Risk of Nonaccidental and Cardiovascular Mortality in Relation to Long-term Exposure to Low Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter: A Canadian National-Level Cohort Study
Background: Few cohort studies have evaluated the risk of mortality associated with long-term exposure to fine particulate matter [≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM₂.₅)]. This is the first national-level cohort study to investigate these risks in Canada. Objective: We investigated the association...
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| Published in | Environmental health perspectives Vol. 120; no. 5; pp. 708 - 714 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Research Triangle Park, NC
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
01.05.2012
US Department of Health and Human Services |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Background: Few cohort studies have evaluated the risk of mortality associated with long-term exposure to fine particulate matter [≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM₂.₅)]. This is the first national-level cohort study to investigate these risks in Canada. Objective: We investigated the association between long-term exposure to ambient PM₂.₅ and cardiovascular mortality in nonimmigrant Canadian adults. Methods: We assigned estimates of exposure to ambient PM₂.₅ derived from satellite observations to a cohort of 2.1 million Canadian adults who in 1991 were among the 20% of the population mandated to provide detailed census data. We identified deaths occurring between 1991 and 2001 through record linkage. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for available individual-level and contextual covariates using both standard Cox proportional survival models and nested, spatial random-effects survival models. Results: Using standard Cox models, we calculated HRs of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.16) from nonaccidental causes and 1.31 (95% CI: 1.27, 1.35) from ischemic heart disease for each 10-μg/m³ increase in concentrations of PM₂.₅. Using spatial random-effects models controlling for the same variables, we calculated HRs of 1.10 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.15) and 1.30 (95% CI: 1.18, 1.43), respectively.We found similar associations between nonaccidental mortality and PM₂.₅ based on satellite-derived estimates and ground-based measurements in a subanalysis of subjects in 11 cities. Conclusions: In this large national cohort of nonimmigrant Canadians, mortality was associated with long-term exposure to PM₂.₅. Associations were observed with exposures to PM₂.₅ at concentrations that were predominantly lower (mean, 8.7 μg/m³; interquartile range, 6.2 μg/m³) than those reported previously. |
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| AbstractList | Few cohort studies have evaluated the risk of mortality associated with long-term exposure to fine particulate matter [≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(2.5))]. This is the first national-level cohort study to investigate these risks in Canada.
We investigated the association between long-term exposure to ambient PM(2.5) and cardiovascular mortality in nonimmigrant Canadian adults.
We assigned estimates of exposure to ambient PM(2.5) derived from satellite observations to a cohort of 2.1 million Canadian adults who in 1991 were among the 20% of the population mandated to provide detailed census data. We identified deaths occurring between 1991 and 2001 through record linkage. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for available individual-level and contextual covariates using both standard Cox proportional survival models and nested, spatial random-effects survival models.
Using standard Cox models, we calculated HRs of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.16) from nonaccidental causes and 1.31 (95% CI: 1.27, 1.35) from ischemic heart disease for each 10-μg/m(3) increase in concentrations of PM(2.5). Using spatial random-effects models controlling for the same variables, we calculated HRs of 1.10 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.15) and 1.30 (95% CI: 1.18, 1.43), respectively. We found similar associations between nonaccidental mortality and PM2.5 based on satellite-derived estimates and ground-based measurements in a subanalysis of subjects in 11 cities.
