Probing the Energetic Particle Environment near the Sun

NASA’s Parker Solar Probe mission1 recently plunged through the inner heliosphere of the Sun to its perihelia, about 24 million kilometres from the Sun. Previous studies farther from the Sun (performed mostly at a distance of 1 astronomical unit) indicate that solar energetic particles are accelerat...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inNature (London) Vol. 576; no. 7786; pp. 223 - 227
Main Authors Mccomas, D J, Christian, E R, Cohen, C M S, Cummings, A C, Davis, A J, Desai, M I, Giacalone, J, Hill, M E, Joyce, C J, Krimigis, S M, Labrador, A W, Leske, R A, Malandraki, O, Matthaeus, W H, R L McNutt, Jr, Mewaldt, R A, Mitchell, D G, Posner, Arik, Rankin, J S, Roelof, E C, Schwadron, N A, Stone, E C, Szalay, J R, Wiedenbeck, M E, Bale, S D, Kasper, J C, Case, A W, Korreck, K E, Macdowall, R J, Pulupa, M, Stevens, M L, Rouillard, A P
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Goddard Space Flight Center Nature Research 12.12.2019
Nature Publishing Group UK
Nature Publishing Group
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Loading…
Abstract NASA’s Parker Solar Probe mission1 recently plunged through the inner heliosphere of the Sun to its perihelia, about 24 million kilometres from the Sun. Previous studies farther from the Sun (performed mostly at a distance of 1 astronomical unit) indicate that solar energetic particles are accelerated from a few kiloelectronvolts up to near-relativistic energies via at least two processes: ‘impulsive’ events, which are usually associated with magnetic reconnection in solar flares and are typically enriched in electrons, helium-3 and heavier ions2, and ‘gradual’ events3,4, which are typically associated with large coronal-mass-ejection-driven shocks and compressions moving through the corona and inner solar wind and are the dominant source of protons with energies between 1 and 10 megaelectronvolts. However, some events show aspects of both processes and the electron–proton ratio is not bimodally distributed, as would be expected if there were only two possible processes5. These processes have been very difficult to resolve from prior observations, owing to the various transport effects that affect the energetic particle population en route to more distant spacecraft6. Here we report observations of the near-Sun energetic particle radiation environment over the first two orbits of the probe. We find a variety of energetic particle events accelerated both locally and remotely including by corotating interaction regions, impulsive events driven by acceleration near the Sun, and an event related to a coronal mass ejection. We provide direct observations of the energetic particle radiation environment in the region just above the corona of the Sun and directly explore the physics of particle acceleration and transport.
AbstractList NASA's Parker Solar Probe mission recently plunged through the inner heliosphere of the Sun to its perihelia, about 24 million kilometres from the Sun. Previous studies farther from the Sun (performed mostly at a distance of 1 astronomical unit) indicate that solar energetic particles are accelerated from a few kiloelectronvolts up to near-relativistic energies via at least two processes: 'impulsive' events, which are usually associated with magnetic reconnection in solar flares and are typically enriched in electrons, helium-3 and heavier ions , and 'gradual' events , which are typically associated with large coronal-mass-ejection-driven shocks and compressions moving through the corona and inner solar wind and are the dominant source of protons with energies between 1 and 10 megaelectronvolts. However, some events show aspects of both processes and the electron-proton ratio is not bimodally distributed, as would be expected if there were only two possible processes . These processes have been very difficult to resolve from prior observations, owing to the various transport effects that affect the energetic particle population en route to more distant spacecraft . Here we report observations of the near-Sun energetic particle radiation environment over the first two orbits of the probe. We find a variety of energetic particle events accelerated both locally and remotely including by corotating interaction regions, impulsive events driven by acceleration near the Sun, and an event related to a coronal mass ejection. We provide direct observations of the energetic particle radiation environment in the region just above the corona of the Sun and directly explore the physics of particle acceleration and transport.
NASA’s Parker Solar Probe mission1 recently plunged through the inner heliosphere of the Sun to its perihelia, about 24 million kilometres from the Sun. Previous studies farther from the Sun (performed mostly at a distance of 1 astronomical unit) indicate that solar energetic particles are accelerated from a few kiloelectronvolts up to near-relativistic energies via at least two processes: ‘impulsive’ events, which are usually associated with magnetic reconnection in solar flares and are typically enriched in electrons, helium-3 and heavier ions2, and ‘gradual’ events3,4, which are typically associated with large coronal-mass-ejection-driven shocks and compressions moving through the corona and inner solar wind and are the dominant source of protons with energies between 1 and 10 megaelectronvolts. However, some events show aspects of both processes and the electron–proton ratio is not bimodally distributed, as would be expected if there were only two possible processes5. These processes have been very difficult to resolve from prior observations, owing to the various transport effects that affect the energetic particle population en route to more distant spacecraft6. Here we report observations of the near-Sun energetic particle radiation environment over the first two orbits of the probe. We find a variety of energetic particle events accelerated both locally and remotely including by corotating interaction regions, impulsive events driven by acceleration near the Sun, and an event related to a coronal mass ejection. We provide direct observations of the energetic particle radiation environment in the region just above the corona of the Sun and directly explore the physics of particle acceleration and transport.
NASA's Parker Solar Probe mission.sup.1 recently plunged through the inner heliosphere of the Sun to its perihelia, about 24 million kilometres from the Sun. Previous studies farther from the Sun (performed mostly at a distance of 1 astronomical unit) indicate that solar energetic particles are accelerated from a few kiloelectronvolts up to near-relativistic energies via at least two processes: 'impulsive' events, which are usually associated with magnetic reconnection in solar flares and are typically enriched in electrons, helium-3 and heavier ions.sup.2, and 'gradual' events.sup.3,4, which are typically associated with large coronal-mass-ejection-driven shocks and compressions moving through the corona and inner solar wind and are the dominant source of protons with energies between 1 and 10 megaelectronvolts. However, some events show aspects of both processes and the electron-proton ratio is not bimodally distributed, as would be expected if there were only two possible processes.sup.5. These processes have been very difficult to resolve from prior observations, owing to the various transport effects that affect the energetic particle population en route to more distant spacecraft.sup.6. Here we report observations of the near-Sun energetic particle radiation environment over the first two orbits of the probe. We find a variety of energetic particle events accelerated both locally and remotely including by corotating interaction regions, impulsive events driven by acceleration near the Sun, and an event related to a coronal mass ejection. We provide direct observations of the energetic particle radiation environment in the region just above the corona of the Sun and directly explore the physics of particle acceleration and transport.
NASA’s Parker Solar Probe mission 1 recently plunged through the inner heliosphere of the Sun to its perihelia, about 24 million kilometres from the Sun. Previous studies farther from the Sun (performed mostly at a distance of 1 astronomical unit) indicate that solar energetic particles are accelerated from a few kiloelectronvolts up to near-relativistic energies via at least two processes: ‘impulsive’ events, which are usually associated with magnetic reconnection in solar flares and are typically enriched in electrons, helium-3 and heavier ions 2 , and ‘gradual’ events 3 , 4 , which are typically associated with large coronal-mass-ejection-driven shocks and compressions moving through the corona and inner solar wind and are the dominant source of protons with energies between 1 and 10 megaelectronvolts. However, some events show aspects of both processes and the electron–proton ratio is not bimodally distributed, as would be expected if there were only two possible processes 5 . These processes have been very difficult to resolve from prior observations, owing to the various transport effects that affect the energetic particle population en route to more distant spacecraft 6 . Here we report observations of the near-Sun energetic particle radiation environment over the first two orbits of the probe. We find a variety of energetic particle events accelerated both locally and remotely including by corotating interaction regions, impulsive events driven by acceleration near the Sun, and an event related to a coronal mass ejection. We provide direct observations of the energetic particle radiation environment in the region just above the corona of the Sun and directly explore the physics of particle acceleration and transport. The Parker Solar Probe mission has reached the inner heliosphere of the Sun and made measurements of energetic particle events in the near-Sun radiation environment.
