Interannual variation in land-use intensity enhances grassland multidiversity
Although temporal heterogeneity is a well-accepted driver of biodiversity, effects of interannual variation in land-use intensity (LUI) have not been addressed yet. Additionally, responses to land use can differ greatly among different organisms; therefore, overall effects of land-use on total local...
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| Published in | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 111; no. 1; pp. 308 - 313 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
National Academy of Sciences
07.01.2014
National Acad Sciences |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Although temporal heterogeneity is a well-accepted driver of biodiversity, effects of interannual variation in land-use intensity (LUI) have not been addressed yet. Additionally, responses to land use can differ greatly among different organisms; therefore, overall effects of land-use on total local biodiversity are hardly known. To test for effects of LUI (quantified as the combined intensity of fertilization, grazing, and mowing) and interannual variation in LUI (SD in LUI across time), we introduce a unique measure of whole-ecosystem biodiversity, multidiversity. This synthesizes individual diversity measures across up to 49 taxonomic groups of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria from 150 grasslands. Multidiversity declined with increasing LUI among grasslands, particularly for rarer species and aboveground organisms, whereas common species and belowground groups were less sensitive. However, a high level of interannual variation in LUI increased overall multidiversity at low LUI and was even more beneficial for rarer species because it slowed the rate at which the multidiversity of rare species declined with increasing LUI. In more intensively managed grasslands, the diversity of rarer species was, on average, 18% of the maximum diversity across all grasslands when LUI was static over time but increased to 31% of the maximum when LUI changed maximally over time. In addition to decreasing overall LUI, we suggest varying LUI across years as a complementary strategy to promote biodiversity conservation. |
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| AbstractList | Although temporal heterogeneity is a well-accepted driver of biodiversity, effects of interannual variation in land-use intensity (LUI) have not been addressed yet. Additionally, responses to land use can differ greatly among different organisms; therefore, overall effects of land-use on total local biodiversity are hardly known. To test for effects of LUI (quantified as the combined intensity of fertilization, grazing, and mowing) and interannual variation in LUI (SD in LUI across time), we introduce a unique measure of whole-ecosystem biodiversity, multidiversity. This synthesizes individual diversity measures across up to 49 taxonomic groups of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria from 150 grasslands. Multidiversity declined with increasing LUI among grasslands, particularly for rarer species and aboveground organisms, whereas common species and belowground groups were less sensitive. However, a high level of interannual variation in LUI increased overall multidiversity at low LUI and was even more beneficial for rarer species because it slowed the rate at which the multidiversity of rare species declined with increasing LUI. In more intensively managed grasslands, the diversity of rarer species was, on average, 18% of the maximum diversity across all grasslands when LUI was static over time but increased to 31% of the maximum when LUI changed maximally over time. In addition to decreasing overall LUI, we suggest varying LUI across years as a complementary strategy to promote biodiversity conservation. Land-use intensification is a major threat to biodiversity. So far, however, studies on biodiversity impacts of land-use intensity (LUI) have been limited to a single or few groups of organisms and have not considered temporal variation in LUI. Therefore, we examined total ecosystem biodiversity in grasslands varying in LUI with a newly developed index called multidiversity, which integrates the species richness of 49 different organism groups ranging from bacteria to birds. Multidiversity declined strongly with increasing LUI, but changing LUI across years increased multidiversity, particularly of rarer species. We conclude that encouraging farmers to change the intensity of their land use over time could be an important strategy to maintain high biodiversity in grasslands. Although temporal heterogeneity is a well-accepted driver of biodiversity, effects of interannual variation in land-use intensity (LUI) have not been addressed yet. Additionally, responses to land use can differ greatly among different organisms; therefore, overall effects of land-use on total local biodiversity are hardly known. To test for effects of LUI (quantified as the combined intensity of fertilization, grazing, and mowing) and interannual variation in LUI (SD in LUI across time), we introduce a unique measure of whole-ecosystem biodiversity, multidiversity. This synthesizes individual diversity measures across up to 49 taxonomic groups of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria from 150 grasslands. Multidiversity declined with increasing LUI among grasslands, particularly for rarer species and aboveground organisms, whereas common species and belowground groups were less sensitive. However, a high level of interannual variation in LUI increased overall multidiversity at low LUI and was even more beneficial for rarer species because