In this large national cohort of nonimmigrant Canadians, mortality was associated with long-term exposure to PM(2.5). Associations were observed with exposures to PM(2.5) at concentrations that were predominantly lower (mean, 8.7 μg/m(3); interquartile range, 6.2 μg/m(3)) than those reported previously. Background: Few cohort studies have evaluated the risk of mortality associated with long-term exposure to fine particulate matter [ less than or equal to 2.5 mu m in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)]. This is the first national-level cohort study to investigate these risks in Canada. Objective: We investigated the association between long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 and cardiovascular mortality in nonimmigrant Canadian adults. Methods: We assigned estimates of exposure to ambient PM2.5 derived from satellite observations to a cohort of 2.1 million Canadian adults who in 1991 were among the 20% of the population mandated to provide detailed census data. We identified deaths occurring between 1991 and 2001 through record linkage. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for available individual-level and contextual covariates using both standard Cox proportional survival models and nested, spatial random-effects survival models. Results: Using standard Cox models, we calculated HRs of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.16) from nonaccidental causes and 1.31 (95% CI: 1.27, 1.35) from ischemic heart disease for each 10- mu g/m3 increase in concentrations of PM2.5. Using spatial random-effects models controlling for the same variables, we calculated HRs of 1.10 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.15) and 1.30 (95% CI: 1.18, 1.43), respectively. We found similar associations between nonaccidental mortality and PM2.5 based on satellite-derived estimates and ground-based measurements in a subanalysis of subjects in 11 cities. Conclusions: In this large national cohort of nonimmigrant Canadians, mortality was associated with long-term exposure to PM2.5. Associations were observed with exposures to PM2.5 at concentrations that were predominantly lower (mean, 8.7 mu g/m3; interquartile range, 6.2 mu g/m3) than those reported previously. Few cohort studies have evaluated the risk of mortality associated with long-term exposure to fine particulate matter [≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(2.5))]. This is the first national-level cohort study to investigate these risks in Canada. We investigated the association between long-term exposure to ambient PM(2.5) and cardiovascular mortality in nonimmigrant Canadian adults. We assigned estimates of exposure to ambient PM(2.5) derived from satellite observations to a cohort of 2.1 million Canadian adults who in 1991 were among the 20% of the population mandated to provide detailed census data. We identified deaths occurring between 1991 and 2001 through record linkage. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for available individual-level and contextual covariates using both standard Cox proportional survival models and nested, spatial random-effects survival models. Using standard Cox models, we calculated HRs of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.16) from nonaccidental causes and 1.31 (95% CI: 1.27, 1.35) from ischemic heart disease for each 10-μg/m(3) increase in concentrations of PM(2.5). Using spatial random-effects models controlling for the same variables, we calculated HRs of 1.10 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.15) and 1.30 (95% CI: 1.18, 1.43), respectively. We found similar associations between nonaccidental mortality and PM2.5 based on satellite-derived estimates and ground-based measurements in a subanalysis of subjects in 11 cities. In this large national cohort of nonimmigrant Canadians, mortality was associated with long-term exposure to PM(2.5). Associations were observed with exposures to PM(2.5) at concentrations that were predominantly lower (mean, 8.7 μg/m(3); interquartile range, 6.2 μg/m(3)) than those reported previously. Background: Few cohort studies have evaluated the risk of mortality associated with long-term exposure to fine particulate matter [≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM₂.₅)]. This is the first national-level cohort study to investigate these risks in Canada. Objective: We investigated the association between long-term exposure to ambient PM₂.₅ and cardiovascular mortality in nonimmigrant Canadian adults. Methods: We assigned estimates of exposure to ambient PM₂.₅ derived from satellite observations to a cohort of 2.1 million Canadian adults who in 1991 were among the 20% of the population mandated to provide detailed census data. We identified deaths occurring between 1991 and 2001 through record linkage. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for available individual-level and contextual covariates using both standard Cox proportional survival models and nested, spatial random-effects survival models. Results: Using standard Cox models, we calculated HRs of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.16) from nonaccidental causes and 1.31 (95% CI: 1.27, 1.35) from ischemic heart disease for each 10-μg/m³ increase in concentrations of PM₂.