NASA's Parker Solar Probe mission1 recently plunged through the inner heliosphere of the Sun to its perihelia, about 24 million kilometres from the Sun. Previous studies farther from the Sun (performed mostly at a distance of 1 astronomical unit) indicate that solar energetic particles are accelerated from a few kiloelectronvolts up to nearrelativistic energies via at least two processes: 'impulsive' events, which are usually associated with magnetic reconnection in solar flares and are typically enriched in electrons, helium-3 and heavier ions2, and 'gradual' events3,4, which are typically associated with large coronal-mass-ejection-driven shocks and compressions moving through the corona and inner solar wind and are the dominant source of protons with energies between 1 and 10 megaelectronvolts. However, some events show aspects of both processes and the electron-proton ratio is not bimodally distributed, as would be expected if there were only two possible processes5. These processes have been very difficult to resolve from prior observations, owing to the various transport effects that affect the energetic particle population en route to more distant spacecraft6. Here we report observations of the near-Sun energetic particle radiation environment over the first two orbits of the probe. We find a variety of energetic particle events accelerated both locally and remotely including by corotating interaction regions, impulsive events driven by acceleration near the Sun, and an event related to a coronal mass ejection. We provide direct observations of the energetic particle radiation environment in the region just above the corona of the Sun and directly explore the physics of particle acceleration and transport.
NASA's Parker Solar Probe mission.sup.1 recently plunged through the inner heliosphere of the Sun to its perihelia, about 24 million kilometres from the Sun. Previous studies farther from the Sun (performed mostly at a distance of 1 astronomical unit) indicate that solar energetic particles are accelerated from a few kiloelectronvolts up to near-relativistic energies via at least two processes: 'impulsive' events, which are usually associated with magnetic reconnection in solar flares and are typically enriched in electrons, helium-3 and heavier ions.sup.2, and 'gradual' events.sup.3,4, which are typically associated with large coronal-mass-ejection-driven shocks and compressions moving through the corona and inner solar wind and are the dominant source of protons with energies between 1 and 10 megaelectronvolts. However, some events show aspects of both processes and the electron-proton ratio is not bimodally distributed, as would be expected if there were only two possible processes.sup.5. These processes have been very difficult to resolve from prior observations, owing to the various transport effects that affect the energetic particle population en route to more distant spacecraft.sup.6. Here we report observations of the near-Sun energetic particle radiation environment over the first two orbits of the probe. We find a variety of energetic particle events accelerated both locally and remotely including by corotating interaction regions, impulsive events driven by acceleration near the Sun, and an event related to a coronal mass ejection. We provide direct observations of the energetic particle radiation environment in the region just above the corona of the Sun and directly explore the physics of particle acceleration and transport. The Parker Solar Probe mission has reached the inner heliosphere of the Sun and made measurements of energetic particle events in the near-Sun radiation environment.
Audience PUBLIC
Academic
Author Rankin, J S
Macdowall, R J
Cummings, A C
Bale, S D
Korreck, K E
Labrador, A W
Case, A W
Giacalone, J
Schwadron, N A
Roelof, E C
Joyce, C J
Rouillard, A P
R L McNutt, Jr
Mewaldt, R A
Mccomas, D J
Davis, A J
Mitchell, D G
Kasper, J C
Krimigis, S M
Szalay, J R
Matthaeus, W H
Cohen, C M S
Desai, M I
Posner, Arik
Malandraki, O
Leske, R A
Pulupa, M
Christian, E R
Wiedenbeck, M E
Stevens, M L
Stone, E C
Hill, M E
AuthorAffiliation 1 Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
2 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
11 University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
3 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
15 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
6 University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
13 University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
14 The Blackett Laboratory Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
16 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
9 University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
10 NASA HQ, Washington DC 20024, USA
12 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
4 Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
7 Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
8 National Observatory of Athens, IAASARS, Athens 15236 Greece
5 University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
17 CNRS, Toulou
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 14 The Blackett Laboratory Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
– name: 6 University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
– name: 10 NASA HQ, Washington DC 20024, USA
– name: 5 University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
– name: 1 Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
– name: 12 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
– name: 8 National Observatory of Athens, IAASARS, Athens 15236 Greece
– name: 11 University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
– name: 16 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
– name: 9 University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
– name: 2 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
– name: 3 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
– name: 13 University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
– name: 15 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
– name: 4 Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
– name: 17 CNRS, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
– name: 7 Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: D J
  surname: Mccomas
  fullname: Mccomas, D J
  organization: Princeton University
– sequence: 2
  givenname: E R
  surname: Christian
  fullname: Christian, E R
  organization: Goddard Space Flight Center
– sequence: 3
  givenname: C M S
  surname: Cohen
  fullname: Cohen, C M S
  organization: Jet Propulsion Lab
– sequence: 4
  givenname: A C
  surname: Cummings
  fullname: Cummings, A C
  organization: Jet Propulsion Lab
– sequence: 5
  givenname: A J
  surname: Davis
  fullname: Davis, A J
  organization: Jet Propulsion Lab
– sequence: 6
  givenname: M I
  orcidid: 0000-0002-7318-6008
  surname: Desai
  fullname: Desai, M I
  organization: Southwest Research Institute
– sequence: 7
  givenname: J
  surname: Giacalone
  fullname: Giacalone, J
  organization: University of Arizona
– sequence: 8
  givenname: M E
  surname: Hill
  fullname: Hill, M E
  organization: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
– sequence: 9
  givenname: C J
  surname: Joyce
  fullname: Joyce, C J
  organization: Princeton University
– sequence: 10
  givenname: S M
  surname: Krimigis
  fullname: Krimigis, S M
  organization: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
– sequence: 11
  givenname: A W
  surname: Labrador
  fullname: Labrador, A W
  organization: Jet Propulsion Lab
– sequence: 12
  givenname: R A
  surname: Leske
  fullname: Leske, R A
  organization: Jet Propulsion Lab
– sequence: 13
  givenname: O
  surname: Malandraki
  fullname: Malandraki, O
  organization: National Observatory of Athens
– sequence: 14
  givenname: W H
  surname: Matthaeus
  fullname: Matthaeus, W H
  organization: University of Delaware
– sequence: 15
  givenname: Jr
  surname: R L McNutt
  fullname: R L McNutt, Jr
  organization: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
– sequence: 16
  givenname: R A
  surname: Mewaldt
  fullname: Mewaldt, R A
  organization: Jet Propulsion Lab
– sequence: 17
  givenname: D G
  surname: Mitchell
  fullname: Mitchell, D G
  organization: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
– sequence: 18
  givenname: Arik
  surname: Posner
  fullname: Posner, Arik
  organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
– sequence: 19
  givenname: J S
  surname: Rankin
  fullname: Rankin, J S
  organization: Princeton University
– sequence: 20
  givenname: E C
  surname: Roelof
  fullname: Roelof, E C
  organization: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
– sequence: 21
  givenname: N A
  surname: Schwadron
  fullname: Schwadron, N A
  organization: Princeton University
– sequence: 22
  givenname: E C
  surname: Stone
  fullname: Stone, E C
  organization: Jet Propulsion Lab
– sequence: 23
  givenname: J R
  orcidid: 0000-0003-2685-9801
  surname: Szalay
