Regulation of Mutagenic DNA Polymerase V Activation in Space and Time
Spatial regulation is often encountered as a component of multi-tiered regulatory systems in eukaryotes, where processes are readily segregated by organelle boundaries. Well-characterized examples of spatial regulation are less common in bacteria. Low-fidelity DNA polymerase V (UmuD'2C) is prod...
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| Published in | PLoS genetics Vol. 11; no. 8; p. e1005482 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Public Library of Science
01.08.2015
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Spatial regulation is often encountered as a component of multi-tiered regulatory systems in eukaryotes, where processes are readily segregated by organelle boundaries. Well-characterized examples of spatial regulation are less common in bacteria. Low-fidelity DNA polymerase V (UmuD'2C) is produced in Escherichia coli as part of the bacterial SOS response to DNA damage. Due to the mutagenic potential of this enzyme, pol V activity is controlled by means of an elaborate regulatory system at transcriptional and posttranslational levels. Using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to visualize UmuC inside living cells in space and time, we now show that pol V is also subject to a novel form of spatial regulation. After an initial delay (~ 45 min) post UV irradiation, UmuC is synthesized, but is not immediately activated. Instead, it is sequestered at the inner cell membrane. The release of UmuC into the cytosol requires the RecA* nucleoprotein filament-mediated cleavage of UmuD→UmuD'. Classic SOS damage response mutants either block [umuD(K97A)] or constitutively stimulate [recA(E38K)] UmuC release from the membrane. Foci of mutagenically active pol V Mut (UmuD'2C-RecA-ATP) formed in the cytosol after UV irradiation do not co-localize with pol III replisomes, suggesting a capacity to promote translesion DNA synthesis at lesions skipped over by DNA polymerase III. In effect, at least three molecular mechanisms limit the amount of time that pol V has to access DNA: (1) transcriptional and posttranslational regulation that initially keep the intracellular levels of pol V to a minimum; (2) spatial regulation via transient sequestration of UmuC at the membrane, which further delays pol V activation; and (3) the hydrolytic activity of a recently discovered pol V Mut ATPase function that limits active polymerase time on the chromosomal template. |
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| AbstractList | Spatial regulation is often encountered as a component of multi-tiered regulatory systems in eukaryotes, where processes are readily segregated by organelle boundaries. Well-characterized examples of spatial regulation are less common in bacteria. Low-fidelity DNA polymerase V ([UmuD'.sub.2]C) is produced in Escherichia coli as part of the bacterial SOS response to DNA damage. Due to the mutagenic potential of this enzyme, pol V activity is controlled by means of an elaborate regulatory system at transcriptional and posttranslational levels. Using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to visualize UmuC inside living cells in space and time, we now show that pol V is also subject to a novel form of spatial regulation. After an initial delay (~ 45 min) post UV irradiation, UmuC is synthesized, but is not immediately activated. Instead, it is sequestered at the inner cell membrane. The release of UmuC into the cytosol requires the [RecA.sup.*] nucleoprotein filament-mediated cleavage of UmuD[right arrow]UmuD'. Classic SOS damage response mutants either block [umuD(K97A)] or constitutively stimulate [recA(E38K)] UmuC release from the membrane. Foci of mutagenically active pol V Mut ([UmuD'.sub.2] C-RecA-ATP) formed in the cytosol after UV irradiation do not co-localize with pol III replisomes, suggesting a capacity to promote translesion DNA synthesis at lesions skipped over by DNA polymerase III. In effect, at least three molecular mechanisms limit the amount of time that pol V has to access DNA: (1) transcriptional and posttranslational regulation that initially keep the intracellular levels of pol V to a minimum; (2) spatial regulation via transient sequestration of UmuC at the membrane, which further delays pol V activation; and (3) the hydrolytic activity of a recently discovered pol V Mut ATPase function that limits active polymerase time on the chromosomal template. Spatial regulation is often encountered as a component of multi-tiered regulatory systems in eukaryotes, where processes are readily segregated by organelle boundaries. Well-characterized examples of spatial regulation are less common in bacteria. Low-fidelity DNA polymerase V (UmuD'2C) is produced in Escherichia coli as part of the bacterial SOS response to DNA damage. Due to the mutagenic potential of this enzyme, pol V activity is controlled by