6203
ExternalDocumentID 1800132658
oai_doaj_org_article_2a8265d1c5d441319570f114a4662319
PMC4924830
4103332311
A456433532
27352030
10_1371_journal_pone_0157855
Genre Journal Article
GeographicLocations Minnesota
United States--US
GeographicLocations_xml – name: Minnesota
– name: United States--US
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: ;
  grantid: GW080080 and GW130025
GroupedDBID ---
123
29O
2WC
53G
5VS
7RV
7X2
7X7
7XC
88E
8AO
8C1
8CJ
8FE
8FG
8FH
8FI
8FJ
A8Z
AAFWJ
AAUCC
AAWOE
AAYXX
ABDBF
ABIVO
ABJCF
ABUWG
ACGFO
ACIHN
ACIWK
ACPRK
ACUHS
ADBBV
ADRAZ
AEAQA
AENEX
AEUYN
AFKRA
AFPKN
AFRAH
AHMBA
ALIPV
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AOIJS
APEBS
ARAPS
ATCPS
BAWUL
BBNVY
BCNDV
BENPR
BGLVJ
BHPHI
BKEYQ
BPHCQ
BVXVI
BWKFM
CCPQU
CITATION
CS3
D1I
D1J
D1K
DIK
DU5
E3Z
EAP
EAS
EBD
EMOBN
ESX
EX3
F5P
FPL
FYUFA
GROUPED_DOAJ
GX1
HCIFZ
HH5
HMCUK
HYE
IAO
IEA
IGS
IHR
IHW
INH
INR
IOV
IPY
ISE
ISR
ITC
K6-
KB.
KQ8
L6V
LK5
LK8
M0K
M1P
M48
M7P
M7R
M7S
M~E
NAPCQ
O5R
O5S
OK1
OVT
P2P
P62
PATMY
PDBOC
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PQQKQ
PROAC
PSQYO
PTHSS
PV9
PYCSY
RNS
RPM
RZL
SV3
TR2
UKHRP
WOQ
WOW
~02
~KM
BBORY
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
IPNFZ
NPM
RIG
PMFND
3V.
7QG
7QL
7QO
7SN
7SS
7T5
7TG
7TM
7U9
7XB
8FD
8FK
AZQEC
C1K
DWQXO
FR3
GNUQQ
H94
K9.
KL.
M7N
P64
PJZUB
PKEHL
PPXIY
PQEST
PQGLB
PQUKI
PRINS
RC3
7X8
5PM
PUEGO
-
02
AAPBV
ABPTK
ADACO
BBAFP
KM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c725t-430cc2267a03a9b76c211b57afd397230e03983f7a1a62798b73e10d39d8aaff3
IEDL.DBID M48
ISSN 1932-6203
IngestDate Fri Nov 26 17:13:27 EST 2021
Wed Aug 27 01:14:10 EDT 2025
Thu Aug 21 14:09:19 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 11 02:57:49 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 11 02:12:58 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 25 10:34:58 EDT 2025
Tue Jun 17 21:09:53 EDT 2025
Tue Jun 10 20:21:57 EDT 2025
Fri Jun 27 04:32:29 EDT 2025
Fri Jun 27 05:04:45 EDT 2025
Thu May 22 21:23:27 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 03 06:49:56 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 22:55:57 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 02:33:56 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 6
Language English
License This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.
Creative Commons CC0 public domain
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c725t-430cc2267a03a9b76c211b57afd397230e03983f7a1a62798b73e10d39d8aaff3
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
content type line 23
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Conceived and designed the experiments: RB GJ BS. Performed the experiments: BS LL. Analyzed the data: RB GJ BS LL TR. Wrote the paper: GJ RB BS LL TR.