  fullname: Szalay, J R
  organization: Princeton University
– sequence: 24
  givenname: M E
  surname: Wiedenbeck
  fullname: Wiedenbeck, M E
  organization: Jet Propulsion Lab
– sequence: 25
  givenname: S D
  surname: Bale
  fullname: Bale, S D
  organization: University of California, Berkeley
– sequence: 26
  givenname: J C
  surname: Kasper
  fullname: Kasper, J C
  organization: University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
– sequence: 27
  givenname: A W
  surname: Case
  fullname: Case, A W
  organization: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
– sequence: 28
  givenname: K E
  surname: Korreck
  fullname: Korreck, K E
  organization: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
– sequence: 29
  givenname: R J
  surname: Macdowall
  fullname: Macdowall, R J
  organization: Goddard Space Flight Center
– sequence: 30
  givenname: M
  surname: Pulupa
  fullname: Pulupa, M
  organization: University of California, Berkeley
– sequence: 31
  givenname: M L
  surname: Stevens
  fullname: Stevens, M L
  organization: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
– sequence: 32
  givenname: A P
  surname: Rouillard
  fullname: Rouillard, A P
  organization: French National Centre for Scientific Research
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31802005$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNp9kl1rFDEUhoNU7If-AEFkqTeKTM3JZGeSG2FZqhaKFlvxMmQzZ6Yps5ltMlP033vGrW1XVslFyMlz3ny87z7bCV1Axp4DPwKeq3dJwlQVGQedgQLI4BHbA1kWmSxUucP2OBcq4yovdtl-Slec8ymU8gnbzUFxQas9Vp7FbuFDM-kvcXIcMDbYezc5s5Gmdizd-NiFJYZ-EtDG39z5EJ6yx7VtEz67nQ_Ytw_HF_NP2emXjyfz2WnmCp33mda1xUUuFeLU6kJVVel47RznFbcCOaIurRW5FVMhNMhKOSrCwuY1iGml8gP2fq27GhZLrBzdI9rWrKJf2vjTdNabzZ3gL03T3ZhCc1VKSQKvbwVidz1g6s3SJ4dtawN2QzIiFwKkULIk9NVf6FU3xEDPGyldCihB31ONbdH4UHd0rhtFzayQWiqCRirbQjVIP2xbcrH2VN7gD7fwbuWvzUPoaAtEo8Kld1tV32w0ENPjj76xQ0rm5PzrJvv23-zs4vv88yYNa9rFLqWI9Z0lwM0YTrMOp6FwmjGcBqjn5UMv7zr-pJEAsQYSbYUG470B_1N9sW4KNllDISC3RjnOgSTzX3X59Go
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1038_s41550_021_01427_8
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_ab6ff9
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_ab5853
crossref_primary_10_3847_2041_8213_ace437
crossref_primary_10_11728_cjss2023_01_yg01
crossref_primary_10_1063_PT_3_5120
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_ab5c19
crossref_primary_10_11728_cjss2023_02_yg04
crossref_primary_10_11728_cjss2021_02_183
crossref_primary_10_1029_2023JA031427
crossref_primary_10_1002_lpor_202400483
crossref_primary_10_1051_0004_6361_202039833
crossref_primary_10_1051_swsc_2021043
crossref_primary_10_3847_PSJ_abf928
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41550_019_0985_7
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_ab5963
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_ac408f
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_acf8c7
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_ab4c38
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_ac3af2
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11214_022_00890_7
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_abb3d2
crossref_primary_10_11728_cjss2023_03_210728081
crossref_primary_10_3847_2041_8213_ac4a5c
crossref_primary_10_3847_2041_8213_ac8422
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_ab5712
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11207_023_02162_1
crossref_primary_10_1186_s43074_020_00022_w
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_ac2fab
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chinastron_2021_08_003
crossref_primary_10_1051_0004_6361_202140967
crossref_primary_10_3847_2041_8213_acf21c
crossref_primary_10_3103_S1062873820120035
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_abb2a4
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_ad19dd
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_ab578f
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_ac1ac7
crossref_primary_10_1051_0004_6361_202039933
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_ad0e65
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_aca4c8
crossref_primary_10_1021_acsphotonics_2c00342
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chinastron_2023_09_001
crossref_primary_10_1002_adom_202102424
crossref_primary_10_1017_S0022377820001373
crossref_primary_10_1029_2020JA028689
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_aba5a1
crossref_primary_10_1038_d41586_019_03665_3
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_ab5dae
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41586_019_1813_z
crossref_primary_10_1038_d41586_019_03684_0
crossref_primary_10_1051_0004_6361_202039800
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_ab5948
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_ad3fb0
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_ab6220
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_asr_2022_04_045
crossref_primary_10_1038_s43017_020_0029_y
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_ac348f
crossref_primary_10_1051_0004_6361_202039352
crossref_primary_10_1051_0004_6361_202039870
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11207_020_01684_2
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11214_023_00952_4
crossref_primary_10_1051_0004_6361_202039754
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_abaef9
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_ac1ce1
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_ab63cc
crossref_primary_10_3390_aerospace10121034
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_ab6610
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12036_023_09910_6
crossref_primary_10_1029_2022JA030652
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_ab97b3
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_ab9a37
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_ab5527
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_acba08
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_ad479d
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_ab67cf
crossref_primary_10_3847_2041_8213_abe1cb
crossref_primary_10_1063_5_0021310
crossref_primary_10_3847_2041_8213_abb021
crossref_primary_10_1051_0004_6361_202039330
crossref_primary_10_1029_2020GL091376
crossref_primary_10_1051_0004_6361_202039299
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_ab4fef
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_abec7e
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_acab5e
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_ab643d
crossref_primary_10_1017_S0022377821001203
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_abc0f2
crossref_primary_10_1051_0004_6361_202038245
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_ac4961
crossref_primary_10_1029_2023SW003593
crossref_primary_10_1051_swsc_2020057
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_ab65ef
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_ab5221
crossref_primary_10_1029_2018JA026005
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_acfb86
crossref_primary_10_1134_S0016793222020074
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_physrep_2022_12_001
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4357_ac713f
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41586_019_1818_7
crossref_primary_10_1063_5_0147683
crossref_primary_10_1038_s42254_021_00419_x
crossref_primary_10_3847_1538_4365_ab4da7
Cites_doi 10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/235
10.1007/s11214-007-9156-8
10.1007/s11214-015-0206-3
10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.35
10.1029/1998JA000015
10.3847/1538-4357/ab15d7
10.1007/s11207-015-0701-4
10.1007/s11214-014-0059-1
10.1007/s11214-016-0244-5
10.1007/s11207-009-9346-5
10.1007/BF00151216
10.1088/0004-637X/702/2/901
10.3847/1538-4357/833/2/267
10.1029/2009JA014848
10.1007/s11214-015-0211-6
10.1029/JA083iA12p05563
10.1007/s41116-016-0002-5
10.1086/506598
10.1007/s11214-014-0114-y
10.1088/0004-637X/762/1/54
10.1086/340660
10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00147-3
10.1029/93JA02079
10.3847/2041-8213/aaf37f
10.1088/0004-637X/786/1/71
10.1086/156491
10.1007/978-3-319-50871-9
10.1038/s41586-019-1818-7
10.1038/s41586-019-1813-z
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Copyright Determination: GOV_PERMITTED
The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2019
COPYRIGHT 2019 Nature Publishing Group
Copyright Nature Publishing Group Dec 12, 2019
Copyright_xml – notice: Copyright Determination: GOV_PERMITTED
– notice: The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2019
– notice: COPYRIGHT 2019 Nature Publishing Group
– notice: Copyright Nature Publishing Group Dec 12, 2019
DBID CYE
CYI
NPM
AAYXX
CITATION
ATWCN
3V.
7QG
7QL
7QP
7QR
7RV
7SN
7SS
7ST
7T5
7TG
7TK
7TM
7TO
7U9
7X2
7X7
7XB
88A
88E
88G
88I
8AF
8AO
8C1
8FD
8FE
8FG
8FH
8FI
8FJ
8FK
8G5
ABJCF
ABUWG
AFKRA
ARAPS
ATCPS
AZQEC
BBNVY
BEC
BENPR
BGLVJ
BHPHI
BKSAR
C1K
CCPQU
D1I
DWQXO
FR3
FYUFA
GHDGH
GNUQQ
GUQSH
H94
HCIFZ
K9.
