Mechanistic insight into the pathology of polyalanine expansion disorders revealed by a mouse model for X linked hypopituitarism

Polyalanine expansions in transcription factors have been associated with eight distinct congenital human diseases. It is thought that in each case the polyalanine expansion causes misfolding of the protein that abrogates protein function. Misfolded proteins form aggregates when expressed in vitro;...

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Published inPLoS genetics Vol. 9; no. 3; p. e1003290
Main Authors Hughes, James, Piltz, Sandra, Rogers, Nicholas, McAninch, Dale, Rowley, Lynn, Thomas, Paul
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Public Library of Science 01.03.2013
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Abstract Polyalanine expansions in transcription factors have been associated with eight distinct congenital human diseases. It is thought that in each case the polyalanine expansion causes misfolding of the protein that abrogates protein function. Misfolded proteins form aggregates when expressed in vitro; however, it is less clear whether aggregation is of relevance to these diseases in vivo. To investigate this issue, we used targeted mutagenesis of embryonic stem (ES) cells to generate mice with a polyalanine expansion mutation in Sox3 (Sox3-26ala) that is associated with X-linked Hypopituitarism (XH) in humans. By investigating both ES cells and chimeric mice, we show that endogenous polyalanine expanded SOX3 does not form protein aggregates in vivo but rather is present at dramatically reduced levels within the nucleus of mutant cells. Importantly, the residual mutant protein of chimeric embryos is able to rescue a block in gastrulation but is not sufficient for normal development of the hypothalamus, a region that is functionally compromised in Sox3 null embryos and individuals with XH. Together, these data provide the first definitive example of a disease-relevant PA mutant protein that is both nuclear and functional, thereby manifesting as a partial loss-of-function allele.
AbstractList Polyalanine expansions in transcription factors have been associated with eight distinct congenital human diseases. It is thought that in each case the polyalanine expansion causes misfolding of the protein that abrogates protein function. Misfolded proteins form aggregates when expressed in vitro; however, it is less clear whether aggregation is of relevance to these diseases in vivo. To investigate this issue, we used targeted mutagenesis of embryonic stem (ES) cells to generate mice with a polyalanine expansion mutation in Sox3 (Sox3-26ala) that is associated with X-linked Hypopituitarism (XH) in humans. By investigating both ES cells and chimeric mice, we show that endogenous polyalanine expanded SOX3 does not form protein aggregates in vivo but rather is present at dramatically reduced levels within the nucleus of mutant cells. Importantly, the residual mutant protein of chimeric embryos is able to rescue a block in gastrulation but is not sufficient for normal development of the hypothalamus, a region that is functionally compromised in Sox3 null embryos and individuals with XH. Together, these data provide the first definitive example of a disease- relevant PA mutant protein that is both nuclear and functional, thereby manifesting as a partial loss-of-function allele.
Polyalanine expansions in transcription factors have been associated with eight distinct congenital human diseases. It is thought that in each case the polyalanine expansion causes misfolding of the protein that abrogates protein function. Misfolded proteins form aggregates when expressed in vitro ; however, it is less clear whether aggregation is of relevance to these diseases in vivo . To investigate this issue, we used targeted mutagenesis of embryonic stem (ES) cells to generate mice with a polyalanine expansion mutation in Sox3 ( Sox3 -26ala) that is associated with X-linked Hypopituitarism (XH) in humans. By investigating both ES cells and chimeric mice, we show that endogenous polyalanine expanded SOX3 does not form protein aggregates in vivo but rather is present at dramatically reduced levels within the nucleus of mutant cells. Importantly, the residual mutant protein of chimeric embryos is able to rescue a block in gastrulation but is not sufficient for normal development of the hypothalamus, a region that is functionally compromised in Sox3 null embryos and individuals with XH. Together, these data provide the first definitive example of a disease-relevant PA mutant protein that is both nuclear and functional, thereby manifesting as a partial loss-of-function allele. Alanine is one of the 20 amino acid building blocks from which proteins are generated. Nearly 500 human proteins contain stretches of consecutive alanine residues ranging from 4 to 20 amino acids in length. Whilst the function of these polyalanine (PA) tracts remains unknown, they are interesting because DNA changes (mutations) that increase their length above a threshold are responsible for nine different human disorders. In vitro studies indicate that expanded PA proteins misfold and aggregate, suggesting that there may be a common “gain-of-function” mechanism that underpins this group of disorders. However, these data are difficult to reconcile with genetic studies, which indicate that most PA mutations cause protein loss-of-function. Therefore, to investigate the pathological mechanism of PA disorders we generated a mouse model of X-linked Hypopituitarism (XH), a disease caused by PA expansion in the SOX3 protein. Strikingly, we found that the mouse version of the disease-causing protein was almost completely cleared from cells and that aggregates do not form in vivo . These data explain why this type of mutation causes protein loss-of-function and reveals why nature limits the length of PA stretches.