OpenAccessLink http://journals.scholarsportal.info/openUrl.xqy?doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0157855
PMID 27352030
PQID 1800132658
PQPubID 1436336
ParticipantIDs plos_journals_1800132658
doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_2a8265d1c5d441319570f114a4662319
pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_4924830
proquest_miscellaneous_1808721421
proquest_miscellaneous_1800705859
proquest_journals_1800132658
gale_infotracmisc_A456433532
gale_infotracacademiconefile_A456433532
gale_incontextgauss_ISR_A456433532
gale_incontextgauss_IOV_A456433532
gale_healthsolutions_A456433532
pubmed_primary_27352030
crossref_citationtrail_10_1371_journal_pone_0157855
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0157855
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2016-06-28
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2016-06-28
PublicationDate_xml – month: 06
  year: 2016
  text: 2016-06-28
  day: 28
PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationPlace United States
PublicationPlace_xml – name: United States
– name: San Francisco
– name: San Francisco, CA USA
PublicationTitle PloS one
PublicationTitleAlternate PLoS One
PublicationYear 2016
Publisher Public Library of Science
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Publisher_xml – name: Public Library of Science
– name: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
References PM Ridker (ref40) 2002; 347
G Broderick (ref19) 2013; 28
RA Memon (ref67) 1998; 274
L Steele (ref27) 2000; 152
SS Coughlin (ref25) 2011; 4
A Vojdani (ref12) 2004; 112
V Shukla (ref63) 2013; 158
T Whistler (ref13) 2009; 2
H Hirose (ref49) 1998; 94
G Broderick (ref14) 2012; 934
L Nilsson (ref30) 2014; 9
GT Yan (ref68) 2009; 616
M Kerschensteiner (ref52) 1999; 189
(ref1) 2014
VA Benites-Zapata (ref33) 2015; 115
K Munkholm (ref53) 2014; 47
HL Kelsall (ref20) 2009; 170
CC Dias (ref48) 2015
UP Singh (ref44) 2014; 33
D Singh (ref59) 2015; 2
M Akpek (ref34) 2012; 110
TJ Craddock (ref28) 2015; 10
ET Yeh (ref41) 2003; 107
CD Maloney (ref15) 2013; 80
MB Pepys (ref36) 2003; 111
S Balta (ref32) 2015
HK Kang (ref9) 2009; 51
ref4
K Thibault (ref56) 2014; 34
L Parkitny (ref18) 2015; 16
CC Dias (ref47) 2013; 50
MS Blanchard (ref8) 2006; 163
(ref5) 2010
AL Smylie (ref16) 2013; 14
GJ Johnson (ref21) 2013; 24
JV Gosselink (ref64) 2010; 181
EK Dursa (ref2) 2016; 58
L Haas (ref55) 2010; 35
SF Khaiboullina (ref17) 2015; 72
K Fukuda (ref22) 1998; 280
MD Trottier (ref46) 2012; 109
A Skowera (ref11) 2004; 24
E Gajewska (ref57) 2014; 18
HK Kang (ref7) 2000; 42
(ref3) 2008
ZY Chen (ref35) 2015; 112
C Procaccini (ref42) 2015; 64
KF Wang (ref61) 2013; 24
SW Rabkin (ref65) 2014; 43
K Chen (ref50) 2006; 12
ref26
B Luchting (ref24) 2014; 9
W Koenig (ref38) 1999; 99
J Danesh (ref39) 2000; 321
Q Zhang (ref10) 1999; 6
G Leal (ref51) 2014
E Vianello (ref66) 2013; 10
A Aguilar-Valles (ref43) 2015; 96
(ref6) 2013
R Zeng (ref62) 2013; 19
AJ Templeton (ref31) 2014; 106
E Hopps (ref60) 2015; 19
CJ Huang (ref58) 2014; 123
K Claycombe (ref45) 2008; 105
KM Thrailkill (ref23) 2005; 43
RF White (ref29) 2016; 74
MC Faria (ref54) 2014; 53
JR Thiele (ref37) 2015; 2015
References_xml – year: 2010
  ident: ref5
– volume: 99
  start-page: 237
  issue: 2
  year: 1999
  ident: ref38
  article-title: C-Reactive protein, a sensitive marker of inflammation, predicts future risk of coronary heart disease in initially healthy middle-aged men: results from the MONICA (Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease) Augsburg Cohort Study, 1984 to 1992
  publication-title: Circulation
  doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.99.2.237
– volume: 33
  start-page: 23
  issue: 1
  year: 2014
  ident: ref44
  article-title: The emerging role of leptin antagonist as potential therapeutic option for inflammatory bowel disease
  publication-title: International reviews of immunology
  doi: 10.3109/08830185.2013.809071
– volume: 158
  start-page: 2561
  issue: 12
  year: 2013
  ident: ref63
  article-title: Matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of children with Japanese encephalitis virus infection
  publication-title: Archives of virology
  doi: 10.1007/s00705-013-1783-7
– volume: 934
  start-page: 145
  year: 2012
  ident: ref14
  article-title: Exploring the diagnostic potential of immune biomarker coexpression in Gulf War Illness
  publication-title: Methods Mol Biol
  doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-071-7_8
– volume: 12
  start-page: 425
  issue: 4
  year: 2006
  ident: ref50
  article-title: Induction of leptin resistance through direct interaction of C-reactive protein with leptin
  publication-title: Nature medicine
  doi: 10.1038/nm1372
– volume: 19
  start-page: 729
  year: 2013
  ident: ref62
  article-title: Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 elevated in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy but not in age-related macular degeneration
  publication-title: Molecular vision
– volume: 110
  start-page: 621
  issue: 5
  year: 2012
  ident: ref34
  article-title: Relation of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio to coronary flow to in-hospital major adverse cardiac events in patients with ST-elevated myocardial infarction undergoing primary coronary intervention
  publication-title: The American journal of cardiology
  doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.04.041
– volume: 94
  start-page: 633
  issue: 6
  year: 1998
  ident: ref49
  article-title: Serum leptin level: possible association with haematopoiesis in adolescents, independent of body mass index and serum insulin
  publication-title: Clin Sci (Lond)
  doi: 10.1042/cs0940633
– volume: 24
  start-page: 736
  issue: 7
  year: 2013
  ident: ref21
  article-title: Elevated platelet count, C-reactive protein and thromboxane analog-induced platelet aggregation in patients with Gulf War Veterans' illnesses: evidence of a chronic inflammatory state?