KB.
KB0
KL.
L6V
LK8
M0K
M0S
M1P
M2M
M2O
M2P
M7N
M7P
M7S
MBDVC
NAPCQ
P5Z
P62
P64
PATMY
PCBAR
PDBOC
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PSYQQ
PTHSS
PYCSY
Q9U
R05
RC3
S0X
SOI
7X8
5PM
DOI 10.1038/s41586-019-1811-1
DatabaseName NASA Scientific and Technical Information
NASA Technical Reports Server
PubMed
CrossRef
Gale In Context: Middle School
ProQuest Central (Corporate)
Animal Behavior Abstracts
Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)
Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts
Chemoreception Abstracts
ProQuest Nursing and Allied Health Journals
Ecology Abstracts
Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)
Environment Abstracts
Immunology Abstracts
Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts
Neurosciences Abstracts
Nucleic Acids Abstracts
Oncogenes and Growth Factors Abstracts
Virology and AIDS Abstracts
Agricultural Science Collection
Health & Medical Complete (ProQuest Database)
ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)
Biology Database (Alumni Edition)
Medical Database (Alumni Edition)
Psychology Database (Alumni)
Science Database (Alumni Edition)
STEM Database
ProQuest Pharma Collection
Public Health Database (ProQuest Medical & Health Databases)
Technology Research Database
ProQuest SciTech Collection
ProQuest Technology Collection
ProQuest Natural Science Collection
Hospital Premium Collection
Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)
Research Library (Alumni Edition)
Materials Science & Engineering Collection
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest Central
Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database‎ (1962 - current)
ProQuest Agriculture & Environmental Science Database
ProQuest Central Essentials
Biological Science Collection
eLibrary
AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central
Technology Collection
Natural Science Collection
Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Materials Science Collection
ProQuest Central
Engineering Research Database
Health Research Premium Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Central Student
Research Library Prep
AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts
SciTech Premium Collection (Proquest) (PQ_SDU_P3)
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
ProQuest Materials Science Database
Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)
Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic
ProQuest Engineering Collection
Biological Sciences
Agriculture Science Database
Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)
PML(ProQuest Medical Library)
Psychology Database (ProQuest)
ProQuest research library
ProQuest Science Journals
Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)
Biological Science Database
ProQuest Engineering Database
Research Library (Corporate)
Nursing & Allied Health Premium
ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database
ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection
Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts
Environmental Science Database
ProQuest Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database
Materials Science Collection
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest One Psychology
Engineering Collection
Environmental Science Collection
ProQuest Central Basic
University of Michigan
Genetics Abstracts
SIRS Editorial
Environment Abstracts
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DatabaseTitle PubMed
CrossRef
Agricultural Science Database
ProQuest One Psychology
Research Library Prep
ProQuest Central Student
Oncogenes and Growth Factors Abstracts
ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection
ProQuest Central Essentials
Nucleic Acids Abstracts
elibrary
ProQuest AP Science
SciTech Premium Collection
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
Health Research Premium Collection
Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts
Natural Science Collection
Biological Science Collection
Chemoreception Abstracts
ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni)
Engineering Collection
Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection
Engineering Database
Virology and AIDS Abstracts
ProQuest Science Journals (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Biological Science Collection
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database
Agricultural Science Collection
ProQuest Hospital Collection
ProQuest Technology Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
Biological Science Database
Ecology Abstracts
Neurosciences Abstracts
ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni)
Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts
Environmental Science Collection
Entomology Abstracts
Nursing & Allied Health Premium
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
Environmental Science Database
ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source (Alumni)
Engineering Research Database
ProQuest One Academic
Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts
Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic
University of Michigan
Technology Collection
Technology Research Database
SIRS Editorial
Materials Science Collection
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest One Community College
Research Library (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Natural Science Collection
ProQuest Pharma Collection
ProQuest Biology Journals (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central
Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection
Genetics Abstracts
ProQuest Engineering Collection
Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central Korea
Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)
Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)
Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection
AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts
Materials Science Database
ProQuest Research Library
ProQuest Materials Science Collection
ProQuest Public Health
ProQuest Central Basic
ProQuest Science Journals
ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source
ProQuest Psychology Journals (Alumni)
ProQuest SciTech Collection
Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database
ProQuest Medical Library
ProQuest Psychology Journals
Animal Behavior Abstracts
Materials Science & Engineering Collection
Immunology Abstracts
Environment Abstracts
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList PubMed




Agricultural Science Database




Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 2
  dbid: 8FG
  name: ProQuest Technology Collection
  url: https://search.proquest.com/technologycollection1
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Sciences (General)
Physics
EISSN 1476-4687
EndPage 227
ExternalDocumentID A649487199
10_1038_s41586_019_1811_1
31802005
20200001053
Genre Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Journal Article
GeographicLocations United States
GeographicLocations_xml – name: United States
GrantInformation SCMD-Heliophysics_388443
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: Intramural NASA
  grantid: NNN06AA01C
GroupedDBID ---
--Z
-DZ
-ET
-~X
.55
.CO
.XZ
07C
0R~
0WA
123
186
1OL
1VR
29M
2KS
2XV
39C
41X
53G
5RE
6TJ
70F
7RV
7X2
7X7
7XC
85S
88A
88E
88I
8AF
8AO
8C1
8CJ
8FE
8FG
8FH
8FI
8FJ
8G5
8R4
8R5
8WZ
97F
97L
A6W
A7Z
AAEEF
AAHBH
AAHTB
AAIKC
AAKAB
AAMNW
AASDW
AAYEP
AAYZH
AAZLF
ABFSI
ABIVO
ABJCF
ABJNI
ABLJU
ABOCM
ABPEJ
ABPPZ
ABUWG
ABWJO
ABZEH
ACBEA
ACBWK
ACGFO
ACGFS
ACGOD
ACIWK
ACKOT
ACMJI
ACNCT
ACPRK
ACWUS
ADBBV
ADFRT
ADUKH
AENEX
AFBBN
AFFNX
AFKRA
AFLOW
AFRAH
AFRQD
AFSHS
AGAYW
AGEZK
AGHSJ
AGHTU
AGSOS
AHMBA
AHSBF
AIDAL
AIDUJ
ALFFA
ALIPV
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AMTXH
ARAPS
ARMCB
ASPBG
ATCPS
ATWCN
AVWKF
AXYYD
AZFZN
AZQEC
B-7
BBNVY
BCU
BEC
BENPR
BGLVJ
BHPHI
BIN
BKEYQ
BKKNO
BKSAR
BPHCQ
BVXVI
CCPQU
CJ0
CS3
CYE
CYI
D1I
D1J
D1K
DU5
DWQXO
E.-
E.L
EAP
EBS
EE.
EMH
EPS
ESX
EX3
EXGXG
F5P
FEDTE
FQGFK
FSGXE
FYUFA
GNUQQ
GUQSH
HCIFZ
HG6
HMCUK
HVGLF
HZ~
I-F
IAO
ICQ
IEA
IEP
IGS
IH2
IHR
INH
INR
IOF
IPY
ISR
ITC
K6-
KB.
KOO
L6V
L7B
LK5
LK8
LSO
M0K
M0L
M1P
M2M
M2O
M2P
M7P
M7R
M7S
N9A
NAPCQ
NEPJS
O9-
OBC
OES
OHH
OMK
OVD
P2P
P62
PATMY
PCBAR
PDBOC
PQQKQ
PROAC
PSQYO
PSYQQ
PTHSS
PYCSY
Q2X
R05
RND
RNS
RNT
RNTTT
RXW
S0X
SC5
SHXYY
SIXXV
SJFOW
SJN
SNYQT
SV3
TAE
TAOOD
TBHMF
TDRGL
TEORI
TN5
TSG
TWZ
U5U
UIG
UKHRP
UKR
UMD
UQL
VQA
VVN
WH7
WOW
X7M
XIH
XKW
XZL
Y6R
YAE
YCJ
YFH
YNT
YOC
YQT
YR2
YXB
YZZ
ZCA
ZE2
~02
~7V
~88
~KM
ABVXF
F20
.-4
.GJ
.HR
00M
08P
0B8
1CY
1VW
354
3EH
3O-
3V.
