Minocycline synergizes with N-acetylcysteine and improves cognition and memory following traumatic brain injury in rats
There are no drugs presently available to treat traumatic brain injury (TBI). A variety of single drugs have failed clinical trials suggesting a role for drug combinations. Drug combinations acting synergistically often provide the greatest combination of potency and safety. The drugs examined (mino...
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Published in | PloS one Vol. 5; no. 8; p. e12490 |
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Language | English |
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Abstract | There are no drugs presently available to treat traumatic brain injury (TBI). A variety of single drugs have failed clinical trials suggesting a role for drug combinations. Drug combinations acting synergistically often provide the greatest combination of potency and safety. The drugs examined (minocycline (MINO), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), simvastatin, cyclosporine A, and progesterone) had FDA-approval for uses other than TBI and limited brain injury in experimental TBI models.
Drugs were dosed one hour after injury using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) TBI model in adult rats. One week later, drugs were tested for efficacy and drug combinations tested for synergy on a hierarchy of behavioral tests that included active place avoidance testing. As monotherapy, only MINO improved acquisition of the massed version of active place avoidance that required memory lasting less than two hours. MINO-treated animals, however, were impaired during the spaced version of the same avoidance task that required 24-hour memory retention. Co-administration of NAC with MINO synergistically improved spaced learning. Examination of brain histology 2 weeks after injury suggested that MINO plus NAC preserved white, but not grey matter, since lesion volume was unaffected, yet myelin loss was attenuated. When dosed 3 hours before injury, MINO plus NAC as single drugs had no effect on interleukin-1 formation; together they synergistically lowered interleukin-1 levels. This effect on interleukin-1 was not observed when the drugs were dosed one hour after injury.
These observations suggest a potentially valuable role for MINO plus NAC to treat TBI. |
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AbstractList | There are no drugs presently available to treat traumatic brain injury (TBI). A variety of single drugs have failed clinical trials suggesting a role for drug combinations. Drug combinations acting synergistically often provide the greatest combination of potency and safety. The drugs examined (minocycline (MINO), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), simvastatin, cyclosporine A, and progesterone) had FDA-approval for uses other than TBI and limited brain injury in experimental TBI models. Drugs were dosed one hour after injury using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) TBI model in adult rats. One week later, drugs were tested for efficacy and drug combinations tested for synergy on a hierarchy of behavioral tests that included active place avoidance testing. As monotherapy, only MINO improved acquisition of the massed version of active place avoidance that required memory lasting less than two hours. MINO-treated animals, however, were impaired during the spaced version of the same avoidance task that required 24-hour memory retention. Co-administration of NAC with MINO synergistically improved spaced learning. Examination of brain histology 2 weeks after injury suggested that MINO plus NAC preserved white, but not grey matter, since lesion volume was unaffected, yet myelin loss was attenuated. When dosed 3 hours before injury, MINO plus NAC as single drugs had no effect on interleukin-1 formation; together they synergistically lowered interleukin-1 levels. This effect on interleukin-1 was not observed when the drugs were dosed one hour after injury. These observations suggest a potentially valuable role for MINO plus NAC to treat TBI. Background There are no drugs presently available to treat traumatic brain injury (TBI). A variety of single drugs have failed clinical trials suggesting a role for drug combinations. Drug combinations acting synergistically often provide the greatest combination of potency and safety. The drugs examined (minocycline (MINO), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), simvastatin, cyclosporine A, and progesterone) had FDA-approval for uses other than TBI and limited brain injury in experimental TBI models. Methodology/Principal Findings Drugs were dosed one hour after injury using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) TBI model in adult rats. One week later, drugs were tested for efficacy and drug combinations tested for synergy on a hierarchy of behavioral tests that included active place avoidance testing. As monotherapy, only MINO improved acquisition of the massed version of active place avoidance that required memory lasting less than two hours. MINO-treated animals, however, were impaired during the spaced version of the same avoidance task that required 24-hour memory retention. Co-administration of NAC with MINO synergistically improved spaced learning. Examination of brain histology 2 weeks after injury suggested that MINO plus NAC preserved white, but not grey matter, since lesion volume was unaffected, yet myelin loss was attenuated. When dosed 3 hours before injury, MINO plus NAC as single drugs had no effect on interleukin-1 formation; together they synergistically lowered interleukin-1 levels. This effect on interleukin-1 was not observed when the drugs were dosed one hour after injury. Conclusions/Significance These observations suggest a potentially valuable role for MINO plus NAC to treat TBI. There are no drugs presently available to treat traumatic brain injury (TBI). A variety of single drugs have failed clinical trials suggesting a role for drug combinations. Drug combinations acting synergistically often provide the greatest combination of potency and safety. The drugs examined (minocycline (MINO), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), simvastatin, cyclosporine A, and progesterone) had FDA-approval for uses other than TBI and