  publication-title: Blood coagulation & fibrinolysis: an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis
  doi: 10.1097/MBC.0b013e328362627f
– volume: 2015
  start-page: 372432
  year: 2015
  ident: ref37
  article-title: Targeting C-Reactive Protein in Inflammatory Disease by Preventing Conformational Changes
  publication-title: Mediators of inflammation
  doi: 10.1155/2015/372432
– volume: 112
  start-page: 840
  issue: 8
  year: 2004
  ident: ref12
  article-title: Cellular and humoral immune abnormalities in Gulf War Veterans
  publication-title: Environmental health perspectives
  doi: 10.1289/ehp.6881
– volume: 64
  start-page: 92
  issue: 1
  year: 2015
  ident: ref42
  article-title: Leptin in autoimmune diseases
  publication-title: Metabolism: clinical and experimental
  doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.014
– volume: 123
  start-page: 76
  year: 2014
  ident: ref58
  article-title: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression ex vivo in obesity
  publication-title: Physiology & behavior
  doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.10.004
– volume: 181
  start-page: 1329
  issue: 12
  year: 2010
  ident: ref64
  article-title: Differential expression of tissue repair genes in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  publication-title: American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine
  doi: 10.1164/rccm.200812-1902OC
– volume: 163
  start-page: 66
  issue: 1
  year: 2006
  ident: ref8
  article-title: Chronic multisymptom illness complex in Gulf War I Veterans 10 years later
  publication-title: American journal of epidemiology
  doi: 10.1093/aje/kwj008
– volume: 19
  start-page: 2583
  issue: 14
  year: 2015
  ident: ref60
  article-title: Matrix metalloproteases as a pharmacological target in cardiovascular diseases
  publication-title: European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
– volume: 107
  start-page: 370
  issue: 3
  year: 2003
  ident: ref41
  article-title: Coming of age of C-reactive protein: using inflammation markers in cardiology
  publication-title: Circulation
  doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000053731.05365.5A
– volume: 280
  start-page: 981
  issue: 11
  year: 1998
  ident: ref22
  article-title: Chronic multisymptom illness affecting Air Force Veterans of the Gulf War
  publication-title: Jama
  doi: 10.1001/jama.280.11.981
– volume: 72
  start-page: 1
  issue: 1
  year: 2015
  ident: ref17
  article-title: Cytokine expression provides clues to the pathophysiology of Gulf War illness and myalgic encephalomyelitis
  publication-title: Cytokine
  doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.019
– volume: 4
  start-page: 140
  year: 2011
  ident: ref25
  article-title: Selected Health Conditions Among Overweight, Obese, and Non-Obese Veterans of the 1991 Gulf War: Results from a Survey Conducted in 2003–2005
  publication-title: The open epidemiology journal
  doi: 10.2174/1874297101104010140
– volume: 42
  start-page: 491
  issue: 5
  year: 2000
  ident: ref7
  article-title: Illnesses among United States Veterans of the Gulf War: a population-based survey of 30,000 veterans
  publication-title: Journal of occupational and environmental medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
  doi: 10.1097/00043764-200005000-00006
– volume: 115
  start-page: 57
  issue: 1
  year: 2015
  ident: ref33
  article-title: Usefulness of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in risk stratification of patients with advanced heart failure
  publication-title: The American journal of cardiology
  doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.10.008
– volume: 616
  start-page: 244
  issue: 1–3
  year: 2009
  ident: ref68
  article-title: Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein is a useful marker for organ dysfunction and leptin alleviates sepsis-induced organ injuries by restraining its tissue levels
  publication-title: European journal of pharmacology
  doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.039
– volume: 109
  start-page: 7622
  issue: 20
  year: 2012
  ident: ref46
  article-title: Enhancement of hematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis in diet-induced obese mice
  publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1205129109
– volume: 14
  start-page: 29
  year: 2013
  ident: ref16
  article-title: A comparison of sex-specific immune signatures in Gulf War illness and chronic fatigue syndrome
  publication-title: BMC immunology
  doi: 10.1186/1471-2172-14-29
– year: 2015
  ident: ref48
  article-title: A Synthetic Fragment of Leptin Increase Hematopoietic Stem Cell Population and Improve Its Engraftment Ability
  publication-title: Journal of cellular biochemistry
– ident: ref26
– volume: 96
  start-page: 124
  issue: Pt A
  year: 2015
  ident: ref43
  article-title: Obesity, adipokines and neuroinflammation
  publication-title: Neuropharmacology
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.023
– volume: 170
  start-page: 1048
  issue: 8
  year: 2009
  ident: ref20