4.4
41~
42X
4R4
663
79B
9M8
A8Z
AAJYS
AAKAS
AAVBQ
AAYOK
ABAWZ
ABDBF
ABEFU
ABTAH
ACBNA
ACBTR
ACTDY
ADRHT
ADYSU
ADZCM
AFFDN
AFHKK
AGCDD
AGNAY
AIYXT
AJUXI
APEBS
ARTTT
B0M
BCR
BDKGC
BES
BKOMP
BLC
DB5
DO4
EAD
EAS
EAZ
EBC
EBD
EBO
ECC
EJD
EMB
EMF
EMK
EMOBN
EPL
ESE
ESN
ESTFP
FA8
FAC
G8K
J5H
L-9
LGEZI
LOTEE
MVM
N4W
NADUK
NEJ
NPM
NXXTH
ODYON
OHT
P-O
PEA
PM3
PV9
QS-
R4F
RHI
SKT
TH9
TUD
TUS
UAO
UBY
UHB
USG
VOH
X7L
XOL
YJ6
YQI
YQJ
YV5
YXA
YYP
YYQ
ZCG
ZGI
ZHY
ZKB
ZKG
ZY4
~8M
~G0
AAYXX
CITATION
AADEA
AAEXX
ABEEJ
ADFPY
ADZGE
AADWK
AAJMP
AAYJO
ABGIJ
ACBMV
ACBRV
ACBYP
ACIGE
ACTTH
ACVWB
ADMDM
ADQMX
AEDAW
AEFTE
AFNRJ
AGGBP
AGPPL
AHGBK
AJDOV
AMRJV
I-U
U1R
XFK
ZA5
AAPBV
ABGFU
ABPTK
7QG
7QL
7QP
7QR
7SN
7SS
7ST
7T5
7TG
7TK
7TM
7TO
7U9
7XB
8FD
8FK
C1K
FR3
H94
K9.
KL.
M7N
MBDVC
P64
PQEST
PQUKI
Q9U
RC3
SOI
7X8
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c693t-99faeb348ee5a968dd7c0fcc00d0a2e0ee97aa23a2522914d8ce0e1ba3f125d83
IEDL.DBID BENPR
ISSN 0028-0836
IngestDate Tue Sep 17 21:25:05 EDT 2024
Fri Oct 25 09:30:02 EDT 2024
Thu Oct 10 20:52:40 EDT 2024
Thu Feb 22 23:30:10 EST 2024
Fri Feb 02 05:12:39 EST 2024
Tue Dec 12 21:17:27 EST 2023
Fri Feb 02 04:07:15 EST 2024
Thu Aug 01 20:40:45 EDT 2024
Thu Aug 01 20:20:31 EDT 2024
Thu Sep 12 16:52:45 EDT 2024
Wed Oct 16 00:41:21 EDT 2024
Fri Oct 11 20:36:35 EDT 2024
Fri Oct 18 14:51:28 EDT 2024
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 7786
Language English
License Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms
Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints.
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c693t-99faeb348ee5a968dd7c0fcc00d0a2e0ee97aa23a2522914d8ce0e1ba3f125d83
Notes GSFC
GSFC-E-DAA-TN77243
Goddard Space Flight Center
ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
Author Contributions D.J.M. is ISʘIS PI and led the data analysis and writing of study. E.R.C is ISʘIS Deputy PI, helped develop EPI-Hi, and participated in the data analysis. C.M.S.C helped develop EPI-Hi and participated in the data analysis. A.C.C. helped develop EPI-Hi and participated in the data analysis. A.J.D. helped develop EPI-Hi and participated in the data analysis. M.I.D. participated in the data analysis. J.G. participated in the data analysis. M.E.H helped develop EPI-Lo and participated in the data analysis. C.J.J. produced Figures 3 and 4 and participated in the data analysis. S.M.K. participated in the data analysis. A.W.L. helped develop EPI-Hi and participated in the data analysis. R.A.L. helped develop EPI-Hi and participated in the data analysis. O.M. participated in the data analysis. W.H.M participated in the data analysis. R.L.M. led the development of EPI-Lo and participated in the data analysis. R.A.M helped develop EPI-Hi and participated in the data analysis. D.G.M. helped develop EPI-Lo and participated in the data analysis. A.P. participated in the data analysis. J.S.R. helped develop EPI-Hi and participated in the data analysis. E.C.R. participated in the data analysis. N.A.S. led the development of the ISʘIS SOC and participated in the data analysis. E.C.S. helped develop EPI-Hi and participated in the data analysis. J.R.S. led the development of the analysis tool, produced Figures 1 and 2, and participated in the data analysis. M.E.W. led the development of EPI-Hi and participated in the data analysis. S.D.B. is FIELDS PI and participated in the data analysis. J.C.K. is SWEAP PI and participated in the data analysis. A.W.C. helped develop SWEAP and participated in the data analysis. K.E.K. helped develop SWEAP and participated in the data analysis. R.J.M. helped develop FIELDS and participated in the data analysis. M.P. helped develop FIELDS and participated in the data analysis. M.L.S. helped develop SWEAP and participated in the data analysis. A.P.R. led the CME simulation work and participated in the data analysis.