means of an elaborate regulatory system at transcriptional and posttranslational levels. Using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to visualize UmuC inside living cells in space and time, we now show that pol V is also subject to a novel form of spatial regulation. After an initial delay (~ 45 min) post UV irradiation, UmuC is synthesized, but is not immediately activated. Instead, it is sequestered at the inner cell membrane. The release of UmuC into the cytosol requires the RecA* nucleoprotein filament-mediated cleavage of UmuD→UmuD'. Classic SOS damage response mutants either block [umuD(K97A)] or constitutively stimulate [recA(E38K)] UmuC release from the membrane. Foci of mutagenically active pol V Mut (UmuD'2C-RecA-ATP) formed in the cytosol after UV irradiation do not co-localize with pol III replisomes, suggesting a capacity to promote translesion DNA synthesis at lesions skipped over by DNA polymerase III. In effect, at least three molecular mechanisms limit the amount of time that pol V has to access DNA: (1) transcriptional and posttranslational regulation that initially keep the intracellular levels of pol V to a minimum; (2) spatial regulation via transient sequestration of UmuC at the membrane, which further delays pol V activation; and (3) the hydrolytic activity of a recently discovered pol V Mut ATPase function that limits active polymerase time on the chromosomal template. Spatial regulation is often encountered as a component of multi-tiered regulatory systems in eukaryotes, where processes are readily segregated by organelle boundaries. Well-characterized examples of spatial regulation are less common in bacteria. Low-fidelity DNA polymerase V (UmuD′ 2 C) is produced in Escherichia coli as part of the bacterial SOS response to DNA damage. Due to the mutagenic potential of this enzyme, pol V activity is controlled by means of an elaborate regulatory system at transcriptional and posttranslational levels. Using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to visualize UmuC inside living cells in space and time, we now show that pol V is also subject to a novel form of spatial regulation. After an initial delay (~ 45 min) post UV irradiation, UmuC is synthesized, but is not immediately activated. Instead, it is sequestered at the inner cell membrane. The release of UmuC into the cytosol requires the RecA* nucleoprotein filament-mediated cleavage of UmuD→UmuD′. Classic SOS damage response mutants either block [ umuD (K97A)] or constitutively stimulate [ recA (E38K)] UmuC release from the membrane. Foci of mutagenically active pol V Mut (UmuD′ 2 C-RecA-ATP) formed in the cytosol after UV irradiation do not co-localize with pol III replisomes, suggesting a capacity to promote translesion DNA synthesis at lesions skipped over by DNA polymerase III. In effect, at least three molecular mechanisms limit the amount of time that pol V has to access DNA: (1) transcriptional and posttranslational regulation that initially keep the intracellular levels of pol V to a minimum; (2) spatial regulation via transient sequestration of UmuC at the membrane, which further delays pol V activation; and (3) the hydrolytic activity of a recently discovered pol V Mut ATPase function that limits active polymerase time on the chromosomal template. Escherichia coli , and many other bacteria, respond to high levels of DNA damage with an inducible system called the SOS response. In this response, bacteria first try to restart replication using non-mutagenic DNA repair strategies. If that fails, replication can be restored using DNA polymerases that simply replicate over DNA lesions, a desperation strategy that results in mutations. DNA polymerase V (pol V) is responsible for most mutagenesis that accompanies the SOS response. Because of the risk inherent to elevated mutation levels, pol V activation is tightly constrained. This report introduces a new layer of regulation on pol V activation, with a novel spatial component. After synthesis, the UmuC subunit of pol V is sequestered transiently at the membrane. Release into the cytosol and final activation depends on the activity of RecA protein and the autocatalytic cleavage of UmuD to generate the UmuD' subunit of pol V. The resulting delay in activation represents an additional molecular mechanism that limits the amount of time that this sometimes necessary but potentially detrimental enzyme spends on the DNA. Spatial regulation is often encountered as a component of multi-tiered regulatory systems in eukaryotes, where processes are readily segregated by organelle boundaries. Well-characterized examples of spatial regulation are less common in bacteria. Low-fidelity DNA polymerase V (UmuD'2C) is produced in Escherichia coli as part of the bacterial SOS response to DNA damage. Due to the mutagenic potential of this enzyme, pol V activity is controlled by means of an elaborate regulatory system