  article-title: Physical, psychological, and functional comorbidities of multisymptom illness in Australian male Veterans of the 1991 Gulf War
  publication-title: American journal of epidemiology
  doi: 10.1093/aje/kwp238
– volume: 347
  start-page: 1557
  issue: 20
  year: 2002
  ident: ref40
  article-title: Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events
  publication-title: The New England journal of medicine
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa021993
– volume: 43
  start-page: 1392
  issue: 12
  year: 2005
  ident: ref23
  article-title: Physiological matrix metalloproteinase concentrations in serum during childhood and adolescence, using Luminex Multiplex technology
  publication-title: Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine: CCLM / FESCC
  doi: 10.1515/CCLM.2005.238
– volume: 274
  start-page: E210
  issue: Pt 1
  year: 1998
  ident: ref67
  article-title: Regulation of fatty acid transport protein and fatty acid translocase mRNA levels by endotoxin and cytokines
  publication-title: The American journal of physiology
– volume: 321
  start-page: 199
  issue: 7255
  year: 2000
  ident: ref39
  article-title: Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses
  publication-title: BMJ
  doi: 10.1136/bmj.321.7255.199
– volume: 106
  start-page: dju124
  issue: 6
  year: 2014
  ident: ref31
  article-title: Prognostic role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  publication-title: Journal of the National Cancer Institute
  doi: 10.1093/jnci/dju124
– volume: 105
  start-page: 2017
  issue: 6
  year: 2008
  ident: ref45
  article-title: A role for leptin in sustaining lymphopoiesis and myelopoiesis
  publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.0712053105
– year: 2014
  ident: ref1
– volume: 80
  start-page: 220
  issue: 3
  year: 2013
  ident: ref15
  article-title: Latent viral immune inflammatory response model for chronic multisymptom illness
  publication-title: Medical hypotheses
  doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.11.024
– volume: 2
  start-page: 12
  year: 2009
  ident: ref13
  article-title: Impaired immune function in Gulf War Illness
  publication-title: BMC medical genomics
  doi: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-12
– year: 2015
  ident: ref32
  article-title: The Relation Between Atherosclerosis and the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio
  publication-title: Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis: official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis
– volume: 112
  start-page: 1088
  issue: 6
  year: 2015
  ident: ref35
  article-title: Cytokine profile and prognostic significance of high neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in colorectal cancer
  publication-title: British journal of cancer
  doi: 10.1038/bjc.2015.61
– volume: 10
  start-page: 2
  issue: 1
  year: 2013
  ident: ref66
  article-title: Low heart-type fatty acid binding protein level during aging may protect down syndrome people against atherosclerosis
  publication-title: Immunity & ageing: I & A
  doi: 10.1186/1742-4933-10-2
– volume: 58
  start-page: 41
  issue: 1
  year: 2016
  ident: ref2
  article-title: Physical and Mental Health Status of Gulf War and Gulf Era Veterans: Results From a Large Population-Based Epidemiological Study
  publication-title: Journal of occupational and environmental medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
  doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000627
– volume: 9
  start-page: e108183
  issue: 9
  year: 2014
  ident: ref30
  article-title: Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio is associated with non-calcified plaque burden in patients with coronary artery disease
  publication-title: PloS one
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108183
– volume: 53
  start-page: 166
  year: 2014
  ident: ref54
  article-title: Increased plasma levels of BDNF and inflammatory markers in Alzheimer's disease
  publication-title: Journal of psychiatric research
  doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.01.019
– volume: 16
  start-page: 57
  year: 2015
  ident: ref18
  article-title: Evidence for abnormal cytokine expression in Gulf War Illness: A preliminary analysis of daily immune monitoring data
  publication-title: BMC immunology
  doi: 10.1186/s12865-015-0122-z
– volume: 111
  start-page: 1805
  issue: 12
  year: 2003
  ident: ref36
  article-title: C-reactive protein: a critical update
  publication-title: The Journal of clinical investigation
  doi: 10.1172/JCI200318921
– volume: 24
  start-page: 23
  issue: 1
  year: 2013
  ident: ref61
  article-title: Usefulness of plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 level in predicting future coronary revascularization in patients after acute myocardial infarction
  publication-title: Coronary artery disease
  doi: 10.1097/MCA.0b013e32835aab4a
– volume: 28
  start-page: 159
  year: 2013
  ident: ref19
  article-title: Altered immune pathway activity under exercise challenge in Gulf War Illness: an exploratory analysis