ORCID 0000-0002-7318-6008
0000-0003-2685-9801
OpenAccessLink https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC6908744
PMID 31802005
PQID 2329721719
PQPubID 40569
PageCount 5
ParticipantIDs pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_6908744
proquest_miscellaneous_2322142847
proquest_journals_2329721719
gale_infotracmisc_A649487199
gale_infotracgeneralonefile_A649487199
gale_infotraccpiq_649487199
gale_infotracacademiconefile_A649487199
gale_incontextgauss_ISR_A649487199
gale_incontextgauss_ATWCN_A649487199
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41586_019_1811_1
pubmed_primary_31802005
springer_journals_10_1038_s41586_019_1811_1
nasa_ntrs_20200001053
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2019-12-12
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2019-12-12
PublicationDate_xml – month: 12
  year: 2019
  text: 2019-12-12
  day: 12
PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationPlace Goddard Space Flight Center
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Goddard Space Flight Center
– name: London
– name: England
PublicationSubtitle International weekly journal of science
PublicationTitle Nature (London)
PublicationTitleAbbrev Nature
PublicationTitleAlternate Nature
PublicationYear 2019
Publisher Nature Research
Nature Publishing Group UK
Nature Publishing Group
Publisher_xml – name: Nature Research
– name: Nature Publishing Group UK
– name: Nature Publishing Group
References Cane, Richardson, von Rosenvinge (CR5) 2010; 115
McComas (CR7) 2016; 204
Richardson, von Rosenvinge, Cane (CR21) 2015; 290
Fox (CR1) 2016; 204
Rouillard (CR28) 2010; 114
CR14
CR13
Bučik (CR24) 2014; 786
Bale (CR9) 2016; 204
Wood, Howard (CR29) 2009; 702
Vourlidas (CR10) 2016; 204
Chotoo (CR16) 2000; 105
Bučik (CR23) 2018; 869
Mason (CR2) 2007; 130
Wiedenbeck (CR22) 2013; 762
Isavnin (CR30) 2016; 833
CR4
Zwickl, Roelof, Gold, Krimigis, Armstrong (CR18) 1978; 225
Gosling (CR12) 1996; 34
Reinhard, Wibberenz (CR19) 1974; 36
Wibberenz, Cane (CR6) 2006; 650
Thernisien, Vourlidas, Howard (CR27) 2009; 256
Giacalone, Jokipii, Kota (CR17) 2002; 573
Desai, Giacalone (CR3) 2016; 13
Kasper (CR8) 2016; 204
Kouloumvakos (CR15) 2019; 876
Pizzo (CR11) 1978; 83
Kallenrode (CR20) 1993; 98
Howard (CR26) 2002; 29
Nitta, Mason, Wang, Cohen, Wiedenbeck (CR25) 2015; 806
31802020 - Nature. 2019 Dec;576(7785):15-16
31822830 - Nature. 2019 Dec;576(7786):219-220
R Bučik (1811_CR24) 2014; 786
A Vourlidas (1811_CR10) 2016; 204
RA Howard (1811_CR26) 2002; 29
JC Kasper (1811_CR8) 2016; 204
DJ McComas (1811_CR7) 2016; 204
V Pizzo (1811_CR11) 1978; 83
SD Bale (1811_CR9) 2016; 204
R Bučik (1811_CR23) 2018; 869
G Wibberenz (1811_CR6) 2006; 650
J Gosling (1811_CR12) 1996; 34
IG Richardson (1811_CR21) 2015; 290
NJ Fox (1811_CR1) 2016; 204
1811_CR4
HV Cane (1811_CR5) 2010; 115
RD Zwickl (1811_CR18) 1978; 225
R Reinhard (1811_CR19) 1974; 36
A Isavnin (1811_CR30) 2016; 833
NV Nitta (1811_CR25) 2015; 806
K Chotoo (1811_CR16) 2000; 105
1811_CR13
GM Mason (1811_CR2) 2007; 130
1811_CR14
A Kouloumvakos (1811_CR15) 2019; 876
ME Wiedenbeck (1811_CR22) 2013; 762
MI Desai (1811_CR3) 2016; 13
MB Kallenrode (1811_CR20) 1993; 98
B Wood (1811_CR29) 2009; 702
J Giacalone (1811_CR17) 2002; 573
A Thernisien (1811_CR27) 2009; 256
AP Rouillard (1811_CR28) 2010; 114
References_xml – volume: 806
  start-page: 235
  year: 2015
  ident: CR25
  article-title: Solar sources of He-rich solar energetic particle events in solar cycle 24
  publication-title: Astrophys. J.
  doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/235
  contributor:
    fullname: Wiedenbeck
– volume: 130
  start-page: 231
  year: 2007
  end-page: 242
  ident: CR2
  article-title: He-rich solar energetic particle events
  publication-title: Space Sci. Rev.
  doi: 10.1007/s11214-007-9156-8
  contributor:
    fullname: Mason
– volume: 204
  start-page: 131
  year: 2016
  end-page: 186
  ident: CR8
  article-title: Solar Wind Electrons Alphas and Protons (SWEAP) investigation: design of the solar wind and coronal plasma instrument suite for Solar Probe Plus
  publication-title: Space Sci. Rev.
  doi: 10.1007/s11214-015-0206-3
  contributor:
    fullname: Kasper
– volume: 34
  start-page: 35
  year: 1996
  end-page: 73
  ident: CR12
  article-title: Corotating and transient solar wind flows in three dimensions
  publication-title: Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys.
  doi: 10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.35
  contributor:
    fullname: Gosling
– volume: 105
  start-page: 23107
  year: 2000
  end-page: 23122
  ident: CR16
  article-title: The suprathermal seed population for corotating interaction region ions at 1 au deduced from composition and spectra of H , He , and He observed on Wind
  publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys.
  doi: 10.1029/1998JA000015
  contributor:
    fullname: Chotoo
– ident: CR4
– ident: CR14
– volume: 876
  start-page: 80
  year: 2019
  ident: CR15
  article-title: Connecting the properties of coronal shock waves with those of solar energetic particles
  publication-title: Astrophys. J.
  doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab15d7
  contributor:
    fullname: Kouloumvakos
– volume: 290
  start-page: 1741
  year: 2015
  end-page: 1759
  ident: CR21
  article-title: The properties of solar energetic particle event-associated coronal mass ejections reported in different CME catalogs
  publication-title: Sol. Phys.
  doi: 10.1007/s11207-015-0701-4
  contributor:
    fullname: Cane
– volume: 204
  start-page: 187
  year: 2016
  end-page: 256
  ident: CR7
  article-title: Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun (ISIS): design of the energetic particle investigation
  publication-title: Space Sci. Rev.
  doi: 10.1007/s11214-014-0059-1
  contributor:
    fullname: McComas
– volume: 204
  start-page: 49
  year: 2016
  end-page: 82
  ident: CR9
  article-title: The FIELDS instrument suite for Solar Probe Plus. Measuring the coronal plasma and magnetic field, plasma waves and turbulence, and radio signatures of solar transients
  publication-title: Space Sci. Rev.
  doi: 10.1007/s11214-016-0244-5
  contributor:
    fullname: Bale
– volume: 256
  year: 2009
  ident: CR27
  article-title: Forward modeling of coronal mass ejections using STEREO/SECCHI data
  publication-title: Sol. Phys.
  doi: 10.1007/s11207-009-9346-5
  contributor:
    fullname: Howard
– volume: 36
  start-page: 473
  year: 1974
  end-page: 494
  ident: CR19
  article-title: Propagation of flare protons in the solar atmosphere
  publication-title: Sol. Phys.
  doi: 10.1007/BF00151216
  contributor:
    fullname: Wibberenz
– volume: 702
  start-page: 901
  year: 2009
  end-page: 910
  ident: CR29
  article-title: An empirical reconstruction of the 2008 April 26 coronal mass ejection
  publication-title: Astrophys. J.
  doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/702/2/901
  contributor:
    fullname: Howard
– volume: 833
  start-page: 10
  year: 2016
  ident: CR30
  article-title: FRiED: a novel three-dimensional model of coronal mass ejections
  publication-title: Astrophys. J.
  doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/833/2/267
  contributor:
    fullname: Isavnin
– volume: 115
  start-page: A08101
  year: 2010
  ident: CR5
  article-title: A study of solar energetic particle events of 1997–2006: their composition and associations
  publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys.
  doi: 10.1029/2009JA014848
  contributor:
    fullname: von Rosenvinge
– volume: 204
  start-page: 7
  year: 2016
  end-page: 48
  ident: CR1
  article-title: The Solar Probe Plus mission: humanity’s first visit to our star
  publication-title: Space Sci. Rev.
  doi: 10.1007/s11214-015-0211-6
  contributor:
    fullname: Fox
– volume: 83
  start-page: 5563
  year: 1978
  ident: CR11
  article-title: A three-dimensional model of corotating streams in the solar wind, 1. Theoretical foundations
  publication-title: J. Geophys. Res.
  doi: 10.1029/JA083iA12p05563
  contributor:
    fullname: Pizzo
– volume: 13
  year: 2016
  ident: CR3
  article-title: Large gradual solar energetic particle events
  publication-title: Living Rev. Sol. Phys.
  doi: 10.1007/s41116-016-0002-5
  contributor:
    fullname: Giacalone
– volume: 650
  start-page: 1199
  year: 2006
  end-page: 1207
  ident: CR6
  article-title: Multi-spacecraft observations of solar flare particles in the inner heliosphere
  publication-title: Astrophys. J.
  doi: 10.1086/506598
  contributor:
    fullname: Cane
– volume: 204
  start-page: 83
  year: 2016
  end-page: 130
  ident: CR10
  article-title: The Wide-field Imager for Solar Probe Plus (WISPR)
  publication-title: Space Sci. Rev.
