External Beam Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancers Is Associated with Increased Variability in Retinal Vascular Oxygenation
Radiation retinopathy is a possible post-treatment complication of radiation therapy. The pathophysiologic mechanism is hypothesized to be microvascular in origin, but evidence is limited. In an effort to study retinal oxygenation in these patients, we herein evaluate the repeatability and variabili...
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| Published in | PloS one Vol. 8; no. 8; p. e69657 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Public Library of Science
06.08.2013
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0069657 |
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| Abstract | Radiation retinopathy is a possible post-treatment complication of radiation therapy. The pathophysiologic mechanism is hypothesized to be microvascular in origin, but evidence is limited. In an effort to study retinal oxygenation in these patients, we herein evaluate the repeatability and variability of retinal oximetry measurements in subjects who had previously received radiation and make comparisons to a cohort of unirradiated subjects.
Using retinal oximetry, a non-invasive imaging modality, we performed in vivo measurements of arteriole (SaO2) and venule SO2 (SvO2) in subjects (n = 9, 18 retinas) who had received incidental radiation to their retinas (≥ 45 Gy to one retina) and in healthy subjects (n = 20, 40 retinas). A total of 1367 SO2 observations on 593 vessels in 29 persons were analyzed to assess three sources of variance in vessel SO2: 1) variance in repeated measurements of the same vessel ("repeatability"), 2) variance in different vessels within the same subject ("within-subject variability"), and 3) variance between subjects ("between-subject variability").
Retinal oximetry measurements were highly repeatable in both irradiated patients and unirradiated subjects. The within-subject variability of SvO2 and SaO2 measurements constituted the highest component of variance in both groups and was significantly higher in venules vs. arterioles (relative effect size 1.8, p<0.001) and in irradiated subjects vs. unirradiated subjects (relative effect size 1.6, p<0.001).
Retinal oximetry is a highly repeatable technology and can be reliably used to study vascular oxygenation in irradiated subjects. Different vessels within the same subject exhibit a high degree of variability, suggesting that pooled analyses of multiple vessels are most likely to be informative of regional retinal oxygenation. Finally, irradiated subjects exhibited significantly higher within-subject variability in SO2 measurements, suggesting that radiation may cause regional alterations in retinal oxygen delivery and/or metabolism. |
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| AbstractList | Radiation retinopathy is a possible post-treatment complication of radiation therapy. The pathophysiologic mechanism is hypothesized to be microvascular in origin, but evidence is limited. In an effort to study retinal oxygenation in these patients, we herein evaluate the repeatability and variability of retinal oximetry measurements in subjects who had previously received radiation and make comparisons to a cohort of unirradiated subjects.
Using retinal oximetry, a non-invasive imaging modality, we performed in vivo measurements of arteriole (SaO2) and venule SO2 (SvO2) in subjects (n = 9, 18 retinas) who had received incidental radiation to their retinas (≥ 45 Gy to one retina) and in healthy subjects (n = 20, 40 retinas). A total of 1367 SO2 observations on 593 vessels in 29 persons were analyzed to assess three sources of variance in vessel SO2: 1) variance in repeated measurements of the same vessel ("repeatability"), 2) variance in different vessels within the same subject ("within-subject variability"), and 3) variance between subjects ("between-subject variability").
Retinal oximetry measurements were highly repeatable in both irradiated patients and unirradiated subjects. The within-subject variability of SvO2 and SaO2 measurements constituted the highest component of variance in both groups and was significantly higher in venules vs. arterioles (relative effect size 1.8, p<0.001) and in irradiated subjects vs. unirradiated subjects (relative effect size 1.6, p<0.001).