  publication-title: Brain, behavior, and immunity
  doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.11.007
– volume: 9
  start-page: e104883
  issue: 8
  year: 2014
  ident: ref24
  article-title: Disrupted TH17/Treg balance in patients with chronic low back pain
  publication-title: PloS one
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104883
– ident: ref4
– volume: 24
  start-page: 66
  issue: 1
  year: 2004
  ident: ref11
  article-title: Cellular immune activation in Gulf War Veterans
  publication-title: Journal of clinical immunology
  doi: 10.1023/B:JOCI.0000018065.64685.82
– volume: 10
  start-page: e0132774
  issue: 7
  year: 2015
  ident: ref28
  article-title: Achieving Remission in Gulf War Illness: A Simulation-Based Approach to Treatment Design
  publication-title: PloS one
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132774
– year: 2014
  ident: ref51
  article-title: Regulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity by BDNF
  publication-title: Brain research
– volume: 74
  start-page: 449
  year: 2016
  ident: ref29
  article-title: Recent research on Gulf War illness and other health problems in veterans of the 1991 Gulf War: Effects of toxicant exposures during deployment
  publication-title: Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior
  doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.08.022
– volume: 2
  start-page: 19
  year: 2015
  ident: ref59
  article-title: Multifaceted role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
  publication-title: Frontiers in molecular biosciences
  doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00019
– volume: 189
  start-page: 865
  issue: 5
  year: 1999
  ident: ref52
  article-title: Activated human T cells, B cells, and monocytes produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor in vitro and in inflammatory brain lesions: a neuroprotective role of inflammation?
  publication-title: The Journal of experimental medicine
  doi: 10.1084/jem.189.5.865
– year: 2008
  ident: ref3
– volume: 6
  start-page: 6
  issue: 1
  year: 1999
  ident: ref10
  article-title: Changes in immune parameters seen in Gulf War Veterans but not in civilians with chronic fatigue syndrome
  publication-title: Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology
  doi: 10.1128/CDLI.6.1.6-13.1999
– volume: 35
  start-page: 830
  issue: 5
  year: 2010
  ident: ref55
  article-title: Increased plasma levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in patients with fibromyalgia
  publication-title: Neurochemical research
  doi: 10.1007/s11064-010-0129-z
– year: 2013
  ident: ref6
– volume: 51
  start-page: 401
  issue: 4
  year: 2009
  ident: ref9
  article-title: Health of US Veterans of 1991 Gulf War: a follow-up survey in 10 years
  publication-title: Journal of occupational and environmental medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
  doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181a2feeb
– volume: 18
  start-page: 3246
  issue: 21
  year: 2014
  ident: ref57
  article-title: Obesity itself does not influence BDNF serum levels in adults
  publication-title: European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
– volume: 47
  start-page: 199
  year: 2014
  ident: ref53
  article-title: Elevated levels of plasma brain derived neurotrophic factor in rapid cycling bipolar disorder patients
  publication-title: Psychoneuroendocrinology
  doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.05.011
– volume: 43
  start-page: 433
  issue: 6
  year: 2014
  ident: ref65
  article-title: Differential expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP proteins in thoracic aortic aneurysm—comparison with and without bicuspid aortic valve: a meta-analysis
  publication-title: VASA Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten
  doi: 10.1024/0301-1526/a000390
– volume: 50
  start-page: 24
  year: 2013
  ident: ref47
  article-title: Hematopoietic stem cell expansion caused by a synthetic fragment of leptin
  publication-title: Peptides
  doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.09.012
– volume: 152
  start-page: 992
  issue: 10
  year: 2000
  ident: ref27
  article-title: Prevalence and patterns of Gulf War illness in Kansas Veterans: association of symptoms with characteristics of person, place, and time of military service
  publication-title: American journal of epidemiology
  doi: 10.1093/aje/152.10.992
– volume: 34
  start-page: 14739
  issue: 44
  year: 2014
  ident: ref56
  article-title: BDNF-dependent plasticity induced by peripheral inflammation in the primary sensory and the cingulate cortex triggers cold allodynia and reveals a major role for endogenous BDNF as a tuner of the affective aspect of pain
  publication-title: The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience
  doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0860-14.2014
SSID ssj0053866
Score 2.4747412
Snippet More than twenty years following the end of the 1990-1991 Gulf War it is estimated that approximately 300,000 veterans of this conflict suffer from an...