it slowed the rate at which the multidiversity of rare species declined with increasing LUI. In more intensively managed grasslands, the diversity of rarer species was, on average, 18% of the maximum diversity across all grasslands when LUI was static over time but increased to 31% of the maximum when LUI changed maximally over time. In addition to decreasing overall LUI, we suggest varying LUI across years as a complementary strategy to promote biodiversity conservation. There is abundant evidence that the probability of successful establishment in novel environments increases with number of individuals in founder groups and with number of repeated introductions. Theory posits that the genotypic and phenotypic variation among individuals should also be important, but few studies have examined whether founder diversity influences establishment independent of propagule pressure, nor whether the effect is model or context dependent. I summarize the results of 18 experimental studies and report on a metaanalysis that provides strong evidence that higher levels of genotypic and phenotypic diversity in founder groups increase establishment success in plants and animals. The effect of diversity is stronger in experiments carried out under natural conditions in the wild than under seminatural or standardized laboratory conditions. The realization that genetic and phenotypic variation is key to successful establishment may improve the outcome of reintroduction and translocation programs used to vitalize or restore declining and extinct populations. Founder diversity may also improve the ability of invasive species to establish and subsequently spread in environments outside of their native community, and enhance the ability of pathogens and parasites to colonize and invade the environment constituted by their hosts. It is argued that exchange of ideas, methodological approaches, and insights of the role of diversity for establishment in different contexts may further our knowledge, vitalize future research, and improve management plans in different disciplines. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] There is abundant evidence that the probability of successful establishment in novel environments increases with number of individuals in founder groups and with number of repeated introductions. Theory posits that the genotypic and phenotypic variation among individuals should also be important, but few studies have examined whether founder diversity influences establishment independent of propagule pressure, nor whether the effect is model or context dependent. I summarize the results of 18 experimental studies and report on a metaanalysis that provides strong evidence that higher levels of genotypic and phenotypic diversity in founder groups increase establishment success in plants and animals. The effect of diversity is stronger in experiments carried out under natural conditions in the wild than under seminatural or standardized laboratory conditions. The realization that genetic and phenotypic variation is key to successful establishment may improve the outcome of reintroduction and translocation programs used to vitalize or restore declining and extinct populations. Founder diversity may also improve the ability of invasive species to establish and subsequently spread in environments outside of their native community, and enhance the ability of pathogens and parasites to colonize and invade the environment constituted by their hosts. It is argued that exchange of ideas, methodological approaches, and insights of the role of diversity for establishment in different contexts may further our knowledge, vitalize future research, and improve management plans in different disciplines. Although temporal heterogeneity is a well-accepted driver of biodiversity, effects of interannual variation in land-use intensity (LUI) have not been addressed yet. Additionally, responses to land use can differ greatly among different organisms; therefore, overall effects of land-use on total local biodiversity are hardly known. To test for effects of LUI (quantified as the combined intensity of fertilization, grazing, and mowing) and interannual variation in LUI (SD in LUI across time), we introduce a unique measure of whole-ecosystem biodiversity, multidiversity. This synthesizes individual diversity measures across up to 49 taxonomic groups of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria from 150 grasslands. Multidiversity declined with increasing LUI among grasslands, particularly for rarer species and aboveground organisms, whereas common species and belowground groups were less sensitive. However, a high level of interannual variation in LUI increased overall multidiversity at low LUI and was even more beneficial for rarer species because it slowed the rate at which the multidiversity of rare species declined with increasing LUI. In more intensively managed grasslands, the diversity of rarer species was, on average, 18% of the maximum diversity across all grasslands when LUI was static over time but increased to 31% of the maximum when LUI changed maximally over time. In addition to decreasing overall LUI, we suggest varying LUI across years as a complementary strategy to promote biodiversity conservation.Although temporal heterogeneity is a well-accepted driver of biodiversity, effects of interannual variation in land-use intensity (LUI) have not been addressed yet. Additionally, responses to land use can differ greatly among different organisms; therefore, overall effects of land-use on total local biodiversity are hardly known. To test for effects of LUI (quantified as the combined intensity of fertilization, grazing, and