limited brain injury in experimental TBI models. Drugs were dosed one hour after injury using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) TBI model in adult rats. One week later, drugs were tested for efficacy and drug combinations tested for synergy on a hierarchy of behavioral tests that included active place avoidance testing. As monotherapy, only MINO improved acquisition of the massed version of active place avoidance that required memory lasting less than two hours. MINO-treated animals, however, were impaired during the spaced version of the same avoidance task that required 24-hour memory retention. Co-administration of NAC with MINO synergistically improved spaced learning. Examination of brain histology 2 weeks after injury suggested that MINO plus NAC preserved white, but not grey matter, since lesion volume was unaffected, yet myelin loss was attenuated. When dosed 3 hours before injury, MINO plus NAC as single drugs had no effect on interleukin-1 formation; together they synergistically lowered interleukin-1 levels. This effect on interleukin-1 was not observed when the drugs were dosed one hour after injury. These observations suggest a potentially valuable role for MINO plus NAC to treat TBI. Background There are no drugs presently available to treat traumatic brain injury (TBI). A variety of single drugs have failed clinical trials suggesting a role for drug combinations. Drug combinations acting synergistically often provide the greatest combination of potency and safety. The drugs examined (minocycline (MINO), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), simvastatin, cyclosporine A, and progesterone) had FDA-approval for uses other than TBI and limited brain injury in experimental TBI models. Methodology/Principal Findings Drugs were dosed one hour after injury using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) TBI model in adult rats. One week later, drugs were tested for efficacy and drug combinations tested for synergy on a hierarchy of behavioral tests that included active place avoidance testing. As monotherapy, only MINO improved acquisition of the massed version of active place avoidance that required memory lasting less than two hours. MINO-treated animals, however, were impaired during the spaced version of the same avoidance task that required 24-hour memory retention. Co-administration of NAC with MINO synergistically improved spaced learning. Examination of brain histology 2 weeks after injury suggested that MINO plus NAC preserved white, but not grey matter, since lesion volume was unaffected, yet myelin loss was attenuated. When dosed 3 hours before injury, MINO plus NAC as single drugs had no effect on interleukin-1 formation; together they synergistically lowered interleukin-1 levels. This effect on interleukin-1 was not observed when the drugs were dosed one hour after injury. Conclusions/Significance These observations suggest a potentially valuable role for MINO plus NAC to treat TBI. |
Audience | Academic |
Author | Fenton, André A Haber, Margalit Bergold, Peter J Abdel Baki, Samah G Schwab, Ben |
AuthorAffiliation | Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America Virginia Commonwealth University, United States of America |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America – name: Virginia Commonwealth University, United States of America |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Samah G surname: Abdel Baki fullname: Abdel Baki, Samah G organization: Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America – sequence: 2 givenname: Ben surname: Schwab fullname: Schwab, Ben – sequence: 3 givenname: Margalit surname: Haber fullname: Haber, Margalit – sequence: 4 givenname: André A surname: Fenton fullname: Fenton, André A – sequence: 5 givenname: Peter J surname: Bergold fullname: Bergold, Peter J |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20824218$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Notes | ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23 Conceived and designed the experiments: PB. Performed the experiments: SGAB BS MH. Analyzed the data: SGAB AAF. Wrote the paper: AAF PB. |
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Acad Sci U S A doi: 10.1073/pnas.051628398 contributor: fullname: JM Cimadevilla |
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Snippet | There are no drugs presently available to treat traumatic brain injury (TBI). A variety of single drugs have failed clinical trials suggesting a role for drug... Background There are no drugs presently available to treat traumatic brain injury (TBI). A variety of single drugs have failed clinical trials suggesting a... BACKGROUND: There are no drugs presently available to treat traumatic brain injury (TBI). A variety of single drugs have failed clinical trials suggesting a... Background There are no drugs presently available to treat traumatic brain injury (TBI). A variety of single drugs have failed clinical trials suggesting a... |
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SubjectTerms | Acetylcysteine Acetylcysteine - pharmacology Animals Antibiotics Avoidance Avoidance Learning - drug effects Brain Brain injuries Brain Injuries - metabolism Brain Injuries - pathology Brain Injuries - physiopathology Clinical trials Cognition Cognition & reasoning Cognition - drug effects Combination drug therapy Conditioning, Psychological Cortex Cyclosporins Drug approval Drug Synergism Drug therapy Drugs Head injuries Histology Injury prevention Interleukin 1 Interleukin-1beta - biosynthesis Interleukins Learning Medical research Memory Memory - drug effects Minocycline Minocycline - pharmacology Myelin Myelin Sheath - metabolism Neurological Disorders/Neurorehabilitation and Trauma Neuroscience/Neurobiology of Disease and Regeneration Neuroscience/Neuronal and Glial Cell Biology Perception - drug effects Progesterone Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Regulatory agencies Rodents Sex hormones Simvastatin Spacecraft Substantia grisea Task Performance and Analysis Time Factors Traumatic brain injury |
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Title | Minocycline synergizes with N-acetylcysteine and improves cognition and memory following traumatic brain injury in rats |
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