Background More than twenty years following the end of the 1990-1991 Gulf War it is estimated that approximately 300,000 veterans of this conflict suffer from...
Background More than twenty years following the end of the 1990–1991 Gulf War it is estimated that approximately 300,000 veterans of this conflict suffer from...
BACKGROUND:More than twenty years following the end of the 1990-1991 Gulf War it is estimated that approximately 300,000 veterans of this conflict suffer from...
Background More than twenty years following the end of the 1990–1991 Gulf War it is estimated that approximately 300,000 veterans of this conflict suffer from...
SourceID plos
doaj
pubmedcentral
proquest
gale
pubmed
crossref
SourceType Open Website
Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
StartPage e0157855
SubjectTerms Bioindicators
Biological markers
Biology and Life Sciences
Biomarkers
Biomarkers - blood
Blood
Blood Cell Count
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
C-reactive protein
C-Reactive Protein - metabolism
Cardiovascular disease
Care and treatment
Case-Control Studies
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Chronic illnesses
Criteria
Data processing
Development and progression
Diagnosis
Diagnostic systems
Etiology
Fatty acids
Female
Fibromyalgia
Government agencies
Gulf War
Gulf War syndrome
Health aspects
Humans
Immunology
Inflammation
Laboratories
Lymphocytes
Male
Medical examination
Medicine
Medicine and Health Sciences
Middle Aged
Military personnel
Monocytes
Neurosciences
Pain
Peripheral blood
Persian Gulf syndrome
Persian Gulf Syndrome - blood
Persian Gulf War
Persian Gulf War veterans
Physiological aspects
Physiology
Plasma proteins
Post traumatic stress disorder
Proteins
Proteome - metabolism
Regression analysis
Serum proteins
Social Sciences
Statistical analysis
Studies
Toxins
Veterans
War
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  dbid: DOA
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Lb9QwELbQnnpBlAINfeAiJOCQNoljO5G4dBGliwRIQKE3y3FiWCkkq83u_2cm9kYbVLUcuK6_RNl5eGbkmc-EvDCxZhC1WMhYKqBA4UVYpEUeaqNtjMd-Vd_y__GTuLxKP1zz662rvrAnzNEDO8GdJRoSYF7GhpcQucFguIwsJPE6FRC5e8LPBGLepphyezB4sRB-UI7J-Mzr5XTRNtUpBECZ4WjfViDq-fqHXXmyqNvuppTz787JrVB08YDc9zkkPXffvkvuVc1Dsuu9tKOvPJX06z3yZop96XQ6b39jG86yo62lng-XzhoL5uBGF-m8oe_XtaU_9JLO6ho3wEfk6uLdt7eXob8vITQy4aswZZExkE5JHTGdF1IYqO4KLrUtGV4uFlURyzNmpY61SGSeFZJVcQSLZaa1tewxmTQgoX1CS1YIyWJegcbwKl8ttOaVtBxgqRVFQNhGeMp4MnG806JW_QmZhKLCyUKhyJUXeUDC4amFI9O4Az9FvQxYpMLufwADUd5A1F0GEpBnqFXl5koHh1bnSKTDGGdJQJ73CKTDaLDf5qded52aff7-D6CvX0aglx5kWxCH0X7GAf4T0myNkIcjJDi1GS3vow1upNKpOOtPxSBfhCc3dnnz8smwjC_FHrqmatcOIyMoD_NbMZlEFr44IE-cqQ_Sh0SXg_NGAZEjJxipZ7zSzH_1jOUpVPkZi57-D30ekB1IWgW26yXZIZmsluvqCBLDVXHc7wF_ACOfW44