  doi: 10.1007/s11214-014-0114-y
  contributor:
    fullname: Vourlidas
– volume: 762
  start-page: 54
  year: 2013
  ident: CR22
  article-title: Observations of solar energetic particles from He-rich events over a wide range of heliographic longitude
  publication-title: Astrophys. J.
  doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/762/1/54
  contributor:
    fullname: Wiedenbeck
– volume: 573
  start-page: 845
  year: 2002
  end-page: 850
  ident: CR17
  article-title: Particle acceleration in solar wind compression regions
  publication-title: Astrophys. J.
  doi: 10.1086/340660
  contributor:
    fullname: Kota
– volume: 29
  start-page: 2017
  year: 2002
  end-page: 2026
  ident: CR26
  article-title: Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI)
  publication-title: Adv. Space Res.
  doi: 10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00147-3
  contributor:
    fullname: Howard
– volume: 98
  start-page: 19037
  year: 1993
  end-page: 19047
  ident: CR20
  article-title: Particle propagation in the inner heliosphere
  publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys.
  doi: 10.1029/93JA02079
  contributor:
    fullname: Kallenrode
– volume: 869
  start-page: L21
  year: 2018
  ident: CR23
  article-title: He-rich solar energetic particles from sunspot jets
  publication-title: Astrophys. J.
  doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/aaf37f
  contributor:
    fullname: Bučik
– volume: 786
  start-page: 71
  year: 2014
  ident: CR24
  article-title: Multi-spacecraft observations of recurrent He-rich solar energetic particles
  publication-title: Astrophys. J.
  doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/786/1/71
  contributor:
    fullname: Bučik
– volume: 114
  start-page: A07106
  year: 2010
  ident: CR28
  article-title: A solar storm observed from the Sun to Venus using the STEREO, Venus Express, and MESSENGER spacecraft
  publication-title: J. Geophys. Res.
  contributor:
    fullname: Rouillard
– ident: CR13
– volume: 225
  start-page: 281
  year: 1978
  ident: CR18
  article-title: Z-rich solar particle event characteristics 1972–1976
  publication-title: Astrophys. J.
  doi: 10.1086/156491
  contributor:
    fullname: Armstrong
– volume: 114
  start-page: A07106
  year: 2010
  ident: 1811_CR28
  publication-title: J. Geophys. Res.
  contributor:
    fullname: AP Rouillard
– volume: 573
  start-page: 845
  year: 2002
  ident: 1811_CR17
  publication-title: Astrophys. J.
  doi: 10.1086/340660
  contributor:
    fullname: J Giacalone
– volume: 105
  start-page: 23107
  year: 2000
  ident: 1811_CR16
  publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys.
  doi: 10.1029/1998JA000015
  contributor:
    fullname: K Chotoo
– volume: 869
  start-page: L21
  year: 2018
  ident: 1811_CR23
  publication-title: Astrophys. J.
  doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/aaf37f
  contributor:
    fullname: R Bučik
– volume: 650
  start-page: 1199
  year: 2006
  ident: 1811_CR6
  publication-title: Astrophys. J.
  doi: 10.1086/506598
  contributor:
    fullname: G Wibberenz
– volume: 702
  start-page: 901
  year: 2009
  ident: 1811_CR29
  publication-title: Astrophys. J.
  doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/702/2/901
  contributor:
    fullname: B Wood
– volume: 833
  start-page: 10
  year: 2016
  ident: 1811_CR30
  publication-title: Astrophys. J.
  doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/833/2/267
  contributor:
    fullname: A Isavnin
– volume: 29
  start-page: 2017
  year: 2002
  ident: 1811_CR26
  publication-title: Adv. Space Res.
  doi: 10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00147-3
  contributor:
    fullname: RA Howard
– volume: 762
  start-page: 54
  year: 2013
  ident: 1811_CR22
  publication-title: Astrophys. J.
  doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/762/1/54
  contributor:
    fullname: ME Wiedenbeck
– volume: 83
  start-page: 5563
  year: 1978
  ident: 1811_CR11
  publication-title: J. Geophys. Res.
  doi: 10.1029/JA083iA12p05563
  contributor:
    fullname: V Pizzo
– ident: 1811_CR4
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-50871-9
– volume: 204
  start-page: 7
  year: 2016
  ident: 1811_CR1
  publication-title: Space Sci. Rev.
  doi: 10.1007/s11214-015-0211-6
  contributor:
    fullname: NJ Fox
– volume: 13
  year: 2016
  ident: 1811_CR3
  publication-title: Living Rev. Sol. Phys.
  doi: 10.1007/s41116-016-0002-5
  contributor:
    fullname: MI Desai
– volume: 204
  start-page: 83
  year: 2016
  ident: 1811_CR10
  publication-title: Space Sci. Rev.
  doi: 10.1007/s11214-014-0114-y
  contributor:
    fullname: A Vourlidas
– volume: 34
  start-page: 35
  year: 1996
  ident: 1811_CR12
  publication-title: Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys.
  doi: 10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.35
  contributor:
    fullname: J Gosling
– volume: 204
  start-page: 49
  year: 2016
  ident: 1811_CR9
  publication-title: Space Sci. Rev.
  doi: 10.1007/s11214-016-0244-5
  contributor:
    fullname: SD Bale
– volume: 876
  start-page: 80
  year: 2019
  ident: 1811_CR15
  publication-title: Astrophys. J.
  doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab15d7
  contributor:
    fullname: A Kouloumvakos
– volume: 806
  start-page: 235
  year: 2015
  ident: 1811_CR25
  publication-title: Astrophys. J.
  doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/235
  contributor:
    fullname: NV Nitta
– volume: 98
  start-page: 19037
  year: 1993
  ident: 1811_CR20
  publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys.
  doi: 10.1029/93JA02079
  contributor:
    fullname: MB Kallenrode
– volume: 204
  start-page: 131
  year: 2016
  ident: 1811_CR8
  publication-title: Space Sci. Rev.
  doi: 10.1007/s11214-015-0206-3
  contributor:
    fullname: JC Kasper
– volume: 130
  start-page: 231
  year: 2007
  ident: 1811_CR2
  publication-title: Space Sci. Rev.
  doi: 10.1007/s11214-007-9156-8
  contributor:
    fullname: GM Mason
– volume: 115
  start-page: A08101
  year: 2010
  ident: 1811_CR5
  publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys.
  doi: 10.1029/2009JA014848
  contributor:
    fullname: HV Cane
– volume: 225
  start-page: 281
  year: 1978
  ident: 1811_CR18
  publication-title: Astrophys. J.
  doi: 10.1086/156491
  contributor:
    fullname: RD Zwickl
– volume: 256
  year: 2009
  ident: 1811_CR27
  publication-title: Sol. Phys.
  doi: 10.1007/s11207-009-9346-5
  contributor:
    fullname: A Thernisien
– volume: 290
  start-page: 1741
  year: 2015
  ident: 1811_CR21
  publication-title: Sol. Phys.
  doi: 10.1007/s11207-015-0701-4
  contributor:
    fullname: IG Richardson
– volume: 786
  start-page: 71
  year: 2014
  ident: 1811_CR24
  publication-title: Astrophys. J.
  doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/786/1/71
  contributor:
    fullname: R Bučik
– ident: 1811_CR14
  doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1818-7
– volume: 204
  start-page: 187
  year: 2016
  ident: 1811_CR7
  publication-title: Space Sci. Rev.
  doi: 10.1007/s11214-014-0059-1
  contributor:
    fullname: DJ McComas
– ident: 1811_CR13
  doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1813-z
– volume: 36
  start-page: 473
  year: 1974
  ident: 1811_CR19
  publication-title: Sol. Phys.
  doi: 10.1007/BF00151216
  contributor:
    fullname: R Reinhard
SSID ssj0005174
Score 2.663708
Snippet NASA’s Parker Solar Probe mission1 recently plunged through the inner heliosphere of the Sun to its perihelia, about 24 million kilometres from the Sun....