at transcriptional and posttranslational levels. Using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to visualize UmuC inside living cells in space and time, we now show that pol V is also subject to a novel form of spatial regulation. After an initial delay (~ 45 min) post UV irradiation, UmuC is synthesized, but is not immediately activated. Instead, it is sequestered at the inner cell membrane. The release of UmuC into the cytosol requires the RecA* nucleoprotein filament-mediated cleavage of UmuD[right arrow]UmuD'. Classic SOS damage response mutants either block [umuD(K97A)] or constitutively stimulate [recA(E38K)] UmuC release from the membrane. Foci of mutagenically active pol V Mut (UmuD'2C-RecA-ATP) formed in the cytosol after UV irradiation do not co-localize with pol III replisomes, suggesting a capacity to promote translesion DNA synthesis at lesions skipped over by DNA polymerase III. In effect, at least three molecular mechanisms limit the amount of time that pol V has to access DNA: (1) transcriptional and posttranslational regulation that initially keep the intracellular levels of pol V to a minimum; (2) spatial regulation via transient sequestration of UmuC at the membrane, which further delays pol V activation; and (3) the hydrolytic activity of a recently discovered pol V Mut ATPase function that limits active polymerase time on the chromosomal template. Spatial regulation is often encountered as a component of multi-tiered regulatory systems in eukaryotes, where processes are readily segregated by organelle boundaries. Well-characterized examples of spatial regulation are less common in bacteria. Low-fidelity DNA polymerase V (UmuD'2C) is produced in Escherichia coli as part of the bacterial SOS response to DNA damage. Due to the mutagenic potential of this enzyme, pol V activity is controlled by means of an elaborate regulatory system at transcriptional and posttranslational levels. Using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to visualize UmuC inside living cells in space and time, we now show that pol V is also subject to a novel form of spatial regulation. After an initial delay (~ 45 min) post UV irradiation, UmuC is synthesized, but is not immediately activated. Instead, it is sequestered at the inner cell membrane. The release of UmuC into the cytosol requires the RecA* nucleoprotein filament-mediated cleavage of UmuD→UmuD'. Classic SOS damage response mutants either block [umuD(K97A)] or constitutively stimulate [recA(E38K)] UmuC release from the membrane. Foci of mutagenically active pol V Mut (UmuD'2C-RecA-ATP) formed in the cytosol after UV irradiation do not co-localize with pol III replisomes, suggesting a capacity to promote translesion DNA synthesis at lesions skipped over by DNA polymerase III. In effect, at least three molecular mechanisms limit the amount of time that pol V has to access DNA: (1) transcriptional and posttranslational regulation that initially keep the intracellular levels of pol V to a minimum; (2) spatial regulation via transient sequestration of UmuC at the membrane, which further delays pol V activation; and (3) the hydrolytic activity of a recently discovered pol V Mut ATPase function that limits active polymerase time on the chromosomal template.Spatial regulation is often encountered as a component of multi-tiered regulatory systems in eukaryotes, where processes are readily segregated by organelle boundaries. Well-characterized examples of spatial regulation are less common in bacteria. Low-fidelity DNA polymerase V (UmuD'2C) is produced in Escherichia coli as part of the bacterial SOS response to DNA damage. Due to the mutagenic potential of this enzyme, pol V activity is controlled by means of an elaborate regulatory system at transcriptional and posttranslational levels. Using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to visualize UmuC inside living cells in space and time, we now show that pol V is also subject to a novel form of spatial regulation. After an initial delay (~ 45 min) post UV irradiation, UmuC is synthesized, but is not immediately activated. Instead, it is sequestered at the inner cell membrane. The release of UmuC into the cytosol requires the RecA* nucleoprotein filament-mediated cleavage of UmuD→UmuD'. Classic SOS damage response mutants either block [umuD(K97A)] or constitutively stimulate [recA(E38K)] UmuC release from the membrane. Foci of mutagenically active pol V Mut (UmuD'2C-RecA-ATP) formed in the cytosol after UV irradiation do not co-localize with pol III replisomes, suggesting a capacity to promote translesion DNA synthesis at lesions skipped over by DNA polymerase III. In effect, at least three molecular mechanisms limit the amount of time that pol V has to access DNA: (1) transcriptional and posttranslational regulation that initially keep the intracellular levels of pol V to a minimum; (2) spatial regulation via transient sequestration of UmuC at the membrane, which further delays pol V activation; and (3) the hydrolytic activity of a recently discovered pol V Mut ATPase function that limits active polymerase time on the chromosomal template. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Patel, Meghna McDonald, John P. Goodman, Myron F. Cox, Michael M. Wood, Elizabeth A. van Oijen, Antoine M. Caldas, Victor E. A. Ghodke, Harshad Robinson, Andrew Punter, Christiaan M. Woodgate, Roger |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Centre for Synthetic Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands 2 Laboratory of Genomic Integrity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America Northeastern University, UNITED STATES 3 Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America 4 Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Centre for Synthetic Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands – name: Northeastern University, UNITED STATES – name: 4 Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America – name: 2 Laboratory of Genomic Integrity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America – name: 3 Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Andrew surname: Robinson fullname: Robinson, Andrew – sequence: 2 givenname: John P. surname: McDonald fullname: McDonald, John P. – sequence: 3 givenname: Victor E. A. surname: Caldas fullname: Caldas, Victor E. A. – sequence: 4 givenname: Meghna surname: Patel fullname: Patel, Meghna – sequence: 5 givenname: Elizabeth A. surname: Wood fullname: Wood, Elizabeth A. – sequence: 6 givenname: Christiaan M. surname: Punter fullname: Punter, Christiaan M. – sequence: 7 givenname: Harshad surname: Ghodke fullname: Ghodke, Harshad – sequence: 8 givenname: Michael M. surname: Cox fullname: Cox, Michael M. – sequence: 9 givenname: Roger surname: Woodgate fullname: Woodgate, Roger – sequence: 10 givenname: Myron F. surname: Goodman fullname: Goodman, Myron F. – sequence: 11 givenname: Antoine M. surname: van Oijen fullname: van Oijen, Antoine M. |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26317348$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2015 Public Library of Science 2015 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Robinson A, McDonald JP, Caldas VEA, Patel M, Wood EA, Punter CM, et al. (2015) Regulation of Mutagenic DNA Polymerase V Activation in Space and Time. PLoS Genet 11(8): e1005482. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005482 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: COPYRIGHT 2015 Public Library of Science – notice: 2015 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Robinson A, McDonald JP, Caldas VEA, Patel M, Wood EA, Punter CM, et al. (2015) Regulation of Mutagenic DNA Polymerase V Activation in Space and Time. PLoS Genet 11(8): e1005482. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005482 |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Conceived and designed the experiments: AR MMC RW MFG AMvO. Performed the experiments: AR JPM VEAC MP RW HG. Analyzed the data: AR RW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AR JPM EAW CMP HG. Wrote the paper: AR MMC RW MFG AMvO. Current address: School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. |
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| Snippet | Spatial regulation is often encountered as a component of multi-tiered regulatory systems in eukaryotes, where processes are readily segregated by organelle... Spatial regulation is often encountered as a component of multi-tiered regulatory systems in eukaryotes, where processes are readily segregated by organelle... |
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| SubjectTerms | Bacteria Chromosomes Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA DNA damage DNA Damage - genetics DNA polymerase DNA polymerases DNA repair DNA Replication - genetics DNA, Bacterial - genetics DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase - genetics DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase - metabolism DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase - radiation effects E coli Enzyme Activation - genetics Enzymes Escherichia coli Escherichia coli - genetics Escherichia coli Proteins - genetics Escherichia coli Proteins - metabolism Escherichia coli Proteins - radiation effects Funding Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial - genetics Genetic aspects Genetic regulation Glucose Light Localization Mutagenesis Mutation Observations Physiological aspects Protein Processing, Post-Translational - genetics Rec A Recombinases - genetics RecA protein Regulation SOS Response, Genetics - genetics Transcription, Genetic - genetics Ultraviolet Rays |
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| Title | Regulation of Mutagenic DNA Polymerase V Activation in Space and Time |
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