mowing) and interannual variation in LUI (SD in LUI across time), we introduce a unique measure of whole-ecosystem biodiversity, multidiversity. This synthesizes individual diversity measures across up to 49 taxonomic groups of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria from 150 grasslands. Multidiversity declined with increasing LUI among grasslands, particularly for rarer species and aboveground organisms, whereas common species and belowground groups were less sensitive. However, a high level of interannual variation in LUI increased overall multidiversity at low LUI and was even more beneficial for rarer species because it slowed the rate at which the multidiversity of rare species declined with increasing LUI. In more intensively managed grasslands, the diversity of rarer species was, on average, 18% of the maximum diversity across all grasslands when LUI was static over time but increased to 31% of the maximum when LUI changed maximally over time. In addition to decreasing overall LUI, we suggest varying LUI across years as a complementary strategy to promote biodiversity conservation. |
| Author | Gorke, Martin Morris, E. Kathryn Weisser, Wolfgang W. Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf Steckel, Juliane Scherber, Christoph Weiner, Christiane N. Bellach, Michaela Hölzel, Norbert Birkhofer, Klaus Nacke, Heiko Lange, Markus Glaser, Karin Schulze, Waltraud Christ, Sabina Fischer, Christiane Allan, Eric Krauss, Jochen König-Ries, Birgitta Wubet, Tesfaye Bossdorf, Oliver Hallmann, Christine Gossner, Martin M. Werner, Michael Börschig, Carmen Pašalić, Esther Jung, Kirsten Böhm, Stefan Socher, Stephanie A. Diekötter, Tim Klein, Alexandra Maria Tscharntke, Teja Friedl, Thomas Gockel, Sonja Fischer, Markus Blüthgen, Nico Dormann, Carsten F. Müller, Jörg Westphal, Catrin Hemp, Andreas Renner, Swen C. Türke, Manfred Pfeiffer, Simone Buscot, François Schulzet, Ernst-Detlef Chatzinotas, Antonis Rillig, Matthias C. Klaus, Valentin H. Daniel, Rolf Schöningt, Ingo Rothenwöhrer, Christoph Hodac, Ladislav Boch, Steffen Wolters, Volkmar Kleinebecker, Till Linsenmair, Karl Eduard Prati, Daniel Schally, Peter |
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| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24368852$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/4319033$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index oai:portal.research.lu.se:publications/bb88f180-17e5-47e6-80ea-74e6c4807341$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index |
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| Notes | http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1312213111 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Author contributions: E.A., O.B., and M.F. designed research; D.P., M.M.G., T.T., N.B., M.B., K.B., S. Boch, S. Böhm, C.B., A.C., S.C., R.D., T.D., C.F., T.F., K.G., C.H., L.H., N.H., K.J., A.M.K., V.H.K., T.K., J.K., M.L., E.K.M., J.M., H.N., E.P., M.C.R., C.R., P.S., C.S., W.S., S.A.S., J.S., I.S.-D., M.T., C.N.W., M.W., C.W., V.W., T.W., S.C.R., F.B., W.W.W., and M.F. contributed data; E.A. analyzed data; E.A., O.B., C.F.D., D.P., M.M.G., T.T., N.B., and M.F. wrote the paper; F.B., K.E.L., E.-D.S., W.W.W., and M.F. designed and established the Biodiversity Exploratories; and S.G., M.G., A.H., S.C.R., I.S., S.P., and B.K.-R. maintained the infrastructure of the Biodiversity Exploratories. Edited by Osvaldo E. Sala, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, and accepted by the Editorial Board November 20, 2013 (received for review July 2, 2013) |
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| Snippet | Although temporal heterogeneity is a well-accepted driver of biodiversity, effects of interannual variation in land-use intensity (LUI) have not been addressed... Land-use intensification is a major threat to biodiversity. So far, however, studies on biodiversity impacts of land-use intensity (LUI) have been limited to a... There is abundant evidence that the probability of successful establishment in novel environments increases with number of individuals in founder groups and... |
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| SubjectTerms | agricultural grasslands Agriculture - methods animals Area Under Curve bacteria Biodiversity Biodiversity conservation Biodiversity Exploratories biodiversity loss Biologi Biological Sciences Biological taxonomies Conservation Conservation of Natural Resources Ecology Ecology (including Biodiversity Conservation) Ekologi Epidemiology fungi Genetic diversity Genotype & phenotype Germany Grasses Grasslands grazing Grazing intensity Infections Invasive species Land use Models, Biological Mowing Natural Sciences Naturvetenskap Parasites Phenotypic variations Phylogeny Plant biodiversity Plants plants (botany) Poaceae - physiology Probability rare species Reintroduction Species Species diversity Species Specificity Time Factors Translocation |
| Title | Interannual variation in land-use intensity enhances grassland multidiversity |
| URI | https://www.jstor.org/stable/23770540 http://www.pnas.org/content/111/1/308.abstract https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24368852 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1477572723 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1490764701 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1496883810 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1803079714 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC3890898 https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/4319033 oai:portal.research.lu.se:publications/bb88f180-17e5-47e6-80ea-74e6c4807341 |
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