  priority: 102
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
– databaseName: ProQuest Technology Collection
  dbid: 8FG
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV3db9MwELegSIgXxMbHAgMMQgIessVxbCcSEloR3Yo0kIDB3iLHiUelkHRN-__vLnHCgqbBa_1L1d75vuLz7wh5ZZjmELW4z3kkoUARmZ9FWeJroy3DY7-ibfk__iyPTqJPp-LUvXBrXFtl7xNbR53XBt-R77O4PRaAgPl-ee7j1Cg8XXUjNG6SWwwiDbZ0xbPD3hODLUvprstxxfaddvaWdVXsQRhUMV7wuxSOWtb-wTdPlmXdXJV4_t0_eSkgze6Ruy6TpAed6rfIjaLaJreP3Vn5NtlyZtvQN45b-u198m6Kjep0uqh_Y1_OqqG1pY4gl84rC_uju8tIFxU93JSW_tQrOi9L9IgPyMns4_cPR74boOAbFYq1H_HAGMivlA64TjIlDZR7mVDa5hynjQVFwJOYW6WZlqFK4kzxggWwmMdaW8sfkkkFwtohNOeZVJyJAlSIs3211FoUygqARVZmHuG9HFPj2MVxyEWZtkdmCqqMTiwpSj910veIPzy17Ng1_oGfoooGLHJjtx_Uq7PUmVoaaiiZRM6MyCHXAxcjVGCh7NORhFyPJR55jgpOu4umg4WnB8isw7ngoUdetgjkx6iwAedMb5omnX_58R-gb19HoNcOZGsQh9Hu0gP8J-TdGiF3R0iwcjNa3sHt2EulSf_YAzzZb9Grl18My_il2FRXFfWmw6gA6sXkWkyskJaPeeRRt-sH6UPmK8CaA4-okT2M1DNeqRa_WgrzCMr-mAePr__pT8gdyE8lduaF8S6ZrFeb4inkgOvsWWvoF65dWHU
  priority: 102
  providerName: ProQuest
Title Blood Biomarkers of Chronic Inflammation in Gulf War Illness
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27352030
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1800132658
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1800705859
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1808721421
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC4924830
https://doaj.org/article/2a8265d1c5d441319570f114a4662319
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157855
Volume 11
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3db9MwELe27oUXxPhaYJSAkICHVEkc24kEQuu0bkXaQINC3yLnw6NSSErTSvDfc-c40YLKh3jJQ_27SDnf2Xf1-XeEPEs9SWHXog6lAYcEhSVOEiSRI1OpPDz2y3XJ__kFP5sFb-dsvkPanq1GgfXW1A77Sc1Wxej7tx9vwOFf664NwmuFRsuqzEewvYmQsV2yB3uTwJ4G50F3rgDezbm5QPc7SaQHFhCW6MLoa3uVpvTvFu7BsqjqbVHpr8WV13aryS1y04SZ9lFjF_tkJy9vk33jyLX9wrBNv7xDXo2xdN0eL6qvWKmzqu1K2YYy156WCiymud1oL0r7dFMo-7Nc2dOiwDXyLplNTj4enzmmpYKTCp-tnYC6aQoRl5AulVEieAoJYMKEVBnF_mNu7tIopEpIT3JfRGEiaO65MJiFUipF75FBCco6IHZGEy6ox3KYVOz2K7mULBeKASxQPLEIbZUXp4ZvHNteFLE-RBOQdzS6iFH7sdG-RZxOatnwbfwFP8Z56bDIlq1_qFZXsXG-2JeQRLHMS1kG0R8sOky4ChJBGXCI_rzIIo9xVuPm6mnn8_ERcu1QyqhvkacagYwZJZbkXMlNXcfTd5_-AfThsgd6bkCqAnWk0lyDgG9CJq4e8rCHBL9Pe8MHaIOtVurYC_XBGYSUINna5fbhJ90wvhTL7Mq82jQY4UIGGf0REwok6vMscr8x9U77reNYRPScoDc9_ZFy8UWTmgeRH4TUffDfkg_JDQhmOZbx-eEhGaxXm_wRBIzrZEh2xVzAMzz28Dk5HZK98cnF-8uh_gtmqNeInyZabZU