Retinal oximetry is a highly repeatable technology and can be reliably used to study vascular oxygenation in irradiated subjects. Different vessels within the same subject exhibit a high degree of variability, suggesting that pooled analyses of multiple vessels are most likely to be informative of regional retinal oxygenation. Finally, irradiated subjects exhibited significantly higher within-subject variability in SO2 measurements, suggesting that radiation may cause regional alterations in retinal oxygen delivery and/or metabolism. Radiation retinopathy is a possible post-treatment complication of radiation therapy. The pathophysiologic mechanism is hypothesized to be microvascular in origin, but evidence is limited. In an effort to study retinal oxygenation in these patients, we herein evaluate the repeatability and variability of retinal oximetry measurements in subjects who had previously received radiation and make comparisons to a cohort of unirradiated subjects.Using retinal oximetry, a non-invasive imaging modality, we performed in vivo measurements of arteriole (SaO2) and venule SO2 (SvO2) in subjects (n = 9, 18 retinas) who had received incidental radiation to their retinas (≥ 45 Gy to one retina) and in healthy subjects (n = 20, 40 retinas). A total of 1367 SO2 observations on 593 vessels in 29 persons were analyzed to assess three sources of variance in vessel SO2: 1) variance in repeated measurements of the same vessel ("repeatability"), 2) variance in different vessels within the same subject ("within-subject variability"), and 3) variance between subjects ("between-subject variability").Retinal oximetry measurements were highly repeatable in both irradiated patients and unirradiated subjects. The within-subject variability of SvO2 and SaO2 measurements constituted the highest component of variance in both groups and was significantly higher in venules vs. arterioles (relative effect size 1.8, p<0.001) and in irradiated subjects vs. unirradiated subjects (relative effect size 1.6, p<0.001).Retinal oximetry is a highly repeatable technology and can be reliably used to study vascular oxygenation in irradiated subjects. Different vessels within the same subject exhibit a high degree of variability, suggesting that pooled analyses of multiple vessels are most likely to be informative of regional retinal oxygenation. Finally, irradiated subjects exhibited significantly higher within-subject variability in SO2 measurements, suggesting that radiation may cause regional alterations in retinal oxygen delivery and/or metabolism. Radiation retinopathy is a possible post-treatment complication of radiation therapy. The pathophysiologic mechanism is hypothesized to be microvascular in origin, but evidence is limited. In an effort to study retinal oxygenation in these patients, we herein evaluate the repeatability and variability of retinal oximetry measurements in subjects who had previously received radiation and make comparisons to a cohort of unirradiated subjects. Using retinal oximetry, a non-invasive imaging modality, we performed in vivo measurements of arteriole (SaO.sub.2) and venule SO.sub.2 (SvO.sub.2) in subjects (n = 9, 18 retinas) who had received incidental radiation to their retinas ([greater than or equal to] 45 Gy to one retina) and in healthy subjects (n = 20, 40 retinas). A total of 1367 SO.sub.2 observations on 593 vessels in 29 persons were analyzed to assess three sources of variance in vessel SO.sub.2 : 1) variance in repeated measurements of the same vessel ("repeatability"), 2) variance in different vessels within the same subject ("within-subject variability"), and 3) variance between subjects ("between-subject variability"). Retinal oximetry measurements were highly repeatable in both irradiated patients and unirradiated subjects. The within-subject variability of SvO.sub.2 and SaO.sub.2 measurements constituted the highest component of variance in both groups and was significantly higher in venules vs. arterioles (relative effect size 1.8, p<0.001) and in irradiated subjects vs. unirradiated subjects (relative effect size 1.6, p<0.001). Retinal oximetry is a highly repeatable technology and can be reliably used to study vascular oxygenation in irradiated subjects. Different vessels within the same subject exhibit a high degree of variability, suggesting that pooled analyses of multiple vessels are most likely to be informative of regional retinal oxygenation. Finally, irradiated subjects exhibited significantly higher within-subject variability in SO.sub.2 measurements, suggesting that radiation may cause regional alterations in retinal oxygen delivery and/or metabolism. Background Radiation retinopathy is a possible post-treatment complication of radiation therapy. The pathophysiologic mechanism is hypothesized to be microvascular in origin, but evidence is limited. In