₅. Using spatial random-effects models controlling for the same variables, we calculated HRs of 1.10 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.15) and 1.30 (95% CI: 1.18, 1.43), respectively.We found similar associations between nonaccidental mortality and PM₂.₅ based on satellite-derived estimates and ground-based measurements in a subanalysis of subjects in 11 cities. Conclusions: In this large national cohort of nonimmigrant Canadians, mortality was associated with long-term exposure to PM₂.₅. Associations were observed with exposures to PM₂.₅ at concentrations that were predominantly lower (mean, 8.7 μg/m³; interquartile range, 6.2 μg/m³) than those reported previously. Few cohort studies have evaluated the risk of mortality associated with long-term exposure to fine particulate matter [≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(2.5))]. This is the first national-level cohort study to investigate these risks in Canada.BACKGROUNDFew cohort studies have evaluated the risk of mortality associated with long-term exposure to fine particulate matter [≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(2.5))]. This is the first national-level cohort study to investigate these risks in Canada.We investigated the association between long-term exposure to ambient PM(2.5) and cardiovascular mortality in nonimmigrant Canadian adults.OBJECTIVEWe investigated the association between long-term exposure to ambient PM(2.5) and cardiovascular mortality in nonimmigrant Canadian adults.We assigned estimates of exposure to ambient PM(2.5) derived from satellite observations to a cohort of 2.1 million Canadian adults who in 1991 were among the 20% of the population mandated to provide detailed census data. We identified deaths occurring between 1991 and 2001 through record linkage. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for available individual-level and contextual covariates using both standard Cox proportional survival models and nested, spatial random-effects survival models.METHODSWe assigned estimates of exposure to ambient PM(2.5) derived from satellite observations to a cohort of 2.1 million Canadian adults who in 1991 were among the 20% of the population mandated to provide detailed census data. We identified deaths occurring between 1991 and 2001 through record linkage. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for available individual-level and contextual covariates using both standard Cox proportional survival models and nested, spatial random-effects survival models.Using standard Cox models, we calculated HRs of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.16) from nonaccidental causes and 1.31 (95% CI: 1.27, 1.35) from ischemic heart disease for each 10-μg/m(3) increase in concentrations of PM(2.5). Using spatial random-effects models controlling for the same variables, we calculated HRs of 1.10 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.15) and 1.30 (95% CI: 1.18, 1.43), respectively. We found similar associations between nonaccidental mortality and PM2.5 based on satellite-derived estimates and ground-based measurements in a subanalysis of subjects in 11 cities.RESULTSUsing standard Cox models, we calculated HRs of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.16) from nonaccidental causes and 1.31 (95% CI: 1.27, 1.35) from ischemic heart disease for each 10-μg/m(3) increase in concentrations of PM(2.5). Using spatial random-effects models controlling for the same variables, we calculated HRs of 1.10 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.15) and 1.30 (95% CI: 1.18, 1.43), respectively. We found similar associations between nonaccidental mortality and PM2.5 based on satellite-derived estimates and ground-based measurements in a subanalysis of subjects in 11 cities.In this large national cohort of nonimmigrant Canadians, mortality was associated with long-term exposure to PM(2.5). Associations were observed with exposures to PM(2.5) at concentrations that were predominantly lower (mean, 8.7 μg/m(3); interquartile range, 6.2 μg/m(3)) than those reported previously.CONCLUSIONSIn this large national cohort of nonimmigrant Canadians, mortality was associated with long-term exposure to PM(2.5). Associations were observed with exposures to PM(2.5) at concentrations that were predominantly lower (mean, 8.7 μg/m(3); interquartile range, 6.2 μg/m(3)) than those reported previously. Background: Few cohort studies have evaluated the risk of mortality associated with long-term exposure to fine particulate matter [≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM 2.5 )]. This is the first national-level cohort study to investigate these risks in Canada. Objective: We investigated the association between long-term exposure to ambient PM 2.5 and cardiovascular mortality in nonimmigrant Canadian adults. Methods: We assigned estimates of exposure to ambient PM 2.5 derived from satellite observations to a cohort of 2.1 million Canadian adults who in 1991 were among the 20% of the population mandated to provide detailed census data. We identified deaths occurring between 1991 and 2001 through record linkage. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for available individual-level and contextual covariates using both standard Cox proportional survival models and nested, spatial random-effects survival models. Results: Using standard Cox models, we calculated HRs of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.16) from nonaccidental causes and 1.31 (95% CI: 1.27, 1.35) from ischemic heart disease for each 10-μg/m 3 increase in concentrations of PM 2.5 . Using spatial random-effects models controlling for the same variables, we calculated HRs of 1.10 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.15) and 1.30 (95% CI: 1.18, 1.43), respectively. We found similar associations between nonaccidental mortality and PM 2.5 based on satellite-derived estimates and ground-based measurements in a subanalysis of subjects in 11 cities. Conclusions: In this large national cohort of nonimmigrant Canadians, mortality was associated with long-term exposure to PM 2.5 . Associations were observed with exposures to PM 2.5 at concentrations that were predominantly lower (mean, 8.7 μg/m 3 ; interquartile range, 6.2 μg/m 3 ) than those reported previously. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Villeneuve, Paul J. Burnett, Richard T. Jerrett, Michael Brook, Jeffrey R. Crouse, Dan L. Brauer, Michael Atari, Dominic Odwa Peters, Paul A. Brion, Orly van Donkelaar, Aaron Goldberg, Mark S. Khan, Saeeda Martin, Randall V. Stieb, David Pope, C. Arden |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Dan L. surname: Crouse fullname: Crouse, Dan L. – sequence: 2 givenname: Paul A. surname: Peters fullname: Peters, Paul A. – sequence: 3 givenname: Aaron surname: van Donkelaar fullname: van Donkelaar, Aaron – sequence: 4 givenname: Mark S. surname: Goldberg fullname: Goldberg, Mark S. – sequence: 5 givenname: Paul J. surname: Villeneuve fullname: Villeneuve, Paul J. – sequence: 6 givenname: Orly surname: Brion fullname: Brion, Orly – sequence: 7 givenname: Saeeda surname: Khan fullname: Khan, Saeeda – sequence: 8 givenname: Dominic Odwa surname: Atari fullname: Atari, Dominic Odwa – sequence: 9 givenname: Michael surname: Jerrett fullname: Jerrett, Michael – sequence: 10 givenname: C. Arden surname: Pope fullname: Pope, C. Arden – sequence: 11 givenname: Michael surname: Brauer fullname: Brauer, Michael – sequence: 12 givenname: Jeffrey R. surname: Brook fullname: Brook, Jeffrey R. – sequence: 13 givenname: Randall V. surname: Martin fullname: Martin, Randall V. – sequence: 14 givenname: David surname: Stieb fullname: Stieb, David – sequence: 15 givenname: Richard T. surname: Burnett fullname: Burnett, Richard T. |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=25814870$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22313724$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Keywords | fine particulate matter Low dose Mortality cardiovascular mortality Risk Exposure Epidemiology Long term Canada Health and environment Fine particle Cohort study Risk factor Air pollution Circulatory system Public health |
| Language | English |
| License | CC BY 4.0 Publication of EHP lies in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. All text from EHP may be reprinted freely. Use of materials published in EHP should be acknowledged (for example, ?Reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives?); pertinent reference information should be provided for the article from which the material was reproduced. Articles from EHP, especially the News section, may contain photographs or illustrations copyrighted by other commercial organizations or individuals that may not be used without obtaining prior approval from the holder of the copyright. |
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| Snippet | Background: Few cohort studies have evaluated the risk of mortality associated with long-term exposure to fine particulate matter [≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic... Few cohort studies have evaluated the risk of mortality associated with long-term exposure to fine particulate matter [≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter... Background: Few cohort studies have evaluated the risk of mortality associated with long-term exposure to fine particulate matter [ less than or equal to 2.5... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Adults Aged Air Air Pollutants - toxicity Air pollution Biological and medical sciences Canada Canada - epidemiology Cardiovascular diseases Cardiovascular Diseases - mortality Cohort Studies Death Disease models Ecological modeling Environment. Living conditions Environmental aspects Environmental pollutants toxicology Estimates Exposure Female Health aspects Heart diseases Humans International Statistical Classification of Diseases Male Mathematical models Medical sciences Middle Aged Mortality Mortality risk Myocardial ischemia Particle Size Particles Particulate matter Public health. Hygiene Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine Risk Risk Factors Socioeconomic Factors Spatial models Survival Toxicology |
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| Title | Risk of Nonaccidental and Cardiovascular Mortality in Relation to Long-term Exposure to Low Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter: A Canadian National-Level Cohort Study |
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