linkProvider Scholars Portal
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3db9MwELdGkYAXxMbHAoMZBAIesiVxbCcSCK1A17J1SLDB3oLz4VGpJKVphfin-Bu5S5ywoGnwstf6l6g9n393V98HIY8TVzGwWsxmzBcQoPDYjv04tFWitIvXflmV8j8-EMMj_90xP14hv5paGEyrbDixIuq0SPA_8m03qK4FwGC-mn23cWoU3q42IzRqtdjLfv6AkK18OXoD-_vE8wZvD18PbTNVwE6kxxe2z5wkAadDKoepMJYigRgo5lLplOEILidzWBgwLZWrhCfDIJYscx1YTAOltGbw3kvkss8AjZXpg92G-YE7hDDleUy620YbtmZFnm2B2ZUBFhSeMn_VlIDWFvRm06I8y9H9O1_zlAEc3CDXjedKd2pVWyUrWb5GrozN3fwaWTU0UdJnppf185vkRR8T42l_UnzDPKB5SQtNTUNeOso16GNdO0knOd1dTjX9rOZ0NJ0iA98iRxci2tukl4Ow1glNWSwkc3kGKoOzhJVQimdSc4D5WsQWYY0co8R0M8ehGtOouqKTENXUYolQ-pGRvkXs9qlZ3c3jH_g-blGLxV7c1QfF_CQyRzvyFIRoPHUTnoJvCZTGpaMhzFS-AN_SDS2yiRsc1YWtLaNEO9jJhzHOPIs8qhDYjyPHhJ8TtSzLaPT-03-APn7ogJ4akC5AHIkyRRbwm7DPVwe50UECqySd5XVUx0YqZfTn_MGTjYqevfywXcaXYhJfnhXLGiMdiE_DczGBxDaArkXu1FrfSh88bQ7s4VhEds5DZ3u6K_nka9Uy3Q89P2DO3fO_-ia5Ojwc70f7o4O9e-Qa-MYCswK9YIP0FvNldh_8z0X8oDr0lHy5aJb5DXI-lFE
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3db9MwELdGkSZeEBsfyxjMIBDwkDWJ4ziRQGjdKCtjAwGDvWWOE49KJSlNK8S_xl_HXeKEBU2Dl73Wv0Tt-fy7u_o-CHmkXMnAajGbMT-AAIUnduInkS2V1C5e-2VVyv_BYbB35L855sdL5FdTC4NplQ0nVkSdFgr_I--7YXUtAAazr01axPvd4cvpdxsnSOFNazNOo1aR_eznDwjfyhejXdjrx543fPVpZ882EwZsJTw-t33mKAUOiJAOk1EiAgXxUMKF1CnDcVxO5rAoZFpIVwaeiMJEsMx1YDENpdSawXuvkKuCiRDPWLjTppcAjwSBKdVjwu0bzdiaFnm2BSZYhFhceMYUVhMDWrvQm06K8jyn9-_czTPGcHiDXDdeLN2u1W6FLGX5Klk-MPf0q2TFUEZJn5q-1s9ukucDTJKng3HxDXOCZiUtNDXNeeko16CbdR0lHef09WKi6Rc5o6PJBNn4Fjm6FNHeJr0chLVGaMqSQDCXZ6A-OFdYBlLyTGgOMF8HiUVYI8dYmc7mOGBjElfXdQIinFosMUo_NtK3iN0-Na07e_wDP8AtarHYl7v6oJidxuaYx56EcI2nruIp-JlAb1w4GkJO6QfgZ7qRRTZxg-O6yLVll3gbu_owxplnkYcVAntz5Kjlp3JRlvHo3ef_AH380AE9MSBdgDiUNAUX8Juw51cHudFBAsOozvIaqmMjlTL-cxbhyUZFz19-0C7jSzGhL8-KRY0RDsSq0YWYUGBLQNcid2qtb6UPXjcHJnEsIjrnobM93ZV8_LVqn-5Hnh8yZ_3ir75JloFf4rejw_275Bq4yQEmCHrhBunNZ4vsHrii8-R-deYpOblskvkNHg2YUg
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Blood+Biomarkers+of+Chronic+Inflammation+in+Gulf+War+Illness&rft.jtitle=PloS+one&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Gerhard+J.&rft.au=Slater%2C+Billie+C.+S.&rft.au=Leis%2C+Linda+A.&rft.au=Rector%2C+Thomas+S.&rft.date=2016-06-28&rft.pub=Public+Library+of+Science&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0157855&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27352030&rft.externalDocID=PMC4924830
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1932-6203&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1932-6203&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1932-6203&client=summon