NASA’s Parker Solar Probe mission 1 recently plunged through the inner heliosphere of the Sun to its perihelia, about 24 million kilometres from the Sun....
NASA's Parker Solar Probe mission recently plunged through the inner heliosphere of the Sun to its perihelia, about 24 million kilometres from the Sun....
NASA's Parker Solar Probe mission.sup.1 recently plunged through the inner heliosphere of the Sun to its perihelia, about 24 million kilometres from the Sun....
NASA's Parker Solar Probe mission1 recently plunged through the inner heliosphere of the Sun to its perihelia, about 24 million kilometres from the Sun....
SourceID pubmedcentral
proquest
gale
crossref
pubmed
springer
nasa
SourceType Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 223
SubjectTerms 639/766/34/866
639/766/525/870
Celestial bodies
Corona
Coronal mass ejection
Corotating Interaction Regions (CIR)
Energetic particles
Energetics
Energy
Heliosphere
Helium
Humanities and Social Sciences
Magnetic fields
Magnetic reconnection
Measurement
multidisciplinary
Observations
Orbits
Particle acceleration
Protons
Radiation
Science
Science (multidisciplinary)
Solar energetic particles
Solar flares
Solar Physics
Solar probes
Solar wind
Space probes
Sun
Transport
Title Probing the Energetic Particle Environment near the Sun
URI https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20200001053
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41586-019-1811-1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31802005
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2329721719
https://search.proquest.com/docview/2322142847
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC6908744
Volume 576
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3db9MwED-xTki8IDYGhI0poIlPRXMSN7afUKlWBhLVtA_RN8txkrKXtCPt_8-d43bLKLzkIXeJkvPPd2f7_DPAEec5z6XkEbY3i7gqTJTbxETSSmXziuXcTeb8GGenV_z7pD_xE26NL6tc-UTnqIuZpTnyY4z8RDQjYvV5fhPRqVG0uuqP0NiC7YSYm3qw_eVkfHZ-W-Rxj4d5ta6ZyuMGQ5ek0bSKMMrFUdyJTN4_92rTmE3J5981lPcWUl18Gj2Bxz6xDActEnbgQVnvwkNX4GmbXdjxnbgJ33um6Q9PQZwRC1M9DTELDOku7Tmz4dzDKbyzCy6ssUs4vYtlvQdXo5PL4WnkT1KIbKbSRaRUZXDUzGVZ9o3KZFEIyyprGSuYSUpWlkoYk6QmwXRMxbyQFm_GuUkrTIAKmT5DS8zq8gWELC76Ks1FjpkHFxWOgESa5QwfMFVaFFUAH1dW1POWMEO7he5U6tbkGk2uyeQ6DuCI7KyJiKKmSpepWTaNHlz-HI71ICPqGmxwFcCbTWrfLs47Su-8UjXDFrHG7y_AzyaKq47mfkfTzq9v9B3p24502jbKptccdBSxX9qOeI_AoxEejU5Y4tZR0OXhYys0ae8vUL5GdwCv12J6I9XA1eVs6XQcPx4XATxvwbe2cEpEfgj3AEQHlmsFYhHvSurrX45NPFOMjkAI4NMKwLef9c-Ge_n_n9iHR4nrWHRwzgH0Fr-X5StM3hb5IWyJicCrHMZ0HX099H32D_glP1E
link.rule.ids 230,315,786,790,891,12077,12244,12786,21409,27946,27947,31743,31744,33290,33291,33397,33398,33768,33769,43334,43603,43624,43829,74091,74360,74381,74648
linkProvider ProQuest
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3fb9MwELZgCLEXxMZgYQMCmvipaE7sxvYTqiamDrYKsU7rm2U7SdlL2pH2_-fOcbtlFF5z5yg5f2ef7fN3hBxwbrmVkifQ3zThqjCJdZlJpJPK2Ypa7jdzzob54IJ_G_fGYcOtCWmVyzHRD9TF1OEe-SHM_Eg0I1L1ZXadYNUoPF0NJTTukwecMYbc-WIsblI87rAwL081mTxsYOKSuJZWCcxxaZJ25qUwOm_UpjHrQs-_MyjvHKP62en4CXkcwsq43-Jgi9wr623y0Kd3umabbAUXbuIPgWf641MifiAHUz2JIQaM8SneOHPxLIApvnUHLq7BIbze-aLeIRfHX0dHgyTUUUhcrtg8UaoysGbmsix7RuWyKISjlXOUFtRkJS1LJYzJmMkgGFMpL6SDh6k1rILwp5DsGVhiWpe7JKZp0VPMCgtxBxcVrH8Eyy2FBqZiRVFF5NPSinrW0mVof8zNpG5NrsHkGk2u04gcoJ010lDUmOcyMYum0f3R5dFQ93MkroHuVhF5u07t5PxnR-l9UKqm0CPOhNsF8NlIcNXR3OtoutnVtb4lfdeRTtpOWfea_Y4ieKXriHcQPBrg0eiMZv4UBQY8aLZEkw6jBchX2I7Im5UY34gZcHU5XXgdz47HRUSet-BbWZghjR_APSKiA8uVAnKIdyX11S_PJZ4rigUQIvJ5CeCbz_pnx734_0-8Jo8Go7NTfXoy_L5HNjPvZFhCZ59szH8vypcQxs3tK--rfwBFVz48
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3db9MwELdgCLQXxMZgYQMCmviUVSdxY_sJVYNq46Oa2Kb1zbKdpOwl7Uj7_3PnuN0yCq-5S5Tcl8-58-8IOeDccislp6BvRrkqDLUuNVQ6qZytmOX-Z86PUX50zr-O--PQ_9SEtsplTPSBupg6_Efeg5UfgWZEonpVaIs4-Tz8NLuiOEEKK61hnMZdck_ApgWdVIzFdbvHLUTmZYUzk70GFjGJ-2pFYb1LaNJZo0Kk3qhNY9aloX93U94qqfqVaviIPAwpZjxobWKL3CnrbXLft3q6ZptsBXdu4ncBc_r9YyJOEI-pnsSQD8Z4FU-fuXgWDCu-cR4ursE5PN_pot4h58MvZ4dHNMxUoC5X2ZwqVRnYP3NZln2jclkUwrHKOcYKZtKSlaUSxqSZSSExUwkvpIOLiTVZBalQIbMnIIlpXe6SmCVFX2VWWMhBuKhgLySy3DK4wVRZUVQR-bCUop610Bnal7wzqVuRaxC5RpHrJCIHKGeNkBQ1KndiFk2jB2cXhyM9yBHEBlSvIvJ6Hdvx6c8O09vAVE1BI86Ekwbw2gh21eHc63C62eWVvkF906FOWqWse8x-hxE81HXIO2g8Gsyj0SlLfUUFgh_ctrQmHSIH0Fd2HpFXKzI-Ebvh6nK68DweKY-LiDxtjW8l4Qwh_cDcIyI6ZrliQDzxLqW-_OVxxXPFcBhCRD4uDfj6tf6puGf__4iX5AG4qf5-PPq2RzZT72M4TWefbMx_L8rnkNHN7Qvvqn8AwWlCcQ
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Probing+the+Energetic+Particle+Environment+near+the+Sun&rft.jtitle=Nature+%28London%29&rft.au=Mccomas%2C+D+J&rft.au=Christian%2C+E+R&rft.au=Cohen%2C+C+M+S&rft.au=Cummings%2C+A+C&rft.date=2019-12-12&rft.pub=Nature+Research&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.eissn=1476-4687&rft.volume=576&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1811-1&rft.externalDBID=CYI&rft.externalDocID=20200001053
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0028-0836&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0028-0836&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0028-0836&client=summon