  Polyalanine expansions in transcription factors have been associated with eight distinct congenital human diseases. It is thought that in each case the polyalanine expansion causes misfolding of the protein that abrogates protein function. Misfolded proteins form aggregates when expressed in vitro; however, it is less clear whether aggregation is of relevance to these diseases in vivo. To investigate this issue, we used targeted mutagenesis of embryonic stem (ES) cells to generate mice with a polyalanine expansion mutation in Sox3 (Sox3-26ala) that is associated with X-linked Hypopituitarism (XH) in humans. By investigating both ES cells and chimeric mice, we show that endogenous polyalanine expanded SOX3 does not form protein aggregates in vivo but rather is present at dramatically reduced levels within the nucleus of mutant cells. Importantly, the residual mutant protein of chimeric embryos is able to rescue a block in gastrulation but is not sufficient for normal development of the hypothalamus, a region that is functionally compromised in Sox3 null embryos and individuals with XH. Together, these data provide the first definitive example of a disease-relevant PA mutant protein that is both nuclear and functional, thereby manifesting as a partial loss-of-function allele.
Audience Academic
Author Rogers, Nicholas
McAninch, Dale
Thomas, Paul
Hughes, James
Piltz, Sandra
Rowley, Lynn
AuthorAffiliation 2 Pituitary Research Unit, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
University of Michigan, United States of America
1 School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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2013 Hughes et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Hughes J, Piltz S, Rogers N, McAninch D, Rowley L, et al. (2013) Mechanistic Insight into the Pathology of Polyalanine Expansion Disorders Revealed by a Mouse Model for X Linked Hypopituitarism. PLoS Genet 9(3): e1003290. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003290
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Notes Conceived and designed the experiments: PT JH SP NR DM. Performed the experiments: JH SP NR DM LR. Analyzed the data: JH PT SP NR DM LR. Wrote the paper: PT JH.
PT is supported by a Fellowship from Pfizer Australia. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS Genetics policies on sharing data and materials.
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SSID ssj0035897
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Snippet Polyalanine expansions in transcription factors have been associated with eight distinct congenital human diseases. It is thought that in each case the...
  Polyalanine expansions in transcription factors have been associated with eight distinct congenital human diseases. It is thought that in each case the...
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StartPage e1003290
SubjectTerms Aggregates
Alleles
Aniline
Animals
Biology
Cell culture
Cell Nucleus
Disease
Disease Models, Animal
Embryonic Development - genetics
Embryonic Stem Cells - cytology
Expansion
Genetic aspects
Genetic Diseases, X-Linked
Genetics
Health aspects
Humans
Hypopituitarism
Hypopituitarism - genetics
Hypopituitarism - pathology
Mice
Microscopy
Molecular weight
Mutagenesis
Mutant Proteins - genetics
Mutant Proteins - metabolism
Mutation
Pathology
Peptides - genetics
Peptides - metabolism
Physiological aspects
Physiology, Pathological
Plasmids
Proteins
Proteostasis Deficiencies - genetics
Proteostasis Deficiencies - metabolism
Rodents
SOXB1 Transcription Factors - genetics
SOXB1 Transcription Factors - metabolism
Transcription factors
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Title Mechanistic insight into the pathology of polyalanine expansion disorders revealed by a mouse model for X linked hypopituitarism
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23505376
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC3591313
https://doaj.org/article/876e05b02a6547aba0de57de9b186e9a
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003290
Volume 9
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