an effort to study retinal oxygenation in these patients, we herein evaluate the repeatability and variability of retinal oximetry measurements in subjects who had previously received radiation and make comparisons to a cohort of unirradiated subjects. Methods Using retinal oximetry, a non-invasive imaging modality, we performed in vivo measurements of arteriole (SaO2) and venule SO2 (SvO2) in subjects (n = 9, 18 retinas) who had received incidental radiation to their retinas (≥ 45 Gy to one retina) and in healthy subjects (n = 20, 40 retinas). A total of 1367 SO2 observations on 593 vessels in 29 persons were analyzed to assess three sources of variance in vessel SO2: 1) variance in repeated measurements of the same vessel (“repeatability”), 2) variance in different vessels within the same subject (“within-subject variability”), and 3) variance between subjects (“between-subject variability”). Results Retinal oximetry measurements were highly repeatable in both irradiated patients and unirradiated subjects. The within-subject variability of SvO2 and SaO2 measurements constituted the highest component of variance in both groups and was significantly higher in venules vs. arterioles (relative effect size 1.8, p<0.001) and in irradiated subjects vs. unirradiated subjects (relative effect size 1.6, p<0.001). Conclusions Retinal oximetry is a highly repeatable technology and can be reliably used to study vascular oxygenation in irradiated subjects. Different vessels within the same subject exhibit a high degree of variability, suggesting that pooled analyses of multiple vessels are most likely to be informative of regional retinal oxygenation. Finally, irradiated subjects exhibited significantly higher within-subject variability in SO2 measurements, suggesting that radiation may cause regional alterations in retinal oxygen delivery and/or metabolism. Background Radiation retinopathy is a possible post-treatment complication of radiation therapy. The pathophysiologic mechanism is hypothesized to be microvascular in origin, but evidence is limited. In an effort to study retinal oxygenation in these patients, we herein evaluate the repeatability and variability of retinal oximetry measurements in subjects who had previously received radiation and make comparisons to a cohort of unirradiated subjects. Methods Using retinal oximetry, a non-invasive imaging modality, we performed in vivo measurements of arteriole (SaO.sub.2) and venule SO.sub.2 (SvO.sub.2) in subjects (n = 9, 18 retinas) who had received incidental radiation to their retinas ([greater than or equal to] 45 Gy to one retina) and in healthy subjects (n = 20, 40 retinas). A total of 1367 SO.sub.2 observations on 593 vessels in 29 persons were analyzed to assess three sources of variance in vessel SO.sub.2 : 1) variance in repeated measurements of the same vessel ("repeatability"), 2) variance in different vessels within the same subject ("within-subject variability"), and 3) variance between subjects ("between-subject variability"). Results Retinal oximetry measurements were highly repeatable in both irradiated patients and unirradiated subjects. The within-subject variability of SvO.sub.2 and SaO.sub.2 measurements constituted the highest component of variance in both groups and was significantly higher in venules vs. arterioles (relative effect size 1.8, p<0.001) and in irradiated subjects vs. unirradiated subjects (relative effect size 1.6, p<0.001). Conclusions Retinal oximetry is a highly repeatable technology and can be reliably used to study vascular oxygenation in irradiated subjects. Different vessels within the same subject exhibit a high degree of variability, suggesting that pooled analyses of multiple vessels are most likely to be informative of regional retinal oxygenation. Finally, irradiated subjects exhibited significantly higher within-subject variability in SO.sub.2 measurements, suggesting that radiation may cause regional alterations in retinal oxygen delivery and/or metabolism. Background Radiation retinopathy is a possible post-treatment complication of radiation therapy. The pathophysiologic mechanism is hypothesized to be microvascular in origin, but evidence is limited. In an effort to study retinal oxygenation in these patients, we herein evaluate the repeatability and variability of retinal oximetry measurements in subjects who had previously received radiation and make comparisons to a cohort of unirradiated subjects. Methods Using retinal oximetry, a non-invasive imaging modality, we performed in vivo measurements of arteriole (SaO2) and venule SO2 (SvO2) in subjects (n = 9, 18 retinas) who had received incidental radiation to their retinas (≥ 45 Gy to one retina) and in healthy subjects (n = 20, 40 retinas). A total of 1367 SO2 observations on 593 vessels in 29 persons were analyzed to assess three sources of variance in vessel SO2: 1) variance in repeated measurements of the same vessel (“repeatability”), 2) variance in different vessels within the same subject (“within-subject variability”), and 3) variance between subjects (“between-subject variability”). Results Retinal oximetry measurements were highly repeatable in both irradiated patients and unirradiated subjects. The within-subject variability of SvO2 and SaO2 measurements constituted the highest component of variance in both groups and was significantly higher in venules vs. arterioles (relative effect size 1.8, p<0.001) and in irradiated subjects vs. unirradiated subjects (relative effect size 1.6, p<0.001). Conclusions Retinal oximetry is a highly repeatable technology and can be reliably used to study vascular oxygenation in irradiated subjects. Different vessels within the same subject exhibit a high degree of variability, suggesting that pooled analyses of multiple vessels are most likely to be informative of regional retinal oxygenation. Finally, irradiated subjects exhibited significantly higher within-subject variability in SO2 measurements, suggesting that radiation may cause regional alterations in retinal oxygen delivery and/or metabolism. Radiation retinopathy is a possible post-treatment complication of radiation therapy. The pathophysiologic mechanism is hypothesized to be microvascular in origin, but evidence is limited. In an effort to study retinal oxygenation in these patients, we herein evaluate the repeatability and variability of retinal oximetry measurements in subjects who had previously received radiation and make comparisons to a cohort of unirradiated subjects.BACKGROUNDRadiation retinopathy is a possible post-treatment complication of radiation therapy. The pathophysiologic mechanism is hypothesized to be microvascular in origin, but evidence is limited. In an effort to study retinal oxygenation in these patients, we herein evaluate the repeatability and variability of retinal oximetry measurements in subjects who had previously received radiation and make comparisons to a cohort of unirradiated subjects.Using retinal oximetry, a non-invasive imaging modality, we performed in vivo measurements of arteriole (SaO2) and venule SO2 (SvO2) in subjects (n = 9, 18 retinas) who had received incidental radiation to their retinas (≥ 45 Gy to one retina) and in healthy subjects (n = 20, 40 retinas). A total of 1367 SO2 observations on 593 vessels in 29 persons were analyzed to assess three sources of variance in vessel SO2: 1) variance in repeated measurements of the same vessel ("repeatability"), 2) variance in different vessels within the same subject ("within-subject variability"), and 3) variance between subjects ("between-subject variability").METHODSUsing retinal oximetry, a non-invasive imaging modality, we performed in vivo measurements of arteriole (SaO2) and venule SO2 (SvO2) in subjects (n = 9, 18 retinas) who had received incidental radiation to their retinas (≥ 45 Gy to one retina) and in healthy subjects (n = 20, 40 retinas). A total of 1367 SO2 observations on 593 vessels in 29 persons were analyzed to assess three sources of variance in vessel SO2: 1) variance in repeated measurements of the same vessel ("repeatability"), 2) variance in different vessels within the same subject ("within-subject variability"), and 3) variance between subjects ("between-subject variability").Retinal oximetry measurements were highly repeatable in both irradiated patients and unirradiated subjects. The within-subject variability of SvO2 and SaO2 measurements constituted the highest component of variance in both groups and was significantly higher in venules vs. arterioles (relative effect size 1.8, p<0.001) and in irradiated subjects vs. unirradiated subjects (relative effect size 1.6, p<0.001).RESULTSRetinal oximetry measurements were highly repeatable in both irradiated patients and unirradiated subjects. The within-subject variability of SvO2 and SaO2 measurements constituted the highest component of variance in both groups and was significantly higher in venules vs. arterioles (relative effect size 1.8, p<0.001) and in irradiated subjects vs. unirradiated subjects (relative effect size 1.6, p<0.001).Retinal oximetry is a highly repeatable technology and can be reliably used to study vascular oxygenation in irradiated subjects. Different vessels within the same subject exhibit a high degree of variability, suggesting that pooled analyses of multiple vessels are most likely to be informative of regional retinal oxygenation. Finally, irradiated subjects exhibited significantly higher within-subject variability in SO2 measurements, suggesting that radiation may cause regional alterations in retinal oxygen delivery and/or metabolism.CONCLUSIONSRetinal oximetry is a highly repeatable technology and can be reliably used to study vascular oxygenation in irradiated subjects. Different vessels within the same subject exhibit a high degree of variability, suggesting that pooled analyses of multiple vessels are most likely to be informative of regional retinal oxygenation. Finally, irradiated subjects exhibited significantly higher within-subject variability in SO2 measurements, suggesting that radiation may cause regional alterations in retinal oxygen delivery and/or metabolism. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Moyer, Sarah Qaqish, Bahjat Lawrence, Michael V. Higginson, Daniel S. Garg, Seema Willson, Adam K. Marks, Lawrence B. Sahgal, Alok Stefanescu, Mihaela Zanation, Adam Chera, Bhishamjit S. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 2 Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America 4 Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America 5 Department of Otolaryngology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America – name: 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America – name: 5 Department of Otolaryngology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America – name: 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America – name: 4 Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America – name: 2 Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Daniel S. surname: Higginson fullname: Higginson, Daniel S. – sequence: 2 givenname: Alok surname: Sahgal fullname: Sahgal, Alok – sequence: 3 givenname: Michael V. surname: Lawrence fullname: Lawrence, Michael V. – sequence: 4 givenname: Sarah surname: Moyer fullname: Moyer, Sarah – sequence: 5 givenname: Mihaela surname: Stefanescu fullname: Stefanescu, Mihaela – sequence: 6 givenname: Adam K. surname: Willson fullname: Willson, Adam K. – sequence: 7 givenname: Bahjat surname: Qaqish fullname: Qaqish, Bahjat – sequence: 8 givenname: Adam surname: Zanation fullname: Zanation, Adam – sequence: 9 givenname: Lawrence B. surname: Marks fullname: Marks, Lawrence B. – sequence: 10 givenname: Seema surname: Garg fullname: Garg, Seema – sequence: 11 givenname: Bhishamjit S. surname: Chera fullname: Chera, Bhishamjit S. |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23936342$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1111_aos_13797 |
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| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2013 Public Library of Science 2013 Higginson et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2013 Higginson et al 2013 Higginson et al |
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| DocumentTitleAlternate | Retinal Oxygenation Radiation Associated Changes |
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| Language | English |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-2 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23 Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Conceived and designed the experiments: DSH SG BSC. Performed the experiments: SM SG. Analyzed the data: DSH AS MS AKW BQ BSC. Wrote the paper: DSH MVL BQ AZ LBM SG BSC. |
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| References | AT Monroe (ref3) 2005; 61 SH Hardarson (ref16) 2010; 150 JT Parsons (ref2) 1994; 30 RC Chan (ref5) 1976; 120 JD Gass (ref8) 1968; 80 ref20 O Palsson (ref21) 2012; 53 S Traustason (ref18) 2011; 52 GL Jiang (ref4) 1994; 30 SH Hardarson (ref14) 2012; 96 M Hammer (ref15) 2009; 247 S Traustason (ref17) 2009; 93 AR Irvine (ref10) 1987; 103 JM Beach (ref11) 1999; 86 SS Hayreh (ref7) 1970; 54 (ref19) 1982; 94 SH Hardarson (ref13) 2006; 47 WM Amoaku (ref6) 1990; 5 B Emami (ref1) 1991; 21 M Hammer (ref22) 2008; 13 D Schweitzer (ref12) 1999; 46 DB Archer (ref9) 1991; 2 |
| References_xml | – volume: 13 start-page: 054015 year: 2008 ident: ref22 article-title: Retinal vessel oximetry-calibration, compensation for vessel diameter and fundus pigmentation, and reproducibility publication-title: J Biomed Opt doi: 10.1117/1.2976032 – volume: 103 start-page: 790 year: 1987 ident: ref10 article-title: Radiation retinopathy as an experimental model for ischemic proliferative retinopathy and rubeosis iridis publication-title: Am J Ophthalmol doi: 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)74395-8 – volume: 47 start-page: 5011 year: 2006 ident: ref13 article-title: Automatic retinal oximetry publication-title: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci doi: 10.1167/iovs.06-0039 – volume: 21 start-page: 109 year: 1991 ident: ref1 article-title: Tolerance of normal tissue to therapeutic irradiation publication-title: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys doi: 10.1016/0360-3016(91)90171-Y – volume: 54 start-page: 705 year: 1970 ident: ref7 article-title: Post-radiation retinopathy. A fluorescence fundus angiographic study publication-title: Br J Ophthalmol doi: 10.1136/bjo.54.11.705 – volume: 2) start-page: 239 year: 1991 ident: ref9 article-title: Radiation retinopathy–clinical, histopathological, ultrastructural and experimental correlations publication-title: Eye (Lond) 5 (Pt doi: 10.1038/eye.1991.39 – ident: ref20 – volume: 120 start-page: 673 year: 1976 ident: ref5 article-title: Effects of irradiation on the eye publication-title: Radiology doi: 10.1148/120.3.673 – volume: 52 start-page: 5064 year: 2011 ident: ref18 article-title: Retinal oxygen saturation in patients with systemic hypoxemia publication-title: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci doi: 10.1167/iovs.11-7275 – volume: 247 start-page: 1025 year: 2009 ident: ref15 article-title: Diabetic patients with retinopathy show increased retinal venous oxygen saturation publication-title: Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol doi: 10.1007/s00417-009-1078-6 – volume: 5) start-page: 657 year: 1990 ident: ref6 article-title: Fluorescein angiographic features, natural course and treatment of radiation retinopathy publication-title: Eye (Lond) 4 (Pt doi: 10.1038/eye.1990.93 – volume: 80 start-page: 606 year: 1968 ident: ref8 article-title: A fluorescein angiographic study of macular dysfunction secondary to retinal vascular disease. VI. X-ray irradiation, carotid artery occlusion, collagen vascular disease, and vitritis publication-title: Arch Ophthalmol doi: 10.1001/archopht.1968.00980050608006 – volume: 30 start-page: 17 year: 1994 ident: ref4 article-title: Radiation-induced injury to the visual pathway publication-title: Radiother Oncol doi: 10.1016/0167-8140(94)90005-1 – volume: 96 start-page: 560 year: 2012 ident: ref14 article-title: Retinal oxygen saturation is altered in diabetic retinopathy publication-title: Br J Ophthalmol doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2011-300640 – volume: 30 start-page: 765 year: 1994 ident: ref2 article-title: Radiation retinopathy after external-beam irradiation: analysis of time-dose factors publication-title: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys doi: 10.1016/0360-3016(94)90347-6 – volume: 46 start-page: 1454 year: 1999 ident: ref12 article-title: In vivo measurement of the oxygen saturation of retinal vessels in healthy volunteers publication-title: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng doi: 10.1109/10.804573 – volume: 150 start-page: 871 year: 2010 ident: ref16 article-title: Oxygen saturation in central retinal vein occlusion publication-title: Am J Ophthalmol doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2010.06.020 – volume: 61 start-page: 856 year: 2005 ident: ref3 article-title: Preventing radiation retinopathy with hyperfractionation publication-title: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.07.664 – volume: 94 start-page: 91 year: 1982 ident: ref19 article-title: New visual acuity charts for clinical research publication-title: Am J Ophthalmol doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(82)90197-0 – volume: 93 start-page: 1064 year: 2009 ident: ref17 article-title: Dorzolamide-timolol combination and retinal vessel oxygen saturation in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension publication-title: Br J Ophthalmol doi: 10.1136/bjo.2008.148460 – volume: 53 start-page: 1729 year: 2012 ident: ref21 article-title: Retinal oximetry images must be standardized: a methodological analysis publication-title: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci doi: 10.1167/iovs.11-8621 – volume: 86 start-page: 748 year: 1999 ident: ref11 article-title: Oximetry of retinal vessels by dual-wavelength imaging: calibration and influence of pigmentation publication-title: J Appl Physiol doi: 10.1152/jappl.1999.86.2.748 |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Aged Analysis of Variance Arterioles Arterioles - metabolism Arterioles - radiation effects Background radiation Biology Blood vessels Cancer Cohort Studies Diabetes Diabetic retinopathy Dosimetry Drug dosages Female Glaucoma Head & neck cancer Head and neck Head and Neck Neoplasms - radiotherapy Health care Humans Hypotheses In vivo methods and tests Irradiated Male Medicine Metabolism Microvasculature Microvessels - metabolism Microvessels - radiation effects Middle Aged Oncology Oximetry Oxygen Oxygen - metabolism Oxygenation Patients Physics Radiation Radiation (Physics) Radiation therapy Radiotherapy Radiotherapy - adverse effects Reproducibility Reproducibility of Results Retina Retina - physiopathology Retina - radiation effects Retinopathy Squamous cell carcinoma Sulfur dioxide Tumors Variability Venules - metabolism Venules - radiation effects |
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| Title | External Beam Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancers Is Associated with Increased Variability in Retinal